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DEFINITIONS
Religion may be defined as any set of coherent answers to the dilemmas of human existence that makes
meaningful. From this point of view, religion is how human beings express their feelings about such ultimate concerns
as sickness or death. Almost all religions involved their adherents in a system of beliefs and practices that express
devotion to the supernatural and foster deep feelings of spirituality. In this sense, we say that religion functions to
meet the spiritual needs of individuals.
Religion also defined in terms of its social function. It is a system of beliefs and rituals that serves to bind
people together through shared worship, thereby creating a social group.
Religion is a set of beliefs and practices that pertain to a sacred or supernatural realm that guides human
behaviour and gives meaning to life among a community of believers. Travers and Rebore (1990) define religion as
that which involves:
1. a belief about the meaning of life
2. a commitment by the individual and the group to this belief
3. a system of moral practices resulting from a commitment to this belief, and
4. a recognition by the proponents of this belief that is supreme or absolute.
CHARACTERISTICS OF RELIGION
Most of the leading religions throughout history have shared characteristics. The chief characteristics
include:
1. belief in a deity or in a power beyond the individual
2. a doctrine (accepted teaching) of salvation
3. a code of conduct
4. the use of sacred stories, and
5. religious rituals (acts and ceremonies)
Belief in a deity. There are three main philosophical views regarding the existence of a deity. Atheists believe that
no deity exists. Theists believe in a deity or deities. Agnostics say that the existence of a deity cannot be proved or
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
disproved. Most of the major religions are theistic. They teach that deities govern or greatly influence the action of
human beings as well as events in nature.
A doctrine of salvation. The major religions- Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism- teach a doctrine of
salvation. Thy stress that salvation is the highest goal of the faithful and one that all followers should try to achieve.
Religions differ, however, in what salvation is and how it can be gained.
A code of conduct. This is a set of moral teachings and values all religions have in some form. Such a code, or
ethic tells believers how to act toward the deity and toward one another.
Religious rituals. They include the acts and ceremonies by which believers appeal to and serve God, deities, or
other sacred powers. Some rituals are performed by individuals alone, and others by group of worshippers. Important
rituals are performed according to a schedule and are respected regularly. The performance of a ritual is often called
a service.
Religion is very important in the life of man and its roles and functions are significant and vital in order to
maintain and preserve its existence from one generation to the next.
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
Cult Movements – are client cults that have been enlarge because of a closely-knit organization.
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
Human behavior is mainly concerned with the satisfaction of the material wants. It is centered on the task of
making the living, the most absorbing the interest of man. To that end, man in all ages and among all classes struggle
to bring about changes in the environment. The changes that have taken place and are taking place in the
Philippines are the result chiefly of the interplay of forces in our efforts to improve our material well-being. Our mode
of living centers on the acquisition in wealth in order to satisfy our wants and this aspect of man’s activity constitute
the fields of economics, Examples of economic activities are earning money, buying goods and services, putting up a
business or saving money in a bank.
We cannot isolate ourselves from economics because our physical existence depends on it. We cannot live
without production and consumption.
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
Second, how to produce goods and services? This is a problem of production technology or methods of
production. As a general rule, goods and services must be produced in the most efficient manner. This means
minimum input without sacrificing quality.
The application of modern technology has increased output and decreased cost of production. Such
production efficiency has greatly contributed to the high standard of living of the industrialized countries.
Third, for whom are the goods and services? This is the problem of the distribution, Who gets the
goods like rice clothes, shoes, books and the services such as education, health services and other social services.
In most countries, those who have more money acquire more goods and services than the poor.
In the Philippines, the children of rich families acquire better education in exclusive schools while the poor
students enroll in the public schools where facilities are not sufficient and adequate.
There is general agreement among social scientists that politics is the pattern of human interaction that
serves to resolves conflicts between peoples, institutions, and nations.
Administration refers to the aggregate of persons in whose hands the reigns of government are for the
time being. The government is aimed at maintaining a good social order where the people enjoy the political and
economic blessings of life in an atmosphere of justice, freedom and equality.
Functions of Government
The Constituent Function – contribute to the very bonds of society and are therefore compulsory. Among the
constituent functions are as follows:
a. The keeping of order and providing for the protection of persons and property from violence and
robbery.
b. The fixing of the legal relations between husband and wife, and between parents and children.
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
c. The regulation of the holding, transmission, and interchange of property, and determination of its
reliabilities for the debt or for crime.
h. The dealings of the State with foreign growers, the preservation of the state from external danger
or encroachment and the advancement of its international affairs and interests.
2. The Ministrant Function - are those undertaken to advance the general interest of the society, such as public
works, public charity and regulation of trade and industry. These functions are merely optional.
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms
Bataan Peninsula State University Social Dimension First Semester
College of Education Professor Jaime M. Forbes 2017
References:
1. Angell, P. Business Communication Design. New York: Mc-Graw-Hill, 2004
2. Kelly, M.S.N. Communication at Work. USA: Pearson/education, Inc, 2006
Vision Mision
A leading university in the Philippines recognized for its proactive contribution to To develop competitive graduates and empowered community members by
sustainable development through equitable an inclusive programs and services by providing relevant innovative and transformative knowledge, research, extension
2030. enhancement of its human resource capabilities and institution mechanisms