International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics

Volume 118 No. 18 2018, 2355-2363

ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)
url: http://www.ijpam.eu
Special Issue
ijpam.eu

RECEIVED SIGNAL STRENGTH BASED INDOOR LOCALIZATION AND TRACKING

USING LABVIEW FOR Wi-Fi APPLICATIONS
JAYABHARATHY.R , SHANMUGA PRIYA .R2, PRITHIVIRAJ.V3
1

1. Electronics and Communication Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India,
2. Electronics and Communication Engineering, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India,
3. Principal, Rajalakshmi Institute of Technology, Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India,

ABSTRACT

Localization and tracking are two major components in all location aware systems. Finding the location of the target (namely
person, place or object) in an outdoor environment is achieved with higher accuracy using satellite based systems. In indoor
environment satellite based system would not work well and also people spent most their time in indoor; hence the need of
indoor based system. In this paper Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) based positioning system using Wi-Fi radio is
proposed. Once the position of the target is determined then tracking is obtained through the LabVIEW platform. Finally, the
performance of the positioning is expressed by Mean Square Error.

Keywords: RSSI, distance, localization, tracking, LabVIEW and Wi-Fi

INTRODUCTION

Intelligent and smart modern wireless devices and Internet plays essential parts in Location Based Services (LBS). LBS are
services offered by the Location Based System (LBS) based on user‟s location. It finds application in various fields [Liu Y,
Yang Z.2011, Adusei, Kyamakya, K., & Erbas, F., 2004]. Different methods have determined the position of the moving
person or portable object. This process depended on the type of environment namely indoors, outdoors and combined indoor
and outdoor conditions [Adusei, Kyamakya, K., & Erbas, F., 2004].

Satellite-based system such as GPS [North.E et al., 2009, Waltenegus Dargie & Christian poellabauer, 2010] provides accurate
information about the current position of the station and moving target in the case of outdoor environment. But areas like inside
the building, underground and any closed situation it would not work well. This motivates the need of the Indoor Positioning
Systems (IPSs). IPS are influenced by several factors such as area of the deployment and its cost, hardware and computational
cost, obstacles inside the room causing the signals to get attenuated and reflected, resulting in the multipath effect. Also general
classifications of the positioning are described in [Joseph C. Liberti Jr, Theodore S Rappaport. 1999, Santosh Pandey, Prathima
Agrawal. 2006]. The current study concentrates on three primary factors namely parameters used for estimation of the target
location, tracking and wireless technology.

Ultra Sound (US), Infra Red (IR) and Radio Frequency (RF) Systems are the classifications of the localization based on radio
technologies used. But RF signal can have better properties [Bahl P, Padmanabhan VN.,2000] when compared to US and IR
based technologies [Xiao J, et al.,2011, Casas R, et al., 2007, Gu Y, Lo A, Niemegeers I. 2009]. The Narrowband technology

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and Wide Band (UWB) technology are the broad classifications of RF-Based IPS. In the proposed work, Wi-Fi technology
introduced since it works well in the existing infrastructure and not requires any extra hardware. Several different positioning
techniques [Liu H et al., 2007, Zhang D et al., 2010, Ismail MB, Boud et al., 2008] has been developed to estimate the
unknown location of the target such as Time Of Arrival (TOA), Round Trip Time Of Flight and Time Difference Of Arrival
(TDOA) and Received Signal Strength (RSS) based [Rappaport, T. S, 2001].

In TOA and TDOA based techniques provides better accuracy in positioning a mobile target when they combined with UWB
technology [Jayabharathy.R,et al., 2013a, Jayabharathy.R,et al., 2013b]. But the combination of RSSI and UWB is not
providing better accuracy in locating a moving target as compared to time-based techniques [Shinsuke Hara & Daisuke Anzai,
2008]. The high bandwidth of UWB is not suitable for the RSSI positioning. Therefore this proposed study combines RSSI
with Wi-Fi technology to locate a stationary or non-stationary target. Then target tracking is achieved using LabVIEW
platform.

The paper organized as follows. Section II explains about RSSI based Positioning. Target tracking performed through
LabVIEW given in Section III, and Section IV presents simulation results of proposed work.

II.RSSI based Position Location (PL) system:

2.1 Log-distance path loss model

Consider a square room of dimension 20m x 20m. Three Wi-Fi receivers or Access Points (APs) are fix at the coordinates
namely ), ) and ) and the position of the Wi-Fi enabled target(transmitter) with the coordinate (x,y)
at a given time is chosen randomly. Once the transmitter enters the room can transmit Wi-Fi signal that could be received by
the receivers. The target is close to receiver that receives more power. The received power is computed mathematically by Log-
distance path loss method [Rappaport, T. S, 2001] and is given by

+ 10nlog + Xσ (1)

Where PL(d0) represents the path loss at reference distance d0, n is the rate at which the path loss increases with distance, d
implies the Transmitter-Receiver(TR) separation and Xσ is the Gaussian random variable with zero mean and standard
deviation σ. These powers transformed into a distance that gives the location of the target.

2.2 Power to distance conversion

The position of the transmitter defines through trilateration process. It is a point of intersection of the three RSSI range circle
with each receiver as the center and distance between receiver and target as the distance. In the absence of path loss, all these
range circles intersect at a point(x, y) that gives the coordinate of the transmitter shown in Figure 1. It can be computed
mathematically by

(2)

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(3)

Figure 1 Two Trilateration

But in the presence of path loss, these circles are not intersecting at all.

