ELECTRICAL SEMINAR PRESENTATION

HARMONIC DISTORTION,EFFECTS AND MITIGATION

10/04/15
VIVEK YADAV
EN-3RD YEAR
ROLL NUMBER-1274521014 1 of
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Understanding harmonics?

10/04/15
How harmonics are produced?
Mathematical analysis?
Why to worry about harmonics?
Causes of harmonics?
What is THD?
Its effect on power quality?
Mitigation steps of harmonics?
Advantages of harmonics?
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 HARMONICS
PRODUCER OF HARMONICS
EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

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 Harmonics are defined as currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer
multiples of the fundamental power frequency.( i.e. if the fundamental frequency

10/04/15
is f, the harmonic have frequencies 2f, 3f, 4f, . . . etc)
 The harmonics have the property that they are all periodic at the fundamental
frequency, therefore the sum of harmonics is also  periodic at that frequency
 Harmonic frequencies are equally spaced by the width of the fundamental
frequency and can be found by repeatedly adding that frequency. For example, if
the (first harmonic) is 25 Hz, the frequencies of the next harmonics are: 50 Hz (2nd
harmonic), 75 Hz (3rd harmonic), 100 Hz (4th harmonic) etc.

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HOW ARE HARMONICS
PRODUCED ?
The distortion is mainly caused by Nonlinearity-
In a linear circuit, the output response is directly proportional to the input. In an AC
circuit, that means that the application of a sunusoidal voltage results in a sinusoidal
current. As the instantanious voltage changes over the period of the sine wave, the
instantanious current rises and falls in proportion to the voltage so that the waveform of

5
the current is also a sine wave. 
If a circuit is composed of ideal resistors, inductors and capacitors, it is a linear circuit
because those components are linear. Real components can have some non-linearity
because of non-linear characteristics such as the saturation of a magnetic circuit. There
are degrees of linearity. AC motors are nearly linear. A motor's load current is a sine
wave with only a little distortion. 
A rectifier circuit with a capacitor filter is non-linear,another example of non linear
circuit is lamp.(if we double the voltage from 10V to 20V current doubles in case of
resistor but not in case of lamp hence lamp shows non linear characteristics. ) 

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MAIN PRODUCERS OF
HARMONICS

10/04/15
Most harmonics come from loads such as
induction and arc furnaces, and power
electronics.
Power electronics are the biggest culprit when it
comes to producing harmonics. Static VAR
compensators, variable‐ frequency motor drives, and
switching power supplies are the greatest concern.
(THESE ALL ARE NON LINEAR CIRCUITS.)

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LOADS PRODUCING
HARMONIC CURRENTS
ALL NON LINEAR LOADS PRODUCES HARMONIC DISTORTION
IN VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SIGNALS.

 Electronic lighting ballasts/Controls

7
 Adjustable speed Motor-Drives

 Electric Arc Welding Equipment

 Solid state Industrial Rectifiers

 Industrial Process Control Systems

 Uninterruptible Power Supplies(ups)systems

 Saturated Inductors/Transformers

 LAN/Computer Networks EE
These are some of examples of non linear elements which produces 6633
harmonic distortion in voltage and currents. Semi
nar 1
WHY BOTHER ABOUT
HARMONICS?
 50-60% of all electrical Ac Systems in India operate
with non-linear type of loads.
 Power-Quality Issues & Problems

8
 Damage to Power Factor Correction capacitors.
 Waveform Distortion can create
SAG/SWELL/NOTCHING/RINGING/…
 All above can cause damage effects to consumer
loads and power systems due to Over-Current/Over-
Voltage or Waveform Distortion.
Additional Power/Energy Losses(as eddy currents
and hysteresis losses increases as they are directly
proporional to frequency. EE
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6-Pulse rectifier 12-pulse rectifier
Dominant harmonics-5th,7th. Dominant harmonics-11th,13th.
CALCULATION OF TOTAL
HARMONIC DISTORTION(THD)
 THD: Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic content
to the RMS of the Fundamental

11
 Current THD

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 Voltage THD Semi
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 Every Wave shape has Harmonic
Distortion!

THD
THD
78.3%
1.2%

Generally it is not economical to remove the harmonics having THD <5%

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF HARMONICS

 Overheating and premature failure of

distribution transformers .
Increasing iron and copper losses or eddy
currents due to stray flux losses(as they are
directly proportional to frequency.)

