7.

2 BLOCKING A REPLICATED 2k
7.1 INTRODUCTION
FACTORIAL DESIGN
BLOCKING & CONFOUNDING IN  Example
 There are many situations in which it is impossible to Chemical Process Experiment in Three Blocks
Consider example 1
THE 2k FACTORIAL DESIGN perform all of the runs in a 2k factorial experiment described last week. Block 1 Block 2 Block 3
under homogeneous conditions. Suppose that only four (1) = 28 (1) = 25 (1) =27
 For example, a single batch of raw material might not experimental trials can be a = 36 a = 32 a = 32
Chapter 7
be large enough to make all of the required runs. made from a single batch of
raw material, so 3 batches of b = 18 b = 19 b = 23
 The design techniques used in these situations is raw material are needed to ab = 31 ab = 30 ab = 29
blocking. perform 3 replicates. Block totals B1 = 113 B2 = 106 B3 = 111

Reference : Douglas C. Montgomery. Design and Analysis of Experiments.

7.2 Blocking a Replicated 2k Factorial Design 7.3 CONFOUNDING IN THE 2k
FACTORIAL DESIGN
 Blocking is a technique for dealing with controllable Confounding
nuisance variables ~ a design technique for arranging
 A 2k factorial design with n replicates. a complete factorial experiment
in blocks, where the block size is
 This is the same scenario discussed previously (Chapter 5,
smaller than the number of
Section 5-6) treatment combinations in one
 If there are n replicates of the design, then each replicate is replicate
a block ~ The technique causes information
 Each replicate is run in one of the blocks (time periods, about certain treatment effects
batches of raw material, etc.) (usually high-order interactions)
to be indistinguishable from, or
 Runs within the block are randomized confounded with, blocks.
~ Consider the construction
and analysis of a 2k
factorial design in 2p
incomplete blocks (p < k),
so each block contains
exactly 2k-p runs.
k : number of factors
2p : number of block
2k-p : block size
7.4 CONFOUNDING THE 2k FACTORIAL
DESIGN IN TWO BLOCKS.
 Suppose we want to run a single replicate of the 22 design, but
each batch of raw material is only large enough for two
treatment combination.
 Generated the blocks  2 factor
(1)  block 1
ab  block 1
a  block 2
b  block 2

1
 Treatment Factorial Effect
Other Methods for Generating Blocks
Combination I A B C AB AC BC ABC Block
(1) + - - - + + + - 1  Generated the blocks  contrasts (3 factor or more)
Treatment Factorial Effect a + + - - - - + + 2 L = 1x1 + 2x2 + … + kxk ……….... (1)
Combination Block
I A B AB b + - + - - + - + 2 where
(1) + - - + 1
ab + + + - + - - - 1 xi = the level of ith factor appearing in a particular
c + - - + + - - + 2 treatment combination; 0 (low level) or 1 (high level)
a + + - - 2
ac + + - + - + - - 1 i = the exponent appearing on the ith factor in the effect to
b + - + - 2 be confounded.
bc + - + + - - + - 1
ab + + + + 1
abc + + + + + + + + 2
Equation (1) is called a defining contrast.

Principa
l Block
 The block containing the  Estimation of Error
Block1 (1), ab, ac, bc
 Example x1 x2 x3 L = x1+x2+x3 Block treatment combination (1) is When the number of variable is small (k = 2 or 3) it is usually
Consider a 23 design 1 0 0 0 0 = 0 (mod2) 1 called the principal block. Block 2 a, b, c, abc necessary to replicate the experiment to obtain an estimate of
with ABC confounded a 1 0 0 1 = 1 (mod2) 2 error.
A useful group-theoretic property:
with blocks. Here x1 b 0 1 0 1 = 1 (mod2) 2  For example:
corresponds to A, x2 to ab 1 1 0 2 = 0 (mod2) 1 Any element (except (1)) in the Treatment combinations in other Replicate I Replicate II Replicate III Replicate IV
B, x3 to C, and 1 = 2 = principal block may be generated by block may be generated by 1 a 1 a 1 a 1 a
c 0 0 1 1 = 1 (mod2) 2
3 = 1, thus the defining multiplying two other elements in the multiplying one element in the new ac b ac b ac b ac b
ac 1 0 1 2 = 0 (mod2) 1 principal block modulus 2. block by each element in the
contrast is ab c ab c ab c ab c
bc 0 1 1 2 = 0 (mod2) 1 ab.ac = a2bc = bc principal block modulus 2.
L = x1 + x2 + x3 bc abc bc abc bc abc bc abc
ab.bc = ab2c = ac b.(1) = b b.ac = abc
abc 1 1 1 3 = 1 (mod2) 2 ac.bc = abc2 = ab b.ab = a b.bc = c Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2 Block 1 Block 2

2
 7.5 CONFOUNDING THE 2k FACTORIAL
 ANOVA Source of Variation df
Replicates 3 DESIGN IN FOUR BLOCKS Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4
Blocks (ABC) 1
Error for ABC (replicates x blocks) 3  When? L1 = 0 L2 = 0 L1 = 1 L2 = 0 L1 = 0 L2 = 1 L1 = 1 L2 = 1

A 1 – The number of factors is large (k > 4) 1 abe a be b abce e abcde

B 1 – Block sizes are relatively small. ad ace d abde abd ae ade bd
C 1  Example: Consider 25 design bc cde abc ce c bcde bce ac
AB 1
Select two effects to be confounded with blocks, say ADE and abcd bde bcd acde acd de ab ce
AC 1
BCE. The defining contrast are:
BC 1 4 Blocks  3 df
Error (replicates x effects) 18 L1 = x1 + x4 + x5 ADE  1 df Another effect with 1 df
Total 31 L2 = x2 + x3 + x4 BCE  1 df must be confounded
(ADE). BCE) = ABCD

7.6 PARTIAL CONFOUNDING 7.7 Confounding the 2k Factorial Design in 2p

Blocks
 Completely confounded
the same interaction is confounded with blocks in each replicate  Choose p independent effects to be confounded.
 Partially confounded  Exact 2p -p -1 other effects will be confounded with
a different interaction is confounded with blocks in each blocks.
replicate
Block effect  y block1  y block2
j Bi2 y2
SS block    ...
i 1 jumlah kombinasi/block N
n Rh2 y...2
SS rep   k

h 1 2 N

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