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  • Alexander Functional 1974 Pt1

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    Function Design

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    Function Design

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    11 vues44 pages

    Alexander Functional 1974 Pt1

    Transféré par

    bixgorin
    Function Design

    Droits d'auteur :

    © All Rights Reserved
    Téléchargez comme PDF ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 44
    (GULLEGE UF GHARLESTUN LIBHARY FUNCTIONAL DESIGN IN FISHES R.McN. Alexander Profs of Zag ia the Univesity of Lee HUTCHINSON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY LONDON way -1 2018 HUTCHINSON & CO @ubiiben) LTD '3 Fkaroy Sausre, London WI London Metbourse Syney Auckland ‘Welingioa fotansesbure Cape Town spd ances heoughou the word Fist publihed 1967 ‘Sscond edition 970, ir cion 1904 ‘The papeback edlion of this book sald subj to the condition that it shall, by vay of uadeoretberwise, be let, eso ied foot, or otherwise. eteltedwibout tbe pubise’ prior consent nang form finding for cover other than tht in which ti published sod without tmiar condition fchaing this condition being imposed on the soberquent purchaser (OR. MeN, Alexander 1967, 1970 and 1974 Puatd in Great Britain by The Anchor eet Lid, "and bound by Win, Brendon & Son Li, ‘both of Tite, Bex 0 09 104750 1 (cases) 0 0} LOHST X ape) CONTENTS Figwes Preface Design by sletion Swimming Buoyancy Respiration Feeding Some sent organe Interactions Append: clasfcaton ofthe fishes References Indes 4 » 6 9 us or 10 ss FIGURES Cuties teased ftom photographs of living teleosts ‘Outlines traced from photographs of some fish which are not teens ‘Swimming andthe shapes of fishes Graphs of oxygea consumption agsiost swimming ‘speed ‘The structure of the dorsal fins ofa selachian and a teleost 6 Pitch yaw and roll ‘Functions offs 8 Adiagram showing the bood sappy ofaswimblader, 10 n Rn B ‘and graphs of oxygen conten aguas aril presare {or blood and water Diagrams showing the structure of tleost gills and the advantage of couatercurtent ow Diagrams ofthe skull ofa typical teleost ‘A mode ofthe respiratory pump ‘Teacngs of photographs of an angelfsh fading, and "various dlagrams ‘The jaw mechinisms of Gadus and Perea a 2 3 8 8 Figs 14 Pharyngal teeth of Cyprinidae and the toothpates of the Alvan lungfish m1 16 Diagrams of various parts of the acoustico-aterlis ster. 47 PREFACE “This book is about the aspects of fish design which T happen to {ind particularly interesting. Inevitably, some readers wil find ‘heir lnteeste neglected. I hope that they wl Torlve me have been helped in wating this book by conversations with sy collegues in the Department of Zoology of the University CCilege of North Wales, aad with Dt P. H. Greensood. Dr . (O-Dooald eritsied a draft of Chapter I. Fig, 12 A-C has been ‘raced, with permission, from photographs published in the Jounal of Zoology. DESIGN BY SELECTION “This books about relationships Between the anstomy, ysiology nd natural history ofiahes. These reatonships usually have aa Sppropeiateness about them which we attbate to evotntion, but ‘wiich resembles the appropeateass of structure to function ‘haracerndo of weltdesigned implements, The effectiveness of ‘volution 4s so, wll estabisbed that whore tho design of « fh ‘ems bad it is probably ony because we have filed to under~ and it Tes assumed that all the anttomical and physiologic tlarterists discussed inthis book are inert, and that they have evlved by aataral selection. “This chapter i about the Kinds of character which willbe ‘ivoured by natural selection and so can be expected to evolve ‘One of fs object iso show that natural selection ofes a plus- Ible explanation of tome ofthe apparendy trivial aspects of fish ‘exign which ere decribed in subsequeat capers. For this purpose we needa mensur ofthe extent fo which natural selection ‘il favour ove genotype rather than another, The customary ‘sures the coedicient of selection. “Conider a population which includes individuals of genotypes ‘A.ead B. Zygotes of ether genotype may die without becoming ‘dul, or may become adult ad yet fil to breed or may produce {melee which become lncorpeated in zygotes of the next genera fiom. Suppose that zygotes of genotype A contribute an average ‘of a gametes each fo zygotes ofthe nett generation, and that ‘ypote of genotype B contibute an average of & gametes each 2 Funatoal Design in Fishes to zygotes ofthe next generation, Then the coefficient of selection BFA lative to Bi ives by the equation snap o ‘The selective confient is postive.when A is elected against nda

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