13
 Overheating and mechanical oscillations in the
motor-load system.
In electric motors, negative sequence
harmonics (i.e. 5th, 11th, 17th), so called because
their sequence (ABC or ACB) is
opposite of the fundamental sequence, produce
rotating magnetic fields.
These fields rotate in the opposite direction of
the fundamental magnetic field and could cause
not only overheating but also mechanical EE
oscillations in opposite directions. 6633
Semi
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 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
HARMONICS (CONT’ D)
 False or spurious Relay operations and trips of
circuit breakers.
 Mal-Operation/unstability of voltage regulator.

14
 Power factor correction capacitor failure
 Reactance (impedance)-Zc of a capacitor bank decreases
as the frequency increases.(Z=1/(2*3.14*fC))
 Capacitor bank acts as a sink for higher harmonic
currents.
 The System-Series and parallel Resonance can cause
dielectric failure or rupture the power factor correction
capacitor failure due to Currents,which is a very
hazardous situation as maintenance of power factor will
be affected. EE
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OVERHEATING AND DAMAGE OF NEUTRAL GROUND CONDUCTERS
In a three-phase, four-wire system, neutral conductors can be severely affected by
nonlinear loads connected to the 220 V branch circuits. Under normal conditions for a
balanced linear load, the fundamental 50 Hz portion of the phase currents will cancel
in the neutral conductor.
In a four-wire system with single-phase,in non-linear loads, certain odd-numbered

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harmonics called triplens — odd multiples of the third harmonic: 3rd, 9th, 15th, etc do
not cancel, but rather add together in the neutral conductor. In systems with many single-
phase, nonlinear loads, the neutral current can actually exceed the phase current. The
danger here is excessive overheating because, unlike phase conductors, there are no
circuit breakers in the neutral conductor to limit the current.
This is the reason why mainly thickness of neutral conductors is kept greater than other
phase conducters.
FALSE OR SPURIOUS RELAY AND TRIP OF CIRCUIT BREAKER
A peak-sensing, electronic trip circuit breaker responds to the peak of current waveform.
As a result, it won’t always respond properly to harmonic currents.
Since the peak of the harmonic current is usually higher than normal, this type of
circuit breaker may trip prematurely at a low current. If the peak is lower than normal,
the breaker may fail to trip when it should.
Common thermal-magnetic circuit breakers use a bi-metallic trip mechanism that
responds to the heating effect of the circuit current. They are designed to respond to the
true-rms value of the current waveform and will trip when the trip mechanism gets too 15 of
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hot. This type of breaker has a good chance of protecting against harmonic current
overloads.
EFFECT OF HARMONIC ON METERS

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 Harmonics can produce significant errors in
meters which sense the peak of waveform,then
adjust it to”rms” by scaling by(2)^1/2.
 Errors will not occur if wave is close to
sinusoidal.

PREVENTION
“true rms” meters can mitigate the effects of
harmonics as they sample the
waveform,calculate rms value and display
accurate results regardless of level of distortion. 16 of
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 MEASUREMENT
AND DETECTION

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TECHNIQUES

DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE
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TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
HARMONIC DISTORTION ANALYSER
MEASUREMENT OF
HARMONICS
 Digital Oscilloscope:

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Wave shape, THD and Amplitude of each harmonic can
be calculated with help of digital oscilloscope.
 “True RMS” Multi-Meter:

18
Giving correct readings for distortion-free sine waves and
typically reading low when the current waveform is
distorted

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“True RMS” Multi-Meter nar 1
DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPE

 When harmonics are present in considerable

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amount, their presence can be observed with an
oscilloscope. The waveform displayed will either
have unequal positive and negative peak values
or will exhibit a change in shape. In either case,
the oscilloscope will provide a qualitative check of
harmonic distortion. However. the distortion
must be fairly severe (around 10%) to be noted by
an untrained observer.

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HARMONIC DISTORTION
ANALYZER
 Most testing situations require a better quantitative measure of
harmonic distortion. Harmonic distortion can be quantitatively
measured very accurately with a harmonic distortion analyzer, which is

2/23/2006
generally referred to simply as a distortion analyzer.
 A block diagram for a fundamental-suppression harmonic analyzer is
shown in Figure.When the instrument is used. switch S, is set to the

20
"set level" position, the band pass filter is adjusted to the fundamental
frequency and the attenuator network is adjusted to obtain a full-scale
voltmeter reading.
 Switch S, is then set to the "distortion" position, the rejection filter(or
we can say band stop filter) is turned to the fundamental frequency,
and the attenuator is adjusted for a maximum reading on the
voltmeter.
APPLICATIONS OF WAVE
ANALYZERS

 Amplitude measurement of a single component of

a complex waveform.
 Amplitude measurement in the presence of noise
and interfering signals.
 Measurement of signal energy within a well-
defined bandwidth.
 
