Cover Page Patient Monitoring System

PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANGALORE-01
Project Report on
“PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM"
Submitted to
BANGALORE UNIVERSITY
In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
BY
SWAPNIL BALODI 14GAEM9083
NIKHIL KUMAR HN 14GAEE7021
MALLIKARJUNA BR 13GAEE8030
DIGVIJAY 14GAEM9016
V111 Semester B.E (E.C.E)
For the academic year 2017-18
Under the Guidance of
Dr. M.L. SUDHEER
Professor
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
U.V.C.E, K.R. Circle, Bengaluru – 560 001
DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
BANGALORE-01
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “Patient Monitoring System” is a bonafide work
carried out by
DIGVIJAY 14GAEM9016
8th Semester B.E in Electronics and Communications
During the academic year 2017-2018 in the partial fulfilment of the academic requirements for the award of
engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore-01.
Guide Chairman
Dr. M.L. SUDHEER Dr. K.B. RAJA
Associate Professor Professor
Dept. of Electronics Dept. of Electronics
and Communications and Communications

DECLARATION
I Swapnil Balodi along with my group members namely Nikhil Kumar HN ,Mallikarjun BR and
Digvijay hearby declare that this Dissertation work entitled “PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM”
was independently carried out by us under the guidance and supervision of Dr. M L SUDHEER
,Professor ,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Visvesvaraya
College of Engineering Bangalore. This dissertation work is submitted on partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electronics and communication
from Bangalore University during the academic year 2017-2018 and this work has not been submitted
in part or full, for award of any degree in this university or any other university previously.
Date:
Place: Bangalore
DIGVIJAY 14GAEM9016
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A successful project is a culmination of encouragement and support of many individuals. We consider
it our privilege to express our gratitude and respect to all those who aided in the successful completion
of our project.

We are deeply grateful to Prof. M.L. SUDHEER, Department of electronics and communications,
UVCE, for allowing us to conduct this project and for his consistent support. We also take this
opportunity to thank everyone who supported us with the project as well as other aspects of our study
in UVCE.
DIGVIJAY 14GAEM9016

ABSTRACT
In India, near about 20% of the total population loses their

lives due to interrupted health monitoring system i.e. in most of
the hospitals, doctor visits patients either in morning shift or in
evening shift or in both shifts. What happens if patient's health
becomes critical in between that interval or when a doctor is not
available with a patient. The answer is; a patient may lose her\his
life. so to avoid this critical situation; we are proposing a smart
embedded system device which monitors patients health
continuously. This system monitors patients heart rate, body
temperature and saline liquid level (if any). If any of the above
parameters goes beyond the threshold value, this smart device
informs doctors or care taker and ask for corrective actions to save
patients life.
The monitoring of patients wirelessly is a major improvement in

the medical domain. The micro sensors when integrated into a
wireless communication network, helps to remotely collect
physiological signals of patient and avoid monitoring using
traditional medical instruments which makes the patient tether. In
this project the monitoring of the patients is done by the Doctor
continuously without actually visiting the patient. Here, we using
various sensors to sense the physiological parameters like
Temperature, Heart rate, ECG and Blood pressure. These sensed
signals are transmitted to the ARDUINO to update the data
continuously via ADC which is included within it for the
conversion of analog to digital signals. The data is sent wirelessly
to the monitor screen of the doctor. So, the doctor can visualize the
patient’s data just by sitting in his cabin.

Contents
1.Introduction
1.1 Motivation
1.1 Objective
1.2 Problem statement
1.1 Components Overview
2.Hardware
2.1 Arduino Uno
2.1.1 Architecture of Arduino Uno
2.1.2 Architecture overview
2.1.3 Pin Diagram of Arduino Uno
2.2 Sensors
2.2.1 Temperature Sensor
2.2.2 Heart Beat Sensor
2.2.3 ECG Sensor
2.2.4 Blood Pressure
2.2.5 MAX232
2.2.6 GSM Module
3.Software
3.1 Arduino IDE
3.2 Website
3.3 Server
4.Design
4.1 Temperature Sensor
4.2 Heart Beat Sensor
4.3 ECG Sensor
4.4 Blood Pressure
5.Programming
5.1 Flow chart
5.2 Code Explanation
6.Results
7.Proof of concept
8.Conclusion and Future work
8.1 Conclusion
8.2 Future work
References
Appendix

List of figures
Figure Title Pg.no
1.1 Mechanism of patient monitoring 14
system
1.2 Block diagram of PMS 15
2.1.1 Block Diagram of Arduino Uno 18
2.1.2 Pin Diagram of Arduino Uno 20
2.2.1 Block diagram of Temperature sensor 25
2.2.2 Pin Diagram of Temperature sensor 27
2.2.3 Temperature sensor circuit diagram 29
2.2.4 Heart beat sensor 30
2.2.5 Block diagram of heart beat sensor 31
2.2.6 Circuit diagram of HB sensor 33
2.2.7 Pin Diagram of HB sensor 35
2.2.8 Block diagram of ECG 37
2.2.9 Pin Diagram of ECG sensor 39
2.2.10 Block diagram of BP 46
2.2.11 Pin diagram of BP 47
2.2.12 BP monitor 48
2.2.13 Three way splitter 50
2.2.14 Pressure Transducer 51
2.2.15 Low and High pass filter with Amplifier 53

2.2.16 Overall BP circuit 55
2.2.17 MAX232 Interfacing 57
2.2.18 MAX IC 58
2.2.19 Block Diagram of MAX232 59
2.2.20 Pin Diagram of MAX232 60
2.2.21 GSM Module 63
2.2.22 Block Diagram of GSM Module 64
2.2.23 GSM Modem communication 67
2.2.23 GSM Pin Diagram 68
3.1 Server and Website Link 75
4.1 Block diagram of Temperature sensor 77
4.2 Heart Beat sensor Block diagram 79
4.3 AD8232 Board 81
4.4 ECG overall circuit 83
4.5 BP circuit diagram 84
5.1 Flow Chart 90
6.1 Window showing the values of
Different sensors used in PMS 95
6.2 ECG graph 96

Chapter 01
INTRODUCTION

INTODUCTION
The diagnosis and treatment of patient involves several
physiological parameters which needs to be measured on
real time basis like temperature, heart rate and
Electrocardiogram(ECG). The wireless sensor
communicates in mesh, collects and transmits some
threshold parameter. This increases the efficiency and
reliability of this field to a considerable level. Due to the
limited resources in medical equipment and its staff, there
is a need of a dynamic updating system. It is not at all easy
to supervise a large number of patients at each and every
instant. The Doctor has to visit patient continuously in case
of cardiac disease and in Intensive Critical Unit (ICU). In
earlier discoveries, the patient was checked and monitored
by the monitor screen which was placed near to the
patient’s bed. But this is more tedious when more number
of patients, each time doctor or nurse has to check the
readings on monitor screen by visiting the patient. In our
project multiple patients are continuously and
simultaneously monitored. This will enhance the
operational efficiency and also facilitate the early discharge
of the patient. This will improve the normal life of patient
by reducing the risk of infection and severe condition when
the doctor or nurse is not nearby.

Motivation
In India, everyday many lives are affected because the
patients are not timely and properly operated. The real time
parameter values are not efficiently measured in clinic as
well as in hospitals. Sometimes it becomes difficult for
hospitals to frequently check patient’s conditions. So
continuous monitoring of ICU patients is not possible. To
deal with these types of situations, the system is beneficial.

OBJECTIVE
The Patient Monitoring system will be based on:
 An adjustable, wearable and easily accessible sensors

providing continuous monitoring of a patient like
body Temperature, Heartbeat, ECG and Blood
pressure. The sensors will be comfortable,
inconspicuous, and easy to put on by the patient, it
will require simple maintenance and can be modified
according to each patient’s individual needs.
 Wearable sensors for measuring blood trends like,

blood pressure in a periodic basis.
Remote, continuous monitoring and analysis of patient
multi-parametric data, such as physiological,
environmental etc, will be used for designing
the personalized integrated care applications ranging
from self-care guidance and regulation (e.g e-coaching) at
home and outdoors to professional primary and secondary
health-care support (e.g including telemonitoring and
remote support or comprehensive expert support at the
clinic). The process will be facilitated by a cloud based
Decision Support System, providing tatistical/intelligent
analysis of the therapy policies and patient conditions
enhanced by multiple patients’ data fusion and discovery of
patterns on the patient’s disease progress.

