University of St.

La Salle
College of Engineering and Technology
Engineering Mathematics Review

ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Gamma Function

The gamma function denoted by Γ(𝑛) is defined by
∞
- named after PIERRE SIMON LAPLACE (1749 -
1847), a French astronomer and mathematician. Γ(𝑛) = ∫ 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
which is convergent for n>0.
The Laplace Transform of a function f(t) is defined as Recursion formula
∞
L{f(t) = F(s) = ∫0 e−st f(t)dt Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛Γn
If n is a positive integer, then
f(t) F(s) Γ(𝑛 + 1) = 𝑛!
1 However, if n<0, the gamma function can be
u(t) generalized in the form (divergent)
s
n! Γ(n + 1)
tn Γ(𝑛) =
s n+1 𝑛
1 Important properties:
e±at 1
s∓a Γ ( ) = √𝜋
s 2
cos ωt Γ(1) = 1
s + ω2
2
ω INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
sin ωt
s + ω2
2
If F(s) is the laplace transform of the function f(t), then
s we call f(t) the inverse laplace transform of F(s) and
cosh ωt
s − ω2
2 write
ω 𝐿−1 {𝐹(𝑠)} = 𝑓(𝑡)
sinh ωt
s − ω2
2 Examples:
dn Find the inverse laplace transform of the following F(s)
t n f(t) (−1)n n F(s) 1
ds 1. 𝑠2
Γ(p + 1) 3𝑠
t p , p > −1 2.
s p+1 𝑠2 +16
3
3. 𝑠2 +2𝑠+2
Notes: 3𝑠−14
 The first entry of the table is called the unit step 4. 𝑠2 −4𝑠+8
function. It is also called the “Heaviside’s unit step 1
5.
function”. (𝑠2 −𝑠−2)(𝑠+3)
 The second to the last entry of the table is called the 𝑠+4
6.
“frequency differentiation property”. (𝑠2 −4𝑠+4)(𝑠−3)
3
 In the last entry of the table, Γ(p+1) is the gamma 7.
𝑠(𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)
function.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS USING LAPLACE &
Examples:
INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Find the laplace transform of the following functions:
1. f(t) = sin 3t.
The method of Laplace transform is particularly useful
2. f(t) = e-5t.
for solving linear differential equations with constant
3. f(t) = 5sin6 tcos6t.
coefficients and associated initial conditions. To
4. f(t) = t2 sin2t.
accomplish this, we take the Laplace transform of the
5. f(t) = t2 sinh2t.
given differential equation, making use of the initial
6. f(t) = e-2tcosh2t.
−3 conditions. This leads to an algebraic equation in the
7. f(t) = Laplace transform of the required solution. By solving
√𝑡
8. f(t) = 3t3 – 2t3/2 + 6. this
Laplace transform and then taking the inverse, the
required solution is obtained.

1
Examples: Ratio Test
1. Solve y’’ – 2y’ – 3y = 0; y’(0) = 1, y(0) = 1 Purpose: In order to determine the intervals of
2. Solve the differential equation y’’’ – 3y’’ – 4y’ + y = 2 convergence of a given power series.
using laplace transform. Conditions: y’’(0) = 0, y’(0) = 𝑆𝑛+1
lim | |<1
0, y(0) = 0 𝑛→∞ 𝑆𝑛

FOURIER SERIES TAYLOR SERIES & MACLAURIN SERIES

- named after Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier General Formula:
(1768 - 1830), a French mathematician. (𝑥 − 𝑎) (𝑥 − 𝑎)2
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎) + 𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) +⋯
Fourier Series 1! 𝑛
2!
- A technique for expressing a non - sinusoidal (𝑥 − 𝑎)
+ 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)
periodic function in terms of sinusoids. 𝑛!
*A Taylor series for f(x) is evaluated about a = c,
Recall that a periodic function is one that repeats where c is any constant except 0.
every T seconds. In other words, a periodic *Maclaurin series for f(x) is evaluated about a = 0.
function f(t) satisfies
Some Important Taylor:
f(t) = f(t+nT) 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + + + ⋯
where n is an integer and T is the period of the 2! 3! 4!
function. 𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯
3! 5! 7!
According to the Fourier theorem, any practical 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
cos 𝑥 = 1 − + − …
periodic function of frequency ω0 can be expressed as 2! 4! 6!
an infinite sum of sine and cosine 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
functions that are integral multiples of ω0. Thus f(t) can ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − + − + ⋯
2 3 4
be expressed as −1
x3 x5 x7
∞ tan x = x − + − + ⋯
3 5 7
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑎0 + ∑(𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡)
𝑛=1 EXAMPLES:
where w0 = fundamental frequency 1. Find the Maclaurin series of a function f(x) = e5x .
2𝜋
= rad/s 2. Represent ln x as a series about 3.
𝑇
an & bn = Fourier coefficients
a0 = average value or dc component of f(t) MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Working Equations MATRIX