 POWER QUALITY

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ISSUE AND
HARMONICS
What is power quality?

22 of
Why is power quality so important?
28 Power quality problems due to harmonic
distortion.
WHAT IS POWER
QUALITY?

10/04/15
Power quality is simply the interaction of
electronic equipment within the electrical
environment. This consists of generators,
Transformers, breakers, wiring and grounding.
 Good power quality would be reliable supply of
sinusoidal, 50Hz waveforms resulting in few
operational anomalies.
Example No. 1.Example No. 1. A standard 100-watt light bulb requires 220 volts to produce the
designed light output (measured in lumens). If the voltage drops to 210 volts , the light bulb still
works but puts out less lumens and is dimmer. If the voltage is removed as during a power outage,
the light goes out. Either a low voltage or complete power outage does not damage the light bulb. If
however the voltage rises to 240 volts , the light bulb will produce more lumens than it was
intended to, causing overheating and stress to the filament wire. The bulb will fail much sooner
than its expected design life; therefore, we could conclude that as far as a standard light bulb is
concerned, a power quality issue that shortens bulb life is high voltage. We could also conclude that
low voltage or a power outage would cause the lumen output to vary, which effects the intended 23 of
use of the bulb. 28
WHY IS POWER QUALITY SO
IMPORTANT?

19-10-2005
 Power quality is an increasingly important issue for all
electrical consumers .
 Problems with powering and grounding can cause data

24
and processing errors that affect production and service
quality.
 Each time production is interrupted as electrical consumer,
you loses the margin on the product that is not
manufactured and sold.
 Surges and spikes (overpowering).
 Harmonics ( current & voltage )
 Voltage Fluctuations.
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS DUE
TO HARMONIC DISTORTION.

19-10-2005
 Harmonic current are generated to small extent and at low
distortion levels by -
1- Generation equipment .

25
2- transmission equipment.
3- Distribution equipment .
4- Industrial load .
5- Domestic load.
HARMONIC EFFECTS ON
POWER QUALITY

19-10-2005
 Equipments fail prematurely.
 Decrease the efficiency of the electrical
distribution and utilization network.

26
 Causes grounding potential rise.
 light flickering.

 Faulty operation of Computerized data

processing equipments and computer, networks
and computer Faulty operation of Control
devices, protective relays etc.
 Extra loss in transformer, rotating machines etc.

 Noise in electrical equipments.

 Noise are generated by electronic devices.

 MINIMIZING THE EFFECT OF
HARMONICS

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Now days the receiver who utilizes the electrical power is
supplied through to various electronic substances say AC- DC
converter, Motor speed adjustable unit, various switching
mode power supply system & computer process generator.
All above discussed terminology are processed on diode,
triode, transistor, thyristors which promote the nonlinearity
Characteristics & due to this non linear function the receiver
will be the cause of injecting the harmonic component in the
distribution system & will also affect the other consumer by
this pollution of harmonic in system. HENCE, harmonic
filter technology is quite important for the power quality
27 of
28 improvement of the system. The harmonic produce in the
system is minimized by the use of various filters that are
referring basically as ACTIVE FILTER & PASSIVE
FILTER.
Solution for Minimizing Harmonic Currents Effects
1. Over-sizing or derating of die installation – This solution does not eliminate harmonic currents
flowing in the low voltage (less than 1000V AC) distribution system but masks the problem and
avoid the consequences. The most widely implemented solution is over-sizing of the neutral

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conductor. In existing installation, the solution is to derate the electrical distribution equipment
subjected to the harmonic currents.
2. Specially connected Transformers – this solution eliminates third order harmonic currents. It
is
a centralized solution for a set of single phase loads.
3. Series Reactors – this solution consists of connecting a reactor in series with non linear loads.
4. Tuned passive filters – a filter may be installed for one load or a set of loads. The filter rating
must be coordinated with the reactive power requirements of the load
5. Active Harmonic Filters – The active harmonic fillers are used to introduce current component
to
cancel die harmonic components of the non linear loads. There are different types of active
harmonic filters.
1. Series Filters: - This filter is connected in series with ac distribution network and compensates
both the harmonic currents generated by the load and voltage distortion in the ac system.
2. Parallel Filters: - they are connected in parallel with the ac line and need to be sized for the
harmonic currents drawn by the non linear loads.
3. Hybrid Filters: - It is a combination of active and passive filter and may be either series or
parallel type. The passive filler carries out basic filtering (for example fifth order) and the 28 of
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active filter covers the other harmonics.
SPECIALLY CONNECTED
TRANSFORMERS