Problem Statement
The system is designed to be used in hospitals for
measuring and monitoring various parameters like
temperature, ECG, Heart beat etc. The results can be
recorded using Arduino Uno and displayed on the LCD
screen. So the results can be sent to server (real time Data)
for the frequent monitoring of the Health conditions of the
patients.
Provide medical
data
Patients
Monitoring
system
Analyse
Data
Doctors
Figure 1.1 Mechanism of patient monitoring system

Block Diagram
Patient body MAX 232 GSM

MODULE
temperature sensor
Heart Rate Sensor

DATA BASE
Arduino Uno
ECG Sensor
SERVER
Blood Pressure
WEBSITE
Sensor
DOCTOR
Figure 1.2 Block diagram of PMS

Chapter 02
Hardware

ARDUINO UNO
The Arduino UNO is a widely used open-source
microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328P microcontroller and developed
by Arduino.cc. The board is equipped with sets of digital
and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced
to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.
The board features 14 Digital pins and 6 Analog pins. It is
programmable with the Arduino IDE(Integrated
Development Environment) via a type B USB cable. It can
be powered by a USB cable or by an external 9 volt
battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts.
It is also similar to the Arduino Nano and Leonardo. The
hardware reference design is distributed under a Creative
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and is
available on the Arduino website. Layout and production
files for some versions of the hardware are also available.
"Uno" means one in Italian and was chosen to mark the
release of Arduino Software (IDE) 1.0. The Uno board and
version 1.0 of Arduino Software (IDE) were the reference
versions of Arduino, now evolved to newer releases. The
Uno board is the first in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform. The
ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preprogrammed
with a bootloader that allows to upload new code to it
without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol. The
Uno also differs from all preceding boards in that it does
not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2)
programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. The Arduino
UNO is generally considered the most user-friendly and
popular board, with boards being sold worldwide for less
than 5$.

2.1.1 Architecture of Arduino Uno

2.1.2 Overview
Basically, the processor of the Arduino board uses the
Harvard architecture where the program code and program
data have separate memory. It consists of two memories
such as program memory and data memory. Wherein the
data is stored in data memory and the code is stored in the
flash program memory. The Atmega328 microcontroller
has 32kb of flash memory, 2kb of SRAM 1kb of EPROM
and operates with a 16MHz clock speed.
Block diagram of Arduino Uno
Basic Functions of Arduino Technology
 Digital read pin reads the digital value of the given

pin.
 Digital write pin is used to write the digital value of

the given pin.
 Pin mode pin is used to set the pin to I/O mode.

 Analog read pin reads and returns the value.
 Analog write pin writes the value of the pin.
 Serial. Begins pin sets the beginning of serial

communication by setting the rate of bit.

2.1.3 Pin Diagram of Arduino Uno
Pin Description
Pin
Pin Name Details
Category
Vin: Input voltage to Arduino
when using an external power
source.
5V: Regulated power supply
used to power microcontroller
Vin, 3.3V, and other components on the
Power
5V, GND board.
3.3V: 3.3V supply generated
by on-board voltage regulator.
Maximum current draw is
50mA.
GND: ground pins.

Reset Reset Resets the microcontroller.

Used to provide analog input
Analog Pins A0 – A5
in the range of 0-5V
Input/Outpu Digital Can be used as input or output
t Pins Pins 0 - 13 pins.
0(Rx), Used to receive and transmit
Serial
1(Tx) TTL serial data.
External
2, 3 To trigger an interrupt.
Interrupts
3, 5, 6, 9,
PWM Provides 8-bit PWM output.
11
10 (SS), 11
(MOSI),
SPI 12 (MISO) Used for SPI communication.
and 13
(SCK)
Inbuilt LED 13 To turn on the inbuilt LED.
A4 (SDA),
TWI Used for TWI communication.
A5 (SCA)
To provide reference voltage
AREF AREF
for input voltage.
Arduino Uno Technical Specifications

ATmega328P – 8 bit AVR family

Microcontroller
microcontroller
Operating Voltage 5V
Recommended
7-12V
Input Voltage
Input Voltage
6-20V
Limits
Analog Input Pins 6 (A0 – A5)
14 (Out of which 6 provide PWM
Digital I/O Pins
output)
DC Current on
40 mA
I/O Pins
DC Current on
50 mA
3.3V Pin
Flash Memory 32 KB (0.5 KB is used for Bootloader)
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Frequency (Clock
16 MHz
Speed)

2.2 Sensors
2.2.1 Temperature sensor
Overview
You can choose from a variety of sensors to translate

temperature phenomena into a measurable signal. Three
common sensor varieties are the thermocouple, RTD, and
thermistor. Each has its own operating principles, benefits,
considerations, and drawbacks. This document provides
context and information to help you select the best
temperature sensor for your application needs.
In addition to the characteristics of the sensors themselves
operating range, sensitivity, linearity, response time, and so
on you must consider the requirements each sensor type
imposes on the measurement hardware. For example,
thermocouples require no current excitation (unlike
thermistors) but do need cold-junction compensation,
which is available only in certain measurement hardware
systems. To better familiarize yourself with the
measurement hardware necessary for temperature
measurements, download the Engineer's Guide to Accurate
Sensor Measurements.

Table 2.1 Types of sensors

Block diagram of LM35 TEMPERATURE

SENSOR
There are two transistors in the center of the drawing. One

has ten times the emitter area of the other. This means it
has one tenth of the current density, since the same current
is going through both transistors. This causes a voltage
across the resistor R1 that is proportional to the absolute
temperature and is almost linear across the range. The
"almost" part is taken care of by a special circuit that
straightens out the slightly curved graph of voltage versus
temperature.
The amplifier at the top ensures that the voltage at the base
of the left transistor (Q1) is proportional to absolute
temperature (PTAT) by comparing the output of the two
transistors.
The amplifier at the right converts absolute temperature
(measured in Kelvin) into either Fahrenheit or Celsius,
depending on the part (LM34 or LM35). The little circle
with the "i" in it is a constant current source circuit.

The two resistors are calibrated in the factory to produce a

highly accurate temperature sensor.
The integrated circuit has many transistors in it -- two in
the middle, some in each amplifier, some in the constant
current source, and some in the curvature compensation
circuit. All of that is fit into the tiny package with three
leads.

LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 is one kind of commonly used temperature
sensor that can be used to measure temperature with an
electrical o/p comparative to the temperature (in °C). It can
measure temperature more correctly compare with a
thermistor. This sensor generates a high output voltage than
thermocouples and may not need that the output voltage is
amplified. The LM35 has an output voltage that is
proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor
is .01V/°C.
Pin Diagram of LM35 Temperature Sensor

The LM35 does not need any exterior calibration and
maintains an exactness of +/-0.4°C at room temperature
and +/-0.8°C over a range of 0°C to +100°C.One more
significant characteristic of this sensor is that it draws just
60 microamps from its supply and acquires a low self-
heating capacity. The LM35 temperature sensor available
in many different packages like T0-46 metal can transistor-
like package, TO-92 plastic transistor-like package, 8-lead
surface mount SO-8 small outline package

Pin Configuration
Pin Pin
Description
Number Name
Input voltage is +5V for typical

1 Vcc
applications
There will be the increase in 10mV for
Analog raise of every

2
Out 1°C.Can range from -1v(-55°c) to
6v(150°c).
Connected to ground terminal of the
3 Ground
circuit

LM35 Temperature Sensor Circuit Diagram

The LM35 temperature sensor is used to detect precise
centigrade temperature. The output of this sensor changes
describes the linearity. The o/p voltage of this IC sensor is
linearly comparative to the Celsius temperature. The
operating voltage range of this LM35 ranges from-55˚ to
+150˚C and it has low-self heating. This is operated under
4 to 30 volts. The most extensively used electronic devices
are operational amplifiers, which are certain kind of
differential amplifiers. Temperature sensor circuit has
terminals such as two inputs like non-inverting (+) and
inverting (-) and only one output pin. Operational
amplifier IC741 is used as a non-inverting amplifier. The
variation between the i/p terminals amplifies the circuit.
LM35 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

2.2.2 Heart Rate Sensor

Overview
Monitoring heart rate is very important for athletes,
patients as it determines the condition of the heart (just
heart rate). There are many ways to measure heart rate and
the most precise one is using an Electrocardiography
But the more easy way to monitor the heart rate is to use a
Heartbeat Sensor. It comes in different shapes and sizes
and allows an instant way to measure the heartbeat.
Heartbeat Sensors are available in Wrist Watches (Smart

Watches), Smart Phones, chest straps, etc. The heartbeat is
measured in beats per minute or bpm, which indicates the
number of times the heart is contracting or expanding in a
minute

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF HEART BEAT SENSOR
Heartbeat sensor provides a simple way to study the

function of the heart which can be measured based on the
principle of psycho-physiological signal used as a stimulus
for the virtual- reality system. The amount of the blood in
the finger changes with respect to time.
The sensor shines a light lobe (a small very bright LED)
through the ear and measures the light that gets transmitted
to the Light Dependent Resistor. The amplified signal gets
inverted and filtered, in the Circuit. In order to calculate
the heart rate based on the blood flow to the fingertip, a
heart-rate sensor is assembled with the help of LM358 OP-
AMP for monitoring the heartbeat pulses.

Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The principle behind the working of the Heartbeat Sensor
is Photoplethysmograph. According to this principle,the
changes in the volume of blood in an organ is measured by
the changes in the intensity of the light passing through
that organ.
Usually, the source of light in a heartbeat sensor would be

an IR LED and the detector would be any Photo Detector
like a Photo Diode, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) or
a Photo Transistor.
With these two i.e. a light source and a detector, we can

arrange them in two ways: A Transmissive Sensor and a
Reflective Sensor.
In a Transmissive Sensor, the light source and the detector

are place facing each other and the finger of the person
must be placed in between the transmitter and receiver.
Reflective Sensor, on the other hand, has the light source

and the detector adjacent to each other and the finger of the
person must be placed in front of the sensor.
Working of Heartbeat Sensor

A simple Heartbeat Sensor consists of a sensor and a
control circuit. The sensor part of the Heartbeat Sensor
consists of an IR LED and a Photo Diode placed in a clip.
The Control Circuit consists of an Op-Amp IC and few

other components that help in connecting the signal to a

Microcontroller. The working of the Heartbeat Sensor can

be understood better if we take a look at its circuit diagram.
Circuit diagram of Heartbeat Sensor
The above circuit shows the finger type heartbeat sensor,

which works by detecting the pulses. Every heartbeat will
alter the amount of blood in the finger and the light from
the IR LED passing through the finger and thus detected by
the Photo Diode will also vary.
The output of the photo diode is given to the non –

inverting input of the first op – amp through a capacitor,
which blocks the DC Components of the signal. The first
op – amp cats as a non – inverting amplifier with an
amplification factor of 1001.
The output of the first op – amp is given as one of the

inputs to the second op – amp, which acts as a comparator.
The output of the second op – amp triggers a transistor,
from which, the signal is given to a Microcontroller like
Arduino.

The Op – amp used in this circuit is LM358. It has two op

– amps on the same chip. Also, the transistor used is a
BC547. An LED, which is connected to transistor, will
blink when the pulse is detected.

Circuit of Arduino based Heart Rate Monitor using

Heartbeat Sensor
The following image shows the circuit diagram of the
Arduino based Heart Rate Monitor using Heartbeat Sensor.
The sensor has a clip to insert the finger and has three pins
coming out of it for connecting VCC, GND and the Data.
Pin Diagram of heart beat sensor
Components Required
 Arduino UNO x 1
 16 x 2 LCD Display x 1
 10KΩ Potentiometer
 330Ω Resistor (Optional – for LCD backlight)

 Push Button
 Heartbeat Sensor Module with Probe (finger based)
 Mini Breadboard
 Connecting Wires

2.2.3 ECG SENSOR

Overview
Heart disease was becoming a big disease which health
killer people for many years. World Health Organization
(WHO) research also shows that the most people were
dying due to heart disease. Therefore, this disease can’t be
taken lightly. Hence, most health care equipment and
monitoring system are designed to keep track the disease.
As we know that by analyzing or monitoring the ECG
signal at initial stage the disease can be prevented.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ECG SENSOR
An ECG Sensor with disposable electrodes attaches

directly to the chest to detect every heartbeat. The
electrodes of ECG sensor will conversion heart beat to

electric signal. ECG Sensors is very light weight, slim and
accurately to measures continuous heart beat and give rate
data of heart beat. This device is used by trained doctor and
medical assistances.
Electrodes of ECG Sensor have 3 pins and connected by

cable with 30 inches in length. It is make ECG sensor easy
to connect with controller and placed at the waist or
pocket. In additional, the plug-in for the cable is a male
sound plug which will make the cable to easily removed or
inserted into the amplifier board. The sensor assembled on
an arm pulse and a leg pulse. All of every sensor electrodes
have methods to assemble in body. So, training and
tutorials are needed for user. You can choose type of
electrode to measure heartbeat.

ECG ELECTRODE DIAGRAM
Pin Diagram of Ecg sensor
The above figure shows the 3 Electrode and a A2D

converter pictorial view.Hardware and Software
Requirements:
Hardware :
1) Arduino Uno/Mega/Nano
2) ECG Module (AD8232)
3) ECG Electrodes - 3 pieces
4) ECG Electrode Connector -3.5 mm
5) Power supply

6) Connecting Wires
Software Requirement
1) Arduino IDE
2)Processing IDE
Connections
Connection of AD8232 with Arduino:

Arduino 3.3V --------- 3.3V pin
Arduino pin 10 -------- L0+
Arduino Pin 11 -------- L0-
Arduino Analog 1 (A1) ------- Output
Arduino Gnd ----------- Gnd
Electrode pad location shown in fig.
AD8232 Pins
RA - Input 1
LA - Input 2
RL - Input 3

ECG Module (AD8232) Specifications
The AD8232 module breaks out nine connections from the

IC that you can solder pins, wires, or other connectors to.
SDN, LO+, LO-, OUTPUT, 3.3V, GND provide essential
pins for operating this monitor with an Arduino or other
development board. Also provided on this board are RA
(Right Arm), LA (Left Arm), and RL (Right Leg) pins to
attach and use your own custom sensors. Additionally,
there is an LED indicator light that will pulsate to the
rhythm of a heartbeat.
Features:
· Operating Voltage - 3.3V
· Analog Output
· Leads-Off Detection
· Shutdown Pin
· LED Indicator
· 3.5mm Jack for Biomedical Pad Connection or Use 3 pin

header.

ECG SIGNAL PARAMETER
The figure above display of standard one cycle ECG signal

from a heartbeat. From the figure one cycle consist of P
wave, QRS wave until T wave. P wave offers benefit
information about the propagation time of the impulse to
both atria. Then, follow with a flat trend called with the PR
segment which is in consequence of propagation of the
electric impulse from atria to ventricles. And follow with
QRS complex wave which you can look in above figure.
Q,R and S complex contains of three small wave i.e small
Q wave, the high R wave and the small S wave. The QRS
complex give information about the ventricular systole in
consequence of the impulse propagation to the ventricles
(Q wave), whereas the transmission to the whole tissue is
caused by the R and S wave. The QRS complex provides
information about fibrillation and arrhythmias, it can be
helpful to analyze heart attacks. And then ST interval, it is
following by the S wave and including with the T wave, it
can point out the ischemia occurrences. It represents the
period during which ventricles are contracting, which is the
last stage of the heart cycle. The T wave permits one to
have information about the cardiac hypertrophy, heart
attacks, and ischemia. Moreover, others parameters, such
as the QT interval, allow specific further pathologies to be
characterized. Finally, the ECG signal ended with a small
peak, U wave.

Table Normal ECG Parameters
PhaseDuration Amplitude
P Wave 0.06-0.11 <0.25 PR
Interval 0.12-0.20 -
PR Segment 0.08 -
QRS Complex <0.12 0.8-1.2
ST Segment 0.12 -
QT Interval 0.36-0.44 -
T Wave 0.16 <0.5
Changes in parameters of ECG with Heart Diseases:
Abnormal Parameter Effect on Heart
1)Short QT Interval Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalemia
2)Long QT Interval Hypocalcemia
3)Flat or inverted T waves Coronary ischemia,

hypokalemia,
left ventricular hypertrophy
4)Peaked T wave, Long PR,

QRS wide, QT short Hyperkalemia
5)Prominent U waves Hypokalemia
6)Increased HR Tachycardia
7)Decreased HR Bradycardia
8)Increased QRS Bundle branch block
9)Increased PR AV block
From the ECG parameters, analysis a Heart Rate

Variability (HRV) of the ECG signal can be implemented.
According to the parameters changes comparing to the
normal parameters above, the system may predict which
disease that the user potentially suffering from.