2.3 Target tracking using LabVIEW

Tracking of the target performed by LabV IEW platform for the set of the intervals after determined its location in the given
time. The block diagrammatic representation of RSSI based PL system is shown in the Figure 2.

Figure 2 RSSI based PL system using LabVIEW

III Simulated Results

The indoor environment comprises of three receivers whose location is at (0, 10), (10, -5) and (-10, -5) as shown in the

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Figure 3

Figure 3 Simulated Indoor Environment

Initially, the target location is taken randomly and has been tracked using LabVIEW for the certain distance without
considering the effect of path loss in the wireless channel given in Figure 4.

Figure 4 True position of the path travelled by target

Table 1 shows the tabulation of the power received by Wi-Fi receivers and their corresponding distances from the target. The
location of the target is shown in the last column of the tabulation.

Table 1 Power received by receivers, their distance from the target and target coordinates without path loss

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S. No. P1 P2 P3 R1 R2 R3 Location
(dBm) (dBm) (dBm) (m) (m) (m) coordinates
1 -21.6749 -17.6195 -13.0715 8.2462 13.1529 22.2036 (8,8)
2 -23.9794 -17.3282 -13.7161 6.3245 13.6014 20.6155 (6,8)
3 -26.0205 -17.4472 -14.6852 5.0000 13.4164 18.4390 (4,7)
4 -24.6852 -18.2681 -15.7024 5.8309 12.2065 16.4012 (3,5)
5 -22.7572 -18.9279 -16.8193 7.2801 11.3137 14.4222 (2,3)
6 -20.8618 -19.3181 -18.0410 9.0553 10.8166 12.5299 (1,1)
7 -20.0000 -19.0308 -19.0308 10.0000 11.1803 11.1803 (0,0)
8 -19.1364 -18.6327 -20.1322 11.0453 11.7046 9.8488 (-1, -1)
9 -18.2973 -18.1530 -21.3667 12.1655 12.3693 8.5440 (-2, -2)
10 -17.4957 -17.6195 -22.7572 13.3416 13.1529 7.2801 (-3, -3)
11 -16.7366 -17.0553 -24.3179 14.5602 14.0356 6.0827 (-4, -4)
12 -16.0205 -16.4781 -26.0205 15.8113 15.0000 5.0000 (-5, -5)
13 -15.6224 -15.3910 -30.4575 16.5529 17.0000 3.0000 (-7, -5)
14 -15.3910 -14.8945 -33.9794 17.0000 18.0000 2.0000 (-8, -5)

The path traveled by the transmitter in the presence of losses in the wireless channel is shown in the Figure 5, Figure 6 and
Figure 7 respectively.

Figure 5 Estimated value of the target position for standard deviation σ= 1.8

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Figure 6 Estimated value of the target position for standard deviation σ=1.7

Figure 7 Estimated value of the target position for standard deviation σ=1.6

Finally the accuracy of the target position is expressed in terms of MSE. It is tabulated in table 2.

Table 2 MSE based on standard deviation(σ)

Sl.No. Standard deviation(σ) MSE

1 2 4
2 1.8 3.24
3 1.7 2.89
4 1.6 2.56

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IV Results and Discussion

The present study uses the RSSI based positioning using Wi-Fi technology. The position of the target achieved by log-distance
path loss model and trilateration techniques. Transmitter tracked with the help of the LabVIEW platform. From the simulation
results, the accuracy of the target positioning is better in the absence of other environmental losses. This PL system did not
require any extra hardware. Performance of this PL system is expressed in terms of MSE.

In future, the accuracy of the target positioning further improved by including various PL system losses with the help of the
probabilistic approach.

V REFERENCES

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Technology for Wireless Networks; Springer

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III. North.E, Georgy.J, Tarbouchi.M and Iqbal.U.( 2009). Enhanced Mobile Robot Outdoor Localisation using INS/GPS
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IV.Waltenegus Dargie & Christian poellabauer.(2010).Fundamentals of wireless sensor networks:Theory and Practice. John
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V. Joseph C. Liberti Jr, Theodore S Rappaport.(1999). Smart Antennas for wireless communications; Prentice Hall PTR, New
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VI. Santosh Pandey, Prathima Agrawal. (2006). A Survey on Localization Techniques for Wireless Networks. Journal of the
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VII. Bahl P, Padmanabhan VN.(2000). RADAR: An In-Building RF- Based User Location and Tracking System. Proceedings
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VIII. Xiao J, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu D, Xu H.(2011). Comparison and Analysis of Indoor Wireless Positioning Techniques.
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XI. Gu Y, Lo A, Niemegeers I. (2009). A Survey of Indoor Positioning Systems for Wireless Personal Networks. IEEE
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XII. Liu H, Darabi H, Banerjee P, Liu J.(2007). Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems. IEEE
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XIII. Zhang D, Xia F, Yang Z, Yao L, Zhao W.(2010). Localization Technologies for Indoor Human Tracking. Proceedings of
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XVII. Jayabharathy.R, V.Prithiviraj, R.Vardarajan.(2013) Indoor Wireless Localization Hybrid & Unconstrained Non-linear
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