2/23/2006
Installation of any transformer -- delta-wye, deltazigzag, or wye-zigzag -
 – provides an effective means of preventing triplen(3rd, 9th, 15th, etc.) harmonics from

29
passing to the source side of thetransformer. The standard conservative design practice of
using delta-wye transformers automatically results in electrical distribution systems with
some inherent harmonic mitigation .With a standard delta-wye transformer installed, the
triplen harmonics are not trapped in the transformer, but nor do they pass through the
transformer. The sine waves induced on the windings are recombined at the nodes of the
delta into new sine wave shapes that do not contain triplencomponents.The transformer’s
reactance causes some attenuation of the harmonics and

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 LINE REACTORS
Line reactors can protect motors and reduce power line distortion from VFDs.
A line reactor acts not only as a current-limiting device, but it also filters the waveform and attenuates electrical noise
and transients associated with the system. You can install reactors in HVAC equipment, pumping equipment, machin
tools, elevators, printing presses, UPS equipment, computer mainframes, robotics equipment, ski lifts, wind

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generators, electric cars, cranes, trams, and many other types of equipment, to extend the service life of the VFD and
motor.
Harmonic attenuation.
 It is used typically on the line side of a VFD, as shown in Fig. 1 at right. Harmonic compensated line reactors are
specially designed to handle the waveform's harmonic content. By inserting inductive reactance into the circuit, which
is a high impedance to harmonic frequencies, line reactors reduce the amount of harmonics produced by a VFD
system. This reduces input harmonics to 35% total harmonic current distortion (THID)
Drive protection.
In situations where you have drives located very close to the incoming facility power source, such as a substation, they
may be susceptible to any incoming spikes and other transients. This is because there may not be enough impedance
(in the form of transformers, power feeders, and the like) to help counteract these transient voltage spikes. This
situation can damage the front end (diode section) of the drives or cause nuisance overvoltage tripping on the system
Installing a 5% impedance line reactor at the input to each drive helps counteract line spikes, keeping them from
tripping or damaging the drives.
VFD protection. 
The load reactor also acts as a current-limiting device to protect the drive under motor short circuit conditions. Here,
the line reactor slows the rate of rise of the short-circuit current and limits the current to an acceptable level.

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Summary of reactor
performance. 

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The installation of load reactors with drives and motors can reduce the high-frequency
currents in the motor and protect the motor from long lead effects. Basically, the reactor
attempts to recreate a sine wave, thus improving overall system performance, reliability,
and efficiency. It may reduce audible motor noise by as much as 3 dB to 5 dB. Tests have
shown motor temperatures can drop as much as 20°C (more than double the motor life)
when using a harmonic-compensated 5% impedance load reactor.
On the line side, reactors stabilize the current waveform, which reduces harmonic
distortion and the burden on upstream electrical equipment. By absorbing line spikes and
filling some sags they can prevent overvoltage and undervoltage tripping problems.
For example, when the utility switches power factor correction capacitors on the
electrical power grid, it creates voltage spikes. The impedance of the reactor in the input
circuit helps prevent these voltage spikes and virtually eliminates nuisance tripping of
drives due to overvoltage.
A line reactor can also filter out pulsed and notched distortion, which can minimize
interference with other electronic equipment like computers, PLCs, telecommunications
systems, instrumentation, and other VFDs.
31 of
Use of line and load reactors increases the reliability, performance, and
28
efficiency of VFD systems, extends the life of both drives and motors, and
reduces the amount of energy consumed by the motor/drive system
 HARMONICS FILTER TYPES
 Isolatingharmonic current to protect
electrical equipment from damage due to