2.2.4 Blood pressure sensor
Overview
For our Biomedical Instrumentation course, we created a
blood pressure monitor. This blood pressure monitor
measures the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and
approximates the systolic and diastolic pressures. It
requires the use of a pressure transducer, an Arduino Uno,
and coding to control the valve and air pump. The circuit
design is composed of three basic stages: a low pass filter,
a high pass filter, and a noninverting amplifier.
Blood pressure monitors are primarily used in clinical
settings to analyze patient’s blood pressure and in order to
prescribe the best treatment. This low cost monitor inflates
and deflates the blood pressure cuff in order to determine
the mean arterial pressure. It then roughly approximates
the diastolic and systolic pressures based on the
mathematically relationship between mean arterial
pressure, diastolic, and systolic pressures. The results are
then displayed on the LCD screen.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF BLOOD PRESSURE

SENSOR
An automatic blood pressure monitor inflates a cuff

surrounding an arm with sufficient pressure to prevent
blood flow in the local main artery. This pressure is
gradually released until the moment that the blood begins
to flow through the artery, the measurement of which
determines the systolic pressure. Pulse rate is also sensed at
this time. The measurement taken when the blood flow is
no longer restricted determines the diastolic pressure. This
complete measurement cycle is performed automatically
with a pump, cuff, valve, and pressure sensor.
The signal from the pressure sensor is conditioned with an

op-amp circuit or by an instrumentation amplifier before

data conversion by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

The systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, and pulse rate are
then calculated in the digital domain using a method
appropriate for the type of monitor and sensor utilized. The
resulting systolic, diastolic, and pulse-rate measurements
are displayed on a liquid-crystal display (LCD), time/date-
stamped, and stored in nonvolatile memory
Pin diagram of BP sensor

2.2.4.1 Materials required
• Arduino UNO board w/USB cable

• Arduino compatible LCD
• Pressure Transducer (We used the Honeywell Differential
Transducer 015PDAA5)
• Voltage-controlled valve
• Air pump
• Wires
• Power Supply (±15V)
• Resistors (Four 100kΩ, One 1 kΩ)
• Capacitors (Two 1µF)
• Breadboard

• Three-way splitter
• Plastic Tubing
• Blood Pressure Cuff
• TL072 Op Amp

2.2.4.2 DESIGN
1.THREE WAY SPLITTER
The below figure shows the constructional features of the

three way splitter.

Use the three-way splitter and plastic tubing to join the

cuff, air pump, and valve. You will want tubing that fits
snugly around the pump and valve so that no air leaks out,
or else your measurements will be less accurate. Cut a
fourth piece of tubing and connect it to the splitter. The
pressure transducer will be connected to this tubing later.
2. PRESSURE TRANSDUCER
Place the transducer on the breadboard and attach the

ground and power supply according to the data sheet:
Pin1= supply
Pin2= output voltage
Pin3= ground
For this device, 5 V was applied to pin 1, the output

voltage was connected to the circuitry (built in the next
step), and lastly, pin 3 was connected to the ground from
the Arduino Uno.

3. Build the Low Pass and High Filter and Amplifier
On a breadboard you will create the follow circuitry as

illustrated in the diagram below. Corresponding to the
diagram labels:
Vaa = voltage source
R1=100kΩ
R2=200kΩ ( Two 100kΩ in series)
R3=100kΩ
R4=1kΩ
C1=1µF

C2=1µF
Orient the transducer and TL072 so that the 1 IN terminal

receives the transducer output. Also, we used color-coded
wires to distinguish between the negative (black) and
positive(red) supply terminals of the op amp terminals.

OVERALL CIRCIUT VIEW

1. LCD to Arduino (the LCD pins should fit into the

Arduino pins)
2. Power Supply Terminals to TL072
3. Arduino Ground and Power Supply Ground (All supply
grounds must be connected)
4. The 2 OUT terminal of the TL072 should be connected
to the A0 Pin.
The valve wires should be connected to Digital Pin 3 and

ground. For our purposes, the orientation of the wires did
not matter. One of the air pump wires will be connected to
ground. When the program is run, the other air pump will
need to be manually inserted into the 3.3V power supply
on the Arduino. If you discover a way an automatic way to
control the air pump, please respond in the comments.

2.2.5 MAX 232

The Max-232 IC is started by the maxim integrated
products in 1987. It is an integrated circuit which converts
the signals from the RS232 serial port to the proper signal
which are used in the TTL compatible digital logic circuits.
The MAX232 can convert the signals like RX, TX, CTS,
and RTS and it is a dual driver/receiver. The driver
increases the output voltage levels of TIA232 from a 5 volt
supply to 7.5 volts by using the external capacitor and on
chip charge pumps. The receiver reduces the input levels of
the TIA232 from 25 volts to the standard voltage level, i.e.
5volts of TTL levels and there is a threshold of 1.3 volts
and hysteresis of 0.5 volts for the receiver. Further the
max232 IC is extended by the four receivers and
transmitters simultaneously with eight receivers and
transmitters which are MAX238 and MAX248 and there
are many combinations of receivers and transmitters.
Max232 Interfacing

What is a MAX232 IC?

The MAX-232 IC is an integrated circuit which consists of
16 pins and it is a resourceful IC mostly used in the voltage
level signal problems. Generally, the MAX-232 IC is used
in the RS232 communication system for the conversion of
voltage levels on TTL devices that are interfaced with the
PC serial port and the Microcontroller. This IC is used as a
hardware layer converter like to communicate two systems
simultaneously. The image of MAX232 is shown below.
MAX232 IC
What is an Interfacing?
An interfacing is a microprocessor which is used to
connect various peripherals to carry out various operations
to get a preferred output. There are two different types of
interfacing first one is memory interfacing and the other
one is I/O interfacing.
The memory interface is used for the microprocessor to
access the memory which is continuously stored in the
memory in the form of reading and writing data. It is used
for specific register for reading and writing the data in the
memory chip. I/O interfacing is done by the inputs which

are keyboards and display monitors are outputs with the

microprocessor.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF MAX232
Pin Description of MAX-232 IC

The MAX-232 IC is used to exchange the TTL/CMOS
logic to RS232 logic levels through the serial
communication of Microcontroller with the personal
computers. The microcontroller operates at the TTL logic
levels with the voltage of 0-5v, and the serial
communication with PC works on the RS232 with the volts
of -25V to +25V. The difference of voltage will become the
makes difficult to establish the communication with each
other.

Pin Description of MAX232
The in-between links are provided through the MAX232

interface, it is a transmitter/receiver which includes the
voltage generator to the supply of RS232 voltage levels
through the 5V supply. The RS232 input converts to 5V
TTL/COMS level through these receivers, i.e. R1 and R2
do not exclude the +-30V. The transmitters T1 and T2 are
used to convert the TTL/COMS input levels to RS232
level.
The transmitter obtains input from the microcontrollers and
microprocessors through serial transmission pins and the
output is given to the receiver of RS232. The receiver on
the other side obtains the input from transmission pin of
RS232 serial port and the output is given to the receiver
pin of the microcontroller. The external capacitor is added
to the MAX232 with a range of 1µF to 22µF.
The pin configuration of MAX232 and the description of
each pin of is discussed in the tabular form.

S. No Name Function
Positive Voltage Multiplier Unit of External

1 C1 +
Capacitor

2 C3 +
Capacitor
Negative Voltage Multiplier unit of

3 C1-
External capacitor

4 C2 +
Capacitor

5 C2 –
External capacitor

6 C4-
External capacitor
7 T2 Out Transmitter data Output from RS232
8 R2 In Receiver Data Input from RS232
9 R2 Out Receiver Data Output from TTL logic level

Transmitter Data Input from TTL logic

10 T2 In
level
Transmitter Data Input from TTL logic
11 T1 In
level
Output of Receiver Data from TTL logic
12 R1 Out
level
13 R1 In Input of Receiver Data from RS232
14 T1 Out Transmitter Output from RS232
15 GND Ground
16 Vcc Power supply voltage
2.2.6 GSM MODULE

GSM is a mobile communication modem; it is stands for
global system for mobile communication (GSM). The idea
of GSM was developed at Bell Laboratories in 1970. It is

widely used mobile communication system in the world.