1 𝑇 Any rectangular array of numbers or variables usually
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 enclosed in a bracket. The numbers or variables in the
𝑇 0
array are called elements or entries of the matrix.
2 𝑇
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝜔0 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 Size of a Matrix
2 𝑇 The size of the matrix is said to be m x n when the
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝜔0 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0 matrix has m rows and n columns.
Example:
Determine the Fourier series of the waveform shown Types of Matrices
below. 1. Zero Matrix
A matrix is said to be Zero Matrix if all elements are
zero.
0 0 0
[0 0 0]
0 0 0

2. Triangular Matrix
POWER SERIES A matrix is said to be triangular matrix if all elements
A series in the form of below or above the main diagonal are zeroes.
∑∞ 𝑛 2
𝑛=0 𝑎𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑐) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 (𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑎2 (𝑥 − 𝑐) +…
2 1 6
is called a power series in x about c with coefficients [0 −5 3]
an. 0 0 1

2
3. Diagonal Matrix Transpose of a Matrix
A matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if all elements The transpose of the “m x n” matrix is the “n x m”
below and above the main diagonal are zeroes. matrix AT, meaning, the rows become the columns of
3 0 0 the given matrix.
[0 −1 0 ]
0 0 −6 Properties of Transpose
(𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 = 𝐴
4. Scalar Matrix (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵𝑇
A matrix is said to be a scalar matrix if all the elements (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴𝑇
in the main diagonal are equal and the other elements (𝑘𝐴)𝑇 = 𝑘𝐴𝑇
are zeroes. where k = scalar
3 0 0
[0 3 0]
Determinant
0 0 3 An algebraic sum of certain products arranged in a
5. Identity Matrix square matrix.
Identity matrix has elements in the main diagonal
equal to one and the other elements are zeroes. Find the determinant of the following matrices.
1 0 0
[0 1 0] 5 0 3
[0 5 2]
0 0 1
0 8 7
2 14 3 1
6. Square Matrix
1 5 −1 3
It is a matrix having the same number of columns and [ ]
rows. 1 −2 2 −3
3 −4 −3 −4
Matrix Operations

Addition and Subtraction of Matrices

Two matrices can be added or subtracted if their sizes
are equal.
Example:
2 1 5 1
[ ]+[ ]
5 −3 0 −2
2 1 5 1
[ ]−[ ]
5 −3 0 −2
1 4
2 −2
[0 −9] + [ ]
6 0
8 −1

Multiplication of Matrices
In multiplying two matrices, the number of rows in the
first matrix should be equal to the number of columns
in the second matrix.

Examples:

1 4
2 −2
[0 −9] 𝑥 [ ]
6 0
8 −1
1 4
2 −2 3
[0 −9] 𝑥 [ ]
6 0 7
8 −1

Division of Matrices
There is no direct division of matrices. It can be done
by using the inverse of the second matrix.
𝐴 1
= 𝐴 ( ) = 𝐴𝐵 −1
𝐵 𝐵

3
 COMPLEX NUMBERS

Complex number is a combination of a real number and an Operations on Complex Numbers

imaginary number.
z = a + jb A. Addition/Subtraction
Steps:
The j-operator  all complex numbers in rectangular form
 combine all real parts
It is a constant which when multiplied to a quantity will rotate  combine all imaginary parts
by 90º counterclockwise without changing its magnitude. We
now simply say that the j-operator is the imaginary unit and Add
is defined by j2 = -1. Using the imaginary unit, we build a z1 + z2 = (a + jb) + (c + jd)
general complex number out of two real numbers. From the z1 + z2 = (a + c) + j(b + d)
definition j2 = -1, this can be generalized as:
𝑗 4𝑛+1 = 𝑗 Subtract
𝑗 4𝑛+2 = −1 z1 − z2 = (a + jb) − (c + jd)
𝑗 4𝑛+3 = −𝑗 z1 − z2 = (a − c) + j(b − d)
𝑗 4𝑛+4 = 1
B. Multiplication
Examples: Using rectangular form
Simplify the following z1 z2 = (a + jb)(c + jd)
1. j101 z1 z2 = (ac − bd) + j(bc + ad)
2. j199
3. j1997+j1999 Using polar form
z1 z2 = (r1 ∠θ1 )(r2 ∠θ2 )
The j-operator was originally denoted as i. The symbol i is no z1 z2 = (r1 r2 )∠(θ1 + θ2 )
longer used because the symbol is also used to represent
current. C. Conjugate of a Complex Numbers
Given Z Conjugate Z’
Terminology
The real number “a” in z = a + jb is called the real part of z;
a+jb a-jb
the real number “b” is called the imaginary part. For
example, if z = 3 – j5, 3 is the real part and 5 is the imaginary
𝐫∠𝛉 𝐫∠ − 𝛉
part of z.
𝐫(𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉 + 𝐣𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉) 𝐫(cosθ − jsinθ)
Forms of Complex Numbers
1. Standard/Cartesian/Rectangular Form
𝐫𝐞𝐣𝛉 𝐫e−jθ
z = a + jb