2/23/2006
harmonic voltage distortion.
PASSIVE FILTERS

32
Uses combination of capacitors,inductor(reactors) and resistors
 most common and available for all voltage levels.  

ACTIVE FILTERS
 Inserting negative phase compensating harmonics into the AC-
Network, thus eliminating the undesirable harmonics on the AC Power
Network.
 Used only for for low voltage networks .
HYBRID FILTERS
The harmonic compensation can be obtained by Passive
Filters (PF), Active Power Filters (APF) and hybrid filters
(HPF) . PF and APF have some advantage and
disadvantages, but hybrid active power filters contain their EE66
advantages but not their disadvantages. 33
Smin
ar 1
Passive filters
Typical applications
Industrial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing more than 500 kVA 
(variable-speed drives, UPSs, rectifiers, etc.)
Installations requiring power-factor correction.
Installations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing sensitive 

10/04/15
loads
Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads
Operating principle
An LC circuit, tuned to each harmonic order to be filtered, is installed in parallel with 
the non-linear load (see Fig. ). This bypass circuit absorbs the harmonics, thus 
avoiding their flow in the distribution network.
Generally speaking, the passive filter is tuned to a harmonic order close to the order 
to be eliminated. Several parallel-connected branches of filters can be used if a 
significant reduction in the distortion of a number of harmonic orders is required.

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 PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER

 Typical I(THD) T ra n s fo r m e r
D r iv e
D C L in k

of 5 to 8% x fm r
% Z
Choke

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AC DC

DC AC

M
hp
P a s s iv e F ilte r

-2
5.0
0m-2
0.0
0m -1
0.0
0m 0 1
0.0
0m 2
0.0
0m2
4.9
0m
M o to r
1
50.0 Ia=f(S
,... Load

1
00.0 1
00.0

5
0.0 5
0.0

0 0

-5
0.0 -5
0.0
34 of
-1
00.0 -1
00.0 28

-1
50.0 -1
50.0
-2
5.0
0m-2
0.0
0m -1
0.0
0m 0 1
0.0
0m 2
0.0
0m2
4.9
0m
Copyright © 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 34
PASSIVE HARMONIC FILTER

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35 of
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35
Active filters (active harmonic conditioner)
Typical applications
•Commercial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing less than 500 kVA
(variable-speed drives, UPSs, office equipment, etc.)
•Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads.

10/04/15
Operating principle
The basic principle of Shunt Active Filter is that it generates a
current equal and opposite to the harmonic current drawn by the load
and injects it to the point of coupling there by forcing the source current
to be pure sinusoidal.

                                                                                                               

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 ACTIVE FILTER CONCEPT

I source = I rectifier + I filter

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I rectifier
I I rectifier
source

I filter
I
filter

I source

1st 5th 7th 11th 13th

• High Filter Converter ratings: ~ 1/3 of Drive kVA
• Multi-functional: reactive power factor compensation, voltage and load
balancing 37 of
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 ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER
 Typical I(THD) of 3 to T ra n s fo rm e r
D r iv e
D C L in k

6% x fm r
% Z Ifu n d Ifu n d + Ih a rm
Choke

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AC DC

DC AC
Ih a rm

AC

DC
M
A c t iv e F ilt e r hp
Current from Transformer
M o to r
-2
5.0
0m-2
0.0
0m -1
0.0
0m 0 1
0.0
0m 2
0.0
0m2
4.9
0m Load
1
50.0 Ia=f(S
,...

1
00.0 1
00.0

5
0.0 5
0.0

0 0

-5
0.0 -5
0.0
38 of
-1
00.0 -1
00.0 28

-1
50.0 -1
50.0
-2
5.0
0m-2
0.0
0m -1
0.0
0m 0 1
0.0
0m 2
0.0
0m2
4.9
0m
Copyright © 2005 Rockwell Automation, Inc. All rights reserved. 38
ACTIVE HARMONIC FILTER

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39 of
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39
Hybrid filters
Typical applications
Industrial installations with a set of non-linear loads representing more than 500 kVA
(variable-speed drives, UPSs, rectifiers, etc.)
•Installations requiring power-factor correction

10/04/15
•Installations where voltage distortion must be reduced to avoid disturbing sensitive
loads
•Installations where current distortion must be reduced to avoid overloads
•Installations where strict limits on harmonic emissions must be met
Operating principle
Passive and active filters are combined in a single system to constitute a hybrid filter
(see Fig). This new filtering solution offers the advantages of both types of filters
and covers a wide range of power and performance levels.