GSM is an open and digital cellular technology used for
transmitting mobile voice and data services operates at the
850MHz, 900MHz, 1800MHz and 1900MHz frequency
bands.
GSM system was developed as a digital system using time
division multiple access (TDMA) technique for
communication purpose. A GSM digitizes and reduces the
data, then sends it down through a channel with two
different streams of client data, each in its own particular
time slot. The digital system has an ability to carry 64 kbps
to 120 Mbps of data rates.
GSM MODULE
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GSM MODULE

There are various cell sizes in a GSM system such as

macro, micro, pico and umbrella cells. Each cell varies as
per the implementation domain. There are five different
cell sizes in a GSM network macro, micro, pico and
umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies
according to the implementation environment.
Time Division Multiple Access
TDMA technique relies on assigning different time slots to
each user on the same frequency. It can easily adapt to data
transmission and voice communication and can carry
64kbps to 120Mbps of data rate.
GSM Architecture
A GSM network consists of the following components:
 A Mobile Station: It is the mobile phone which

consists of the transceiver, the display and the processor
and is controlled by a SIM card operating over the
network.
 Base Station Subsystem: It acts as an interface
between the mobile station and the network subsystem. It
consists of the Base Transceiver Station which contains
the radio transceivers and handles the protocols for
communication with mobiles. It also consists of the Base
Station Controller which controls the Base Transceiver
station and acts as a interface between the mobile station
and mobile switching centre.
 Network Subsystem: It provides the basic network
connection to the mobile stations. The basic part of the
Network Subsystem is the Mobile Service Switching
Centre which provides access to different networks like
ISDN, PSTN etc. It also consists of the Home Location
Register and the Visitor Location Register which
provides the call routing and roaming capabilities of
GSM. It also contains the Equipment Identity Register
which maintains an account of all the mobile equipments
wherein each mobile is identified by its own IMEI
number. IMEI stands for International Mobile Equipment
Identity.
Features of GSM Module:
 Improved spectrum efficiency
 International roaming
 Compatibility with integrated services digital network
(ISDN)
 Support for new services.
 SIM phonebook management
 Fixed dialing number (FDN)

 Real time clock with alarm management

 High-quality speech
 Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure
 Short message service (SMS)
The security strategies standardized for the GSM system
make it the most secure telecommunications standard
currently accessible. Although the confidentiality of a call
and secrecy of the GSM subscriber is just ensured on the
radio channel, this is a major step in achieving end-to- end
security.
GSM Modem
A GSM modem is a device which can be either a mobile
phone or a modem device which can be used to make a
computer or any other processor communicate over a
network. A GSM modem requires a SIM card to be
operated and operates over a network range subscribed by
the network operator. It can be connected to a computer
through serial, USB or Bluetooth connection.
A GSM modem can also be a standard GSM mobile phone

with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect
to a serial port or USB port on your computer. GSM
modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. The
GSM modem has wide range of applications in transaction
terminals, supply chain management, security applications,
weather stations and GPRS mode remote data logging.
GSM Modem Communication

There are different types of GSM modems are available in
the market and the common GSM mode, which is common
or mostly using in the market is TTL logic and sometimes

some are using the RS232 standards by using this there is a

problem in communication with GSM modem which is
used by the Microcontroller, Aurdino, and some TTL
platform. BY using the MAX 232 we can overcome the
problems.
GSM Modem Communication
GSM/GPRS is used for the communication between a

computer and a GSM/GPRS system. The GSM system is
an architecture, it is used in most of the countries for the
communication purpose. The next extension of GPRS is
GSM it shows the higher transmission rate. The
GSM/GPRS is composed by the power supply circuit and
communication interface by using MAX232 interface and
USB etc.
The GSM/GPRS is a device of wireless modem that is used
for the communication purpose by using the SIM
(Subscriber Identity Module) card, we can activate the
communication of the network and also by using the IMEI
(International Equipment Identity) serial number we can
identify. The operations of the GSM/GPRS are mentioned
below.
 Receiver, send messages to a SIM
 Read, search phone book entries in the SIM

 Make or Reject the Voice calls

By using the AT commands the modem is interfacing with
the processor and the Microcontroller which communicate
with the serial communication. The commands are from
the Microcontroller and microprocessor. After receiving
the commands to the modem, gives the output. There are
different types of AT commands used by the modem and
they are sent through the processor, controller, computer to
interface with the GSM/GPRS cellular network.
Pin Diagram of GSM

Chapter 03
SOFTWARE IDE

3.1 The Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it
provides a near-complete environment for most Arduino-
based projects. The top menu bar has the standard
options, including “File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit”
(font, copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and
programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing
projects), and “Help”. The middle section of the IDE is a
simple text editor that where you can enter the program
code. The bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an
output window that is used to see the status of the
compilation, how much memory has been used, any
errors that were found in the program, and various other
useful messages.
Projects made using the Arduino are called sketches, and
such sketches are usually written in a cut-down version of
C++ (a number of C++ features are not included).
Because programming a microcontroller is somewhat
different from programming a computer, there are a
number of device-specific libraries (e.g., changing pin
modes, output data on pins, reading analog values, and
timers). This sometimes confuses users who think
Arduino is programmed in an “Arduino language.”
However, the Arduino is, in fact, programmed in C++. It
just uses unique libraries for the device.
The 6 Buttons
While more advanced projects will take advantage of the
built-in tools in the IDE, most projects will rely on the six
buttons found below the menu bar.
1. The check mark is used to verify your code. Click
this once you have written your code.
2. The arrow uploads your code to the Arduino to run.

3. The dotted paper will create a new file.
4. The upward arrow is used to open an existing
Arduino project.
5. The downward arrow is used to save the current
file.
6. The far right button is a serial monitor, which is
useful for sending data from the Arduino to the PC
for debugging purposes.
Conclusion
There are plenty of other features available to consider on
the IDE. But, having used many different types of
microcontrollers and having been involved in multiple
programming environments, it is shocking how simple
the Arduino and its IDE is! In less than two minutes, you
can get a simple C++ program uploaded onto the Arduino
and have it running.

3.2 WEBSITE
A website is a collection of related web pages,
including multimedia content, typically identified with a
common domain name, and published on at least one web
server. Notable examples are wikipedia.org, google.com,
and amazon.com.
A website may be accessible via a public Internet
Protocol (IP) network, such as the Internet, or a
private local area network (LAN), by referencing
a uniform resource locator (URL) that identifies the site.
Websites can have many functions and can be used in
various fashions; a website can be a personal website, a
corporate website for a company, a government website, an
organization website, etc. Websites are typically dedicated
to a particular topic or purpose, ranging from entertainment
and social networking to providing news and education.
All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute
the World Wide Web, while private websites, such as a
company's website for its employees, are typically a part of
an intranet.
Web pages, which are the building blocks of websites,
are documents, typically composed in plain
text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML, XHTML). They may
incorporate elements from other websites with
suitable markup anchors. Web pages are accessed and
transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP),
which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure,
HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user. The
user's application, often a web browser, renders the page

content according to its HTML markup instructions onto

a display terminal.
Hyperlinking between web pages conveys to the reader
the site structure and guides the navigation of the site,
which often starts with a home page containing a directory
of the site web content.
3.3 SERVER
A server is a computer program that provides a service to
another computer programs (and its user). In a data center,
the physical computer that a server program runs in is also
frequently referred to as a server. That machine may be
a dedicated server or it may be used for other purposes as
well.
In the client/server programming model, a server program

awaits and fulfills requests from client programs, which
may be running in the same or other computers. A given
application in a computer may function as a client with
requests for services from other programs and also as
a server of requests from other programs.
Types of servers
Servers are often categorized in terms of their purpose.

A Web server, for example, is a computer program that
serves requested HTML pages or files. The program that is
requesting web content is called a client. For example, a
Web browser is a client that requests HTML files from
Web servers.
Here are a few other types of servers, among a great

number of other possibilities:

An application server is a program in a computer in

a distributed network that provides the business logic
for an application program.
A proxy server is software that acts as an intermediary

between an endpoint device, such as a computer, and
another server from which a user or client is requesting
a service.
A mail server is an application that receives incoming e-

mail from local users (people within the same domain)
and remote senders and forwards outgoing e-mail for
delivery.
A virtual server is a program running on a shared server

that is configured in such a way that it seems to each
user that they have complete control of a server.
A blade server is a server chassis housing multiple thin,

modular electronic circuit boards, known as server
blades. Each blade is a server in its own right, often
dedicated to a single application.
A file server is a computer responsible for the central

storage and management of data files so that other
computers on the same network can access them.
A policy server is a security component of a policy-

based network that provides authorization services and
facilitates tracking and control of files.

SERVER AND WEBSITE LINK
The data send by Raspberry pi is stored on a server. The

detailed information of patients and doctor is registered
through website. The website can be accessed from
anywhere.

CHAPTER 04
DESIGN

4.1 Temperature Sensor
LM35 and Arduino – Circuit Diagram
Connect LM35 to Arduino Uno as shown in circuit

diagram. The +5v for LM35 can be taken from the +5v out
pin of Arduino Uno, also the ground pin of LM35 can be
connected to GND pin of Arduino Uno. Connect V out (the
analog out of LM35) to any of the analog input pin of
Arduino Uno. In this circuit diagram, we have connected V
out of LM35 to A1 of Arduino.
Note : LM35 is available in the market in 3 series
variations – LM35A, LM35C and LM35D series. The main
difference between these 3 versions of LM35 IC are in
their range of temperature measurements. The LM35D
series is designed to measure from 0 degree Celsius to
100degree Celsius, whereas the LM35A series is designed
to measure a wider range of -55 degree Celsius to

155degree Celsius. The LM35C series is designed to
measure from -40degree Celsius to 110degree Celsius.
In our LM35 Arduino example, we are using the LM35Dz
sensor- which falls under LM35D series. so our min-max
range of temperature measurement is 0 degree Celsius to
100 degree Celsius.