2. Steinmetz/Polar Form D. Division

z = r∠θ Rectangular
where: 𝑧1 (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏) (𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
=
r = magnitude/absolute value 𝑧2 (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑) (𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
θ = argument/direction with respect to the real axis (in 𝑧1 (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)(𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
degrees or radians) =
𝑧2 (𝑐 + 𝑗𝑑)(𝑐 − 𝑗𝑑)
𝑧1 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑑) + 𝑗(𝑏𝑐 − 𝑑)
3. Exponential Form =
𝑧2 𝑐 2 + 𝑑2
z = rejθ
where: Polar
r = magnitude/absolute value 𝑧1 r1 ∠θ1
θ = argument/direction with respect to the real axis (in =
radians) 𝑧2 r2 ∠θ2
𝑧1 𝑟1
= ( ) ∠(𝜃1 − 𝜃2 )
4. Trigonometric Form 𝑧2 𝑟2
z = r(cosθ + jsinθ)
Equality of Complex Numbers
Conversion from Rectangular to Polar Form Complex numbers z1 = a + jb and z2 = c + jd are equal if the
real and imaginary components of z1 and z2 are equal.
r = √a 2 + b 2 a=c
b b=d
θ = tan−1 ( )
a
Power Raising of Complex Numbers
Conversion from Polar to Rectangular Form 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏)𝑛
a = rcosθ 𝑧 𝑛 = (𝑟∠𝜃)𝑛
b = rsinθ
4
 1 ± √1 + z 2
𝑧 𝑛 = 𝑟 𝑛 ∠(𝜃𝑛) csch−1 z = ln ( )
z
Roots of Complex Numbers
Problem Set
Using De Moivre’s Formula:
the nth root of 𝑧 = r∠θ is
1. Solve for x and y:
n
1 θ + 2πk
√z = r n ∠ ( ) (1 − tan2 x) − j√1 − sin2 y = 0
n
where:
k = 0, 1, 2, …, (n-1) 2. Given z1 = 5∠30°, z2 = 2∠ − 60°
k = 0 for principal root Evaluate z1 z2 and z1 /z2

Natural Logarithm of Complex Numbers 3. (3-2j)+(10cjs30°)-5ej0.25 +12∠ − 30°

ln z = ln(r∠θ) = ln r + jθ
4. j5 + (2-j3)-1
Logarithm in any base
ln 𝑧1 5. i29 + i21 + i
log 𝑧 𝑧1 =
ln 𝑧 2
Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers 6.
(−7+5√−16)
ejθ = cos θ + j sin θ 3√−9

e−jθ = cos θ − j sin θ

7. Solve for x and y: (x+jy)(2+j4) = 14+j8
ejθ − e−jθ
sin θ =
j2 8. Evaluate z2 if z = 3+j4
ejθ + e−jθ
cos θ =
2 9. Simplify:
sin(a ± jb) = sin a cosh b ± j sinh b cos a
cos(a ± jb) = cos a cosh b ∓ j sin a sinh b a. (3 + j2)3+j2

Thus, b. (3 + j5)1+j2
sin(jb) = j sinh b
cos(jb) = cosh b c. jj
Note:
Set your calculator in radian mode when using the formula. 10. Find the fourth roots of z = 1-j.

Inverse Trigonometric Functions of Complex Numbers 11. Simplify:

sin−1 z = −j ln [jz ± √1 − z 2 ] 3−j3
√2 + j7
cos−1 z = −j ln [z ± √z 2 − 1] 12. Evaluate the following:
1 1 + jz
tan−1 z = ln ( ) a. ln (-5)
j2 1 − jz
1 z+j b. ln (7∠30°)
cot −1 z = ln ( )
j2 z−j
1 ± √1 − z 2 c. ln (3+j5)j
sec −1 z = −j ln ( )
z
13. Evaluate: log1−𝑗 (1 + 𝑗2)
1 ± √z 2 − 1
csc −1 z = −j ln ( )
z 14. Evaluate: cos(0.215+j0.958)

15. Evaluate: arcsin(5+j12)

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
sinh(a ± jb) = sinh a cos b ± j sin b cosh a 16. What is the jth root of j?
cosh(a ± jb) = cosh a cos b ± j sinh a sin b
17. Evaluate the inverse hyperbolic secant of (j0.15)
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of Complex Numbers
sinh−1 z = ln [z ± √z 2 + 1] 18. Evaluate cosh(0.375+j0.125)
cosh−1 z = ln [z ± √z 2 − 1] 19. Evaluate 5j.
1 1+z
tanh−1 z = ln ( )
2 1−z 20. (9-j3)10
1 z + 1
coth−1 z = ln ( )
2 z−1
1 ± √1 − z 2
sech−1 z = ln ( )
z
5