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ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGE OF ACTIVE
FILTERS

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ADVANTAGES
 FLEXIBILITY IS HIGHER
 LOWER COST AS COMPARED TO PASSIVE FILTERS

DISADVANTAGES
 SENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE.
 GOOD PERFORMANCE ACHIVED TILL 500KHZ

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PERFORMANCE CHART OF VARIOUS
MITIGATION TECHNIQUES

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MITIGATION TECHNIQUES
A. 6-pulse, no link choke
B. 6-pulse, with link choke
C. Input line reactor
D. Tuned and non-tuned filters
E. 12-pulse with auto transformer
F. 12-pulse with isolation transformer
G. 18-pulse with auto transformer
H. 18-pulse with isolation transformer
I. Regenerative active front end 42 of
J. Active power filter 28
 BENEFICIAL USE OF
HARMONICS

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TISSUE HARMONIC IMAGING IN ULTRA SOUND
MACHINES.

HARMONICS OF HEALTH.

43 of
28 CHORUS MOTORS.
Tissue Harmonics Imaging
This is the most common advanced imaging technology and is found on about 90% of available new and
refurbished ultrasound machines.
What is it?

10/04/15
Harmonics imaging allows the ultrasound to identify body tissue and reduce noise in the image. It does this by
sending and receiving signals at two different ultrasound frequencies. For example, with harmonics on, a probe
would emit a frequency of 2MHz, but it would only “listen” for a 4MHz frequency. This improves image quality
because body tissue reflects sound at twice the frequency that was initially sent, which results in a cleaner image
that better displays body tissue without extra artifact. The following image shows a demonstration of a signal sent at
7 Mhz and received at 14Mhz. You can see how body tissue is better defined and image artifact is reduced.

Tissue Harmonics allows the ultrasound to identify tissue better and reduce artifact or “noise” in
the image. Adjusting levels of harmonics helps optimize an ultrasound image

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Tissue Harmonics allows the ultrasound to identify tissue better and reduce artifact or
“noise” in the image. Adjusting levels of harmonics helps optimize an ultrasound
image
Harmonics for Health
The basic principle of healing with sound is the concept of resonance (the
vibratory frequency of an object.) The entire Universe is in a state of
vibration. This includes human beings. Every organ, cell, bone, tissue and

10/04/15
liquid of the body, and also the electromagnetic fields which surround the
body (aura), has a healthy vibratory frequency. If we are not resonating with
some part of ourselves or of our surroundings, we become dissonant and
therefore unhealthy. Our naturally healthy frequency becomes a frequency that
vibrates without harmony, creating illness.
Through the use of sound, and particularly our own voices, we can project the
correct resonant frequency toward and into, any unhealthy part of ouselves,
thus returning it to its normal frequency, and resulting in a HEALING. This
occurs through sympathetic resonance when one vibrating object influences
another vibrating or even stationary object, causing changes in its vibratory
rate. An extreme example is a singer causing glass to shatter.
This traditional medical technique of healing usingtuning forks is very
common in SPAIN and gainig popularity in other parts of world.
45 of
Sound has the capacity to change form at the physical, etheric, emotional and 28
spiritual levels, and also all these levels simultaneously.
 CHORUS MOTORS
•Benefits
Greater power density than any other technology

10/04/15
•Smaller drives for the same load
•High reliability from the use of standard modules and materials
Chorus Meshcon allows unprecedented performance in the motor and drive, providing the
ideal solutions for most traction and start-stop motor applications, including such growth
businesses as integrated starter-alternators for automobiles, as well as more traditional
applications such as conveyors, locomotives, cargo handling, hoists, printing presses, or
any application requiring large startup torques and smaller high speed loads. 

How does it work?

The Chorus Star concept utilizes concentrated, high phase order windings which allows the
beneficial use of harmonics (temporal, spatial, and overload). Consequently, a Chorus
machine can achieve much higher torque densities than a traditional 3 phase motor, but with
no cost penalty. Chorus Star machines are superior to three-phase machines as well as
permanent-magnet machines. 
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CONCLUSIONS
 The harmonic distortion principally comes

2/23/2006
from Nonlinear-Type of Loads.
 The greater application of power

47
electronics is causing increased level of
harmonics.
 Harmonic distortion can cause serious
Failure/Damage problems.
 Harmonics are important aspect of power
operation that requires Mitigation!!
 Over-Sizing and Power Filtering methods
are commonly used to limit Overheating EE
Effects of Sustained Harmonics. 6633
Semi
nar 1
 NK

10/04/15
T H A
Y O U
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