4.2 Heart beat sensor
Circuit diagram
Circuit of heartbeat monitor is shown below, which

contains Arduino Uno, heart beat sensor module, reset
button and LCD. Arduino controls whole the process of
system like reading pulses form Heart beat sensor module,
calculating heart rate and sending this data to LCD. We can
set the sensitivity of this sensor module by inbuilt
potentiometer placed on this module.
Heart beat sensor module’s output pin is directly connected
to pin 8 of Arduino. V cc and GND are connected to V cc
and GND. A 16x2 LCD is connected with Arduino in 4-bit
mode. Control pin RS, RW and En are directly connected
to Arduino pin 12, GND and 11. And data pin D4-D7 is
connected to pins 5, 4, 3 and 2 of Arduino. And one push
button is added for resetting reading and another is used to
start the system for reading pulses. When we need to count
heart rate, we press start button then Arduino start counting

pulses and also start counter for five seconds. This start
push button is connected to pin 7 and reset push button is
connected to pin 6 of Arduino with respect to ground.

4.3 ECG Sensor

Heart Monitor AD8232 Board
The simple and easy to use breakout board for heart rate
monitoring system is shown above. This board measures
electrical activity of heart through the Electrode
pads placed on the skin. By Interfacing this board with
Arduino Uno we can get ECG graph through Processing
IDE window.
Pin Configuration
Board Label Pin Function Arduino Connection
GND Ground GND
3.3v 3.3v Power Supply 3.3v
OUTPUT Output Signal A0
LO- Leads-off Detect – 11

LO+ Leads-off Detect + 10
SDN Shutdown Not used
Electrode Pads
Cable Color Signal
Black RA (Right Arm)
Blue LA (Left Arm)
Red RL (Right Leg)
AD8232 Hookup with Arduino

We can use the electrode jack or else pin holes for

electrodes. Connect corresponding electrode pads in skin
and then provide 3.3V and GND power supply from the
Arduino board, the SDN (shutdown) pin is not connected
to any part. Output from the breakout board is taken to
Arduino’s A0 (Analog input 0) pin. To detect the Leads off
situation LO – , LO + are connected to Arduino digital pin
D11 and D10 respectively.

4.4 Blood pressure Sensor

Circuit diagram
Explanation
After calling for header we don't need to worry for
establishing communication between Arduino Uno and
BMP180 sensor. We can simply call in special functions
which will do that for us. We only need to Initialize an LCD
and show the called values from SENSOR on it.
In 16x2 LCD there are 16 pins over all if there is a back

light, if there is no back light there will be total 14 pins. One
can power or leave the backlight pins. Now in the 14 pins
there are 8 data pins (7-14 or D0-D7), 2 power supply pins

(1&2 or VSS&VDD or GND&+5v), 3rd pin for contrast
control (VEE-controls how thick the characters should be
shown) and 3 control pins (RS&RW&E).
In the circuit, you can observe that I have only took two
control pins, the contrast bit and READ/WRITE are not
often used so they can be shorted to ground. This puts LCD
in highest contrast and read mode. We just need to control
ENABLE and RS pins to send characters and data
accordingly.
The connections which are done for LCD are given
below:
PIN1 or VSS to ground
PIN2 or VDD or VCC to +5v power
PIN3 or VEE to ground (gives maximum contrast best for
a beginner)
PIN4 or RS (Register Selection) to PIN8 of ARDUINO
UNO
PIN5 or RW (Read/Write) to ground (puts LCD in read
mode eases the communication for user)
PIN6 or E (Enable) toPIN9 of ARDUINO UNO
PIN11 or D4 to PIN10 of ARDUINO UNO
PIN14 or D7 to PIN13 of ARDUINO UNO.
The ARDUINO IDE allows the user to use LCD in 4bit

mode. This type of communication enables the user to
decrease the pin usage on ARDUINO, unlike other the
ARDUINO need not be programmed separately for using

it in 4 it mode because by default the ARDUINO is set up
to communicate in 4bit mode. In the circuit you can see
we have used 4bit communication (D4-D7).
so from mere observation from above table we are
connecting 6 pins of LCD to controller in which 4 pins
are data pins and 2 pins for control.
For connecting the BMP180 to Arduino Uno we need to
do following:
1. #include <Adafruit_BMP085.h>
2. #include <Wire.h>
3. #include <LiquidCrystal.h>
4. Serial.begin(9600);
5. String PRESSUREVALUE =
String(bmp.readPressure());
6. String TEMPARATUREVALUE =
String(bmp.readTemperature());
First we need to call the header file for enabling special

functions “#include<Adafruit_BMP085.h>”.
With this header file we can call functions that can read
values from Sensor directly without any fuzz.
Now we need to enable the C communication, this is
done by calling “#include <Wire.h>” header file.

We can read pressure by calling” String

PRESSUREVALUE = String (bmp.read Pressure());”.
Here the pressure value will be read from sensor and is
stored in the string “PRESSUREVALUE”.
We can read temperature by calling” String
TEMPARATUREVALUE =
String(bmp.readTemperature());”. Here the pressure value
will be read from sensor and is stored in the string
“TEMPARATUREVALUE”.
First we need to enable the header file

(‘#include<LiquidCrystal.h>’), this header file has
instructions written in it, which enables the user to
interface an LCD to UNO in 4 bit mode without any fuzz.
With this header file we need not have to send data to
LCD bit by bit, this will all be taken care of and we don’t
have to write a program for sending data or a command to
LCD bit by bit.
Second we need to tell the board which type of LCD we

are using here. Since we have so many different types of
LCD (like 20*4, 16*2, 16*1 etc.). In here we are going to
interface a 16*2 LCD to the UNO so we get
‘lcd.begin(16,2);’. For 16*1 we get ‘lcd.begin(16,1);’.
In this instruction we are going to tell the board where we

connected the pins, The pins which are connected are to
be represented in order as “RS, En, D4, D5, D6, D7”.
These pins are to be represented correctly. Since we
connected RS to PIN0 and so on as show in circuit
diagram, We represent the pin number to board as
“LiquidCrystallcd(0,1,8,9,10,11);”.
After above there all there is left is to send data, the data
which needs to be displayed in LCD should be written as
“cd.print("hello, world!");”. With this command the LCD
displays ‘hello, world!’.

CHAPTER 05
PROGRAMMING

FLOW CHART

The code is as follows:

int val=0;
//initialize val to zero
int tempPin = A1;
//connect temperature sensor pin to A1
Int k=0,rate=0;
//initialize k and rate to zero
unsigned long time2,time1;
string bloodpressure;
//define string bloodpressure
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
val = analogRead(tempPin);
//detect the output of temperature sensor
float mv = ( val/1024.0)*5000;
float temp = mv/10;
Serial.print("TEMPRATURE = ");
Serial.print(temp);
Serial.print("*C");
//display the temperature in celsius
Serial.println();
if((digitalRead(10)==1)||(digitalRead(11)==1)){
Serial.println("NaN");
}
else{
Serial.println(analogRead(A2));
//read the output of ECG sensors and display the readings
}
k=0;
While(k<5)
{
If(digitalRead(A0))

{
If(k==0)
{
time1=millis();
//read the initial time of starting of heart beat
}
k++;
}
}
time2=millis();
//read the final time take for five beats
rate=time2-time1;
rate=rate/5;
rate=60000/rate;
//calculate the heart beat using the formula
Serial.print(“Heartbeat=”);
Serial.println(rate);
//display the heart beat in beats per minute
If(Serial.available()>0)
{
Bloodpressure=Serial.readString();
//read the blood pressure reading from the blood pressure sensor
}
Serial.print(“BP=”);
Serial.println(bloodpressure);
//display the blood pressure readings in mmHg
delay(1000);
//give a delay of 1000ms
}

CHAPTER 06
Results

Result
The results obtained from heart rate, body temperature and

ECG sensors are displayed on a website for the doctor to
monitor the health status of the patients.
It provides better solution due to its advantages such as
better accuracy, design security, productivity, speed and
flexibility. The system gives better performance in cases
where staff available in the ICU is less. In such situations,
the system will eliminate staff requirement in the ICU and
the nurses will devote more time for the patients care who
is in critical situation.
The results obtained from the system is as follows:
Body Temperature =37 ˚C;
Heart Beat =70 bpm;
Blood pressure:
Low =88;
High =118;
ECG: The graph of ECG is as shown below, which
consists of four different regions namely P, Q, R, S
described earlier.

Figure 6.1 Window showing the values of different

sensors used for monitoring the patient.
Figure 6.2 ECG graph

Chapter-07
Proof of concept

Proof of concept
The current method of monitoring patients in hospitals
keeps patients tied to their beds and can be uncomfortable
for patients to wear. The number of nurses in the workforce
is also expected to decline by 2020, causing strain in an
environment where excess pressure can lead to unfortunate
accidents happening to patients. The goal of this project
was to produce a simple patient monitoring system that
could allow patients to be mobile in their environment. The
developed system includes a pulse oximeter to measure
blood oxygen concentration and the patient's pulse, as well
as a temperature sensor to keep track of the patient's
temperature. The proof of concept was successful, and
allowed for multiple patients at the same time on the same
network with the ability to add many more patients. This
project was primarily undertaken by two undergraduate
students during an NSF-sponsored 10-week Research
Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) summer program.

Chapter-08
Conclusion and Future Work

8.1 CONCLUSION
As important as the relationships between patients and

healthcare professionals are, a doctor or nurse can’t be in
the room with each patient at all times, even in a fully-
staffed hospital. As such, a variety of electronic
monitoring equipment is generally available to monitor
such metrics as the electrical activity of the heart,
respiration rate (breathing), blood pressure, body
temperature, cardiac output, and the amount of oxygen and
carbon dioxide in the blood.
But big improvements are ahead.
8.2 Future work:
Here are four emerging trends that are changing the way
doctors, nurses, and staff keep track of the physical status
of patients, and, in some cases, even interact with them.
1) Wireless sensor technology: The iconic image of a
hospital patient is a frail figure lost in a tangle of
wires and cables connected to large, noisy machines.
Those wires and cables are beginning to be replaced
by wireless technologies similar to those that have
cleaned up the thicket of cables in our office
workstations. But for the more personal needs of
healthcare, that technology is becoming “wearable.”
ABI Research estimates that five million disposable,
wearable, medical sensors will ship by 2018. In
addition to increasing the comfort of patients and
enabling staff to more easily assist and move them,
wireless will improve the devices in their main
function – alerting staff to changes in vital signs. In
2012, the Federal Communications Commission

announced allocation of a section of the broadcast
spectrum for Medical Body Area Networks (MBANs)
in hospitals, clinics, and doctors’ offices. MBANs
transmit a stream of continuous, real-time data about a
patient’s condition. With MBANs, the flow of data
can be monitored by medical personnel, recorded for
inclusion in electronic health records, or even shared
with concerned family members.
2) Remote patient monitoring: But what about
outpatient care? With our aging population, the need
for monitoring patients wherever they live and work is
increasing, as is the need to reduce expensive hospital
stays. One solution is “telehealth,” or remote
transmission of a patient’s medical data. Home
medical devices that assist with the treatment of
chronic illness are already commonplace, but now
they are being integrated with distant healthcare
facilities to track patient health and set off alarms
when dangerous situations arise. According to a
research report by Berg Insight, by the end of 2013,
more than three million people worldwide were being
monitored remotely by professional caregivers. By
2018, they predict that number will rise to 19 million.
3) Use of Big Data: Combine the ability to track
information on patient health with the explosion in the
number-crunching capacity of advanced computer
networks, and you have access to a treasure trove of
knowledge for medical research and treatment. For
example, big data can help to identify patients who
are susceptible to specific conditions, and prescribe
preventive measures to head them off. The
Guardian reports that “In the US, big data has been
used to predict accurately which patients are likely to
be readmitted to the hospital within 30 days, with data
analysis also suggesting the remedial actions needed
for each patient.” A key element of making the
deluge of data useful is displaying it in meaningful
ways that relate to the individual, thereby applying
vast amounts of anonymous data to construct a
customized treatment plan for an individual. On a
larger scale, big data will apply everything from
weather data to the tracking of infectious diseases to
make funding and staffing decisions.
4) Electronic patient portals: Interoperability is the
key to a range of ongoing and potential improvements in
our healthcare system. Electronic health records (EHRs)
are just the beginning. The goal is for doctors, nurses,
patients, family members, researchers, and insurers to
share useful medical data. The implications for privacy are
numerous and worrisome, but so are the consequences of
not seizing this opportunity to save lives and improve
quality of life. A central hub for sharing information could
include content management, member profiles, blogs,
discussion boards, jargon glossaries, gamification,
connection with social services, and support groups. This
holistic approach could create communities of healthcare
awareness to provide people with knowledge, support, and
the feeling that they are not alone.
These and other developments in healthcare technology
will provide more comprehensive, uninterrupted attention
to patients. At the same time, they have the potential to
lower costs and improve medical outcomes. In their
MBAN spectrum announcement, the FCC underscored the
importance of patient monitoring by citing a study by the

Institute for Healthcare Improvement. The study found
that hospital patients who suffered a heart attack while
being electronically monitored had a 48% chance of
survival, while those who were not monitored had only a
6% chance. With numbers like that, improving monitoring
technology and making it more ubiquitous is more
important that ever.

REFERENCES
1.Global Challenges for Humanity. [Online].
Available:
http://www.millenniumproject.org/millennium/challenges.h
tml
2. Healthcare based on IoT using Raspberry Pi. [Online].
Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?
arnumber=7380571&newsearch=true&queryText=patient
%20parameter%20monitoring%20system%20using
%20raspberry%20pi
3. Raspberry Pi as a Wireless Sensor node: Performances
and constraints. [Online].
Available: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?
arnumber=6859717&newsearch=true&queryText=raspberr
y%20pi%20sensors
4. Cooking hacks. Homepage on Health Sensor Platform
V2.0 for
Arduino and Raspberry Pi [Biometric / Medical
Applications [Online].
Available:
https://www.cookinghacks.com/documentation/tutorials/eh
ealth-biometric-sensorplatform-arduino-raspberry-pi-
medical.

Appendix
Temperature sensor -LM35
Features
1. Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)
2. Linear + 10.0 mV/˚C scale factor
3. 0.5˚C accuracy guaranteeable (at +25˚C)
4. Rated for full −55˚ to +150˚C range n Suitable for
remote applications
5. Low cost due to wafer-level trimming n Operates from 4
to 30 volts
6. Less than 60 µA current drain n Low self-heating,
0.08˚C in still air
7. Nonlinearity only ±1⁄4˚C typical n Low impedance
output, 0.1 Ω for 1 mA load
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Supply Voltage +35V to −0.2V
Output Voltage +6V to −1.0V
Output Current 10 mA
Storage Temp.;
TO-46 Package −60˚C to +180˚C
SO-8 Package −65˚C to +150˚C

Lead Temp.:
TO-46 Package
(Soldering,10seconds) 300˚C
TO-92 and TO-220 Package
(Soldering, 10seconds) 260˚C
SO Package
Vapor Phase (60 seconds) 215˚C
Infrared (15 seconds) 220˚C
ESD Susceptibility 2500V
Specified Operating Temperature Range: TMIN to T MAX
LM35, LM35A −55˚C to +150˚C
LM35C, LM35CA −40˚C to +110˚C
LM35D 0˚C to +100˚C
Applications
• Power Supplies
• Battery Management
• HVAC
• Appliances
Description
The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit
temperature devices with an output voltage linearly
proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35
device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a

large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient

Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ±¼°C at room temperature and ±¾°C over a
full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
low-output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to
readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 μA from the
supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in
still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C
to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is
rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved
accuracy). The LM35-series devices are available
packaged in hermetic TO transistor packages, while the
LM35C, LM35CA, and LM35D devices are available in
the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The LM35D device is
available in an 8-lead surface-mount small-outline package
and a plastic TO-220 package.


Overview
The LM35-series devices are precision integrated-circuit
temperature sensors, with an output voltage linearly
proportional to the Centigrade temperature. The LM35
device has an advantage over linear temperature sensors
calibrated in Kelvin, as the user is not required to subtract a
large constant voltage from the output to obtain convenient

Centigrade scaling. The LM35 device does not require any
external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracies of ± ¼ °C at room temperature and ± ¾ °C over
a full −55°C to 150°C temperature range. Lower cost is
assured by trimming and calibration at the wafer level. The
low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent
calibration of the LM35 device makes interfacing to
readout or control circuitry especially easy. The device is
used with single power supplies, or with plus and minus
supplies. As the LM35 device draws only 60 μA from the
supply, it has very low self-heating of less than 0.1°C in
still air. The LM35 device is rated to operate over a −55°C
to 150°C temperature range, while the LM35C device is
rated for a −40°C to 110°C range (−10° with improved
accuracy). The temperature-sensing element is comprised
of a delta-V BE architecture. The temperature-sensing
element is then buffered by an amplifier and provided to
the VOUT pin. The amplifier has a simple class A output
stage with typical 0.5-Ω output impedance as shown in the
Functional Block Diagram. Therefore the LM35 can only
source current and it's sinking capability is limited to 1 μA.

LM35 Transfer Function

The accuracy specifications of the LM35 are given with
respect to a simple linear transfer function:
VOUT = 10 mv/°C × T where
• VOUT is the LM35 output voltage
• T is the temperature in °C .

Power Supply Recommendations

The LM35 device has a very wide 4-V to 30-V power
supply voltage range, which makes it ideal for many
applications. In noisy environments, TI recommends
adding a 0.1 關 F from V+ to GND to bypass the power
supply voltage. Larger capacitances maybe required and
are dependent on the power-supply noise.

Pulse sensor
Heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat
beat when a finger is placed on it. When the heart beat
detector is working, the beat LED flashes in unison with
each heart beat. This digital output can be connected to
microcontroller directly to measure the Beats Per Minute
(BPM) rate. It works on the principle of light modulation
by blood flow through finger at each pulse.
Features
1) Heat beat indication by LED
2)Instant output digital signal for directly connecting to
microcontroller
3)Compact Size
4)Working Voltage +5V DC
Applications
1) Digital Heart Rate monitor
2)Patient Monitoring System
3)Bio-Feedback control of robotics and applications

Working
The sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light
detector. The LED needs to be super bright as the
maximum light must pass spread in finger and detected by
detector. Now, when the heart pumps a pulse of blood
through the blood vessels, the finger becomes slightly
more opaque and so less light reached the detector. With
each heart pulse the detector signal varies. This variation is
converted to electrical pulse. This signal is amplified and
triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic
level signal. The output signal is also indicated by a LED
which blinks on each heart beat.

ECG Sensor
SPECIFICATIONS
> Gain: 1100
>Range: ±1.5mV (with VCC = 3.3V)
> Bandwidth: 0.5-40Hz
> Consumption: ~0.17mA
> Input Voltage Range: 2.0-3.5V
> Input Impedance: 7.5GOhm
> CMRR: 86dB
FEATURES
> Bipolar differential measurement
> Pre-conditioned analog output
> High signal-to-noise ratio
> Small form factor
> Raw data output
> Easy-to-use
> “On-the-person” and “off-the-person” use
Transfer function
[-1.5mv, 1.5mv]
ECG(v)= [(ADC/2 ) - (1/2)] * V
N
CC
GECG
ECG(mv)= ECG(v)*1000

Vcc= 3.3v (operating voltage)

GECG=1100(sensor gain)
ADC-value sampled from the channel
N=no. of bits of the channel
APPLICATIONS
> Heart rate & heart rate variability
> Human-Computer Interaction
> Biometrics
> Affective computing
> Physiology studies
> Psychophysiology
> Biofeedback
> Biomedical devices prototyping
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Heartbeats are triggered by bioelectrical signals of very
low amplitude generated by a special set of cells in the
heart (the SA node). Electrocardiography (ECG) enables
the translation of these electrical signals into numerical
values, enabling them to be used in a wide array of
applications. Our sensor allow data acquisition not only at
the chest (“on-the-person”), but also at the hand palms
(“off-the-person”), and works both with pre-gelled and
most types of dry electrodes. The bipolar configuration is
ideal for low noise.
Arduino Uno

Overview
The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output pins
(of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs,
a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB connection, a power
jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains
everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with
a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the
FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the
Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to version R2) programmed
as a USB-to-serial converter. Revision 2 of the Uno board
has a resistor pulling the 8U2 HWB line to ground, making
it easier to put into DFU mode. Revision 3 of the board has
the following new features: 

1)1.0 pinout: added SDA and SCL pins that are near to the
AREF pin and two other new pins placed near to the
RESET pin, the IOREF that allow the shields to adapt to
the voltage provided from the board. In future, shields will
be compatible both with the board that use the AVR, which
operate with 5V and with the Arduino Due that operate
with 3.3V. The second one is a not connected pin, that is
reserved for future purposes. 
2)Stronger RESET circuit.
3)Atmega 16U2 replace the 8U2.
"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0
will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward.
The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards,
and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a
comparison with previous versions, see the index of
Arduino boards.
Summary
Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide
PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of
which 0.5 KB used by
bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Power
The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection
or with an external power supply. The power source is
selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can
come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a
2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack.
Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin
pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can
operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied
with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less
than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using
more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and
damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12
volts. The power pins are as follows: 
1) VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's
using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts

from the USB connection or other regulated power

source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if
supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.  2)5V.This pin outputs a regulated
5V from the regulator on the board. The board can be
supplied with power either from the DC power jack (7
- 12V), the USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin of the
board (7-12V). Supplying voltage via the 5V or 3.3V
pins bypasses the regulator, and can damage your
board. We don't advise it. 
3)3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board
regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA. 
4)GND. Ground pins.
Memory
The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the
bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of
EEPROM (which can be read and written with the
EEPROM library).

Blood pressure sensor

Design Features
• Offers Ultralow-Power in Standby Mode
• Offers Battery Power, Portable Electronic
• Offers MCU with LCD Driver, One-Chip Solution
• Offers Easy-to-Use, Two Buttons, Four Operation Modes
• Supports Raw Data Readout
• Features a Real Product (Not Only Reference Design)
Featured Applications
• Portable BPM in Hospitals
• Portable BPM in Homes
• Healthcare
System Design Theory

Blood pressure is an important physiological parameter of
the human body that carries a lot of physiological and
pathological information. The two basic methods to get
blood pressure are the KorotkoffSounds method and the
oscillography method. To use the blood pressure monitor,
do as follows:
1. Tie the cuff to the upper arm of the subject.
2. Aerate the cuff slowly to constrict the arm.

Blood flows into the arm and creates pressure in the blood
vessel; the blood flow changes with the heart rate and
creates a periodic waveform. The blood flow is blocked
when the pressure of the cuff is greater than systolic; after
the blood flow is blocked, the waveform disappears.
During the measuring period, the pressure data from the
sensor is the superposition of static pressure from the cuff
and the oscillation wave from the vessel. The oscillation
wave becomes larger with the further increase of pressure
in the cuff. After reaching the maximum value, the
oscillation wave lessens; after the blood vessel is blocked,
the oscillation wave disappears.

Specification

-------------------

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PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

“PATIENT MONITORING SYSTEM"

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree of

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

SWAPNIL BALODI 14GAEM9083

NIKHIL KUMAR HN 14GAEE7021

V111 Semester B.E (E.C.E)

For the academic year 2017-18

Under the Guidance of

Dr. M.L. SUDHEER

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

U.V.C.E, K.R. Circle, Bengaluru – 560 001

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 1

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY VISVESVARAYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SWAPNIL BALODI 14GAEM9083

NIKHIL KUMAR HN 14GAEE7021

8th Semester B.E in Electronics and Communications

engineering in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bangalore University, Bangalore-01.

Dr. M.L. SUDHEER Dr. K.B. RAJA

Associate Professor Professor

Dept. of Electronics Dept. of Electronics

and Communications and Communications

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 2

,Professor ,Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, University Visvesvaraya

SWAPNIL BALODI 14GAEM9083

NIKHIL KUMAR HN 14GAEE7021

A successful project is a culmination of encouragement and support of many individuals. We consider

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 3

SWAPNIL BALODI 14GAEM9083

NIKHIL KUMAR HN 14GAEE7021

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 4

In India, near about 20% of the total population loses their

The monitoring of patients wirelessly is a major improvement in

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 5

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 7

2.2.15 Low and High pass filter with Amplifier 53

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 9

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 10

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 11

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 12

 An adjustable, wearable and easily accessible sensors

 Wearable sensors for measuring blood trends like,

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 13

Figure 1.1 Mechanism of patient monitoring system

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 14

Patient body MAX 232 GSM

Heart Rate Sensor

Figure 1.2 Block diagram of PMS

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 15

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 16

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 17

2.1.1 Architecture of Arduino Uno

Basic Functions of Arduino Technology

 Digital read pin reads the digital value of the given

 Digital write pin is used to write the digital value of

 Pin mode pin is used to set the pin to I/O mode.

DEPARTMENT OF ECE UVCE-BANGALORE Page | 18

 Analog read pin reads and returns the value.

 Analog write pin writes the value of the pin.

 Serial. Begins pin sets the beginning of serial