VERBUL BE

BE-WAS-BEEN

Utilizare:
1. Pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei passive:
The old man is taking an afternoon nap.
The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.
2. Pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana sau un lucru.
Doctor Johnson is a dentist.He is calm and pacient.
3. Pentru a exprima varsta:
The baby is two month s old. How old are you?
4. BE TO + INFINITIV : Pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:
You are to finish your homework before the dinner. (= You must finish….)
The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give…)
5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: Pentru a indica viitorul imediat:
Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)
6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV : Pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte/lucru:
There are two pieces of cake left on the fridge.
There is a person outside the door.

Forma AFIRMATIVA: Subiect + TO BE + complement (Es: Mark is American.)

Forma NEGATIVA: Subiect + TO BE + NOT + complement (Es: Mark is not American.)
Forma INTEROGATIVA: TO BE + Subiect + complement (Es: Is Mark American?)
Forma INTER.-NEGATIVA: f. contrasa di BE/ NOT+subiect+complement (Es: Isn’t Mark American?).

Simple Present

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTEROGATIVA INTEROGATIV-NEGATIVA

I am/I’m I am not/I’m not Am I …? Am I not?

You are/You’re You are not/You’re not/aren’t Are you…? Are you not?/Aren’t you?

He is/He’s He is not/He’s not/isn’t Is he…? Is he not?/Isn’t he?

She is/She’s She is not/she’s not/isn’t Is she…? Is she not? /Isn’t she?
It is/It’s It is not/it’s not/isn’t Is it…? Is it not?/Isn’t it?
We are/We’re We are not/we’re not/aren’t Are we…? Are we not?/ Aren’t we?

You are/You’re You are not/you’re not/aren’t Are you…? Are you not?/Aren’t you?

They are/They’re They are not/they’re not/aren’t Are they…? Are they not?/Aren’t they?
 Simple Past

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTEROGATIVA INTEROGATIV- NEGATIVA

I was I was not/wasn’t Was I …? Was I not?/Wasn’t I?

You were You were not/weren’t Were you…? Were you not?/Weren’t you?

He was He was not/wasn’t Was he…? Was he not?/Wasn’t he?

She was She was not/wasn’t Was she…? Was she not?/Wasn’t she?
It was It was not/wasn’t Was it…? Was it not?/Wasn’t it?
We were We were not/weren’t Were we…? Were we not?/Weren’t we

You were You were not weren’t Were you…? Were you not?/Weren’t you

They were They were not/weren’t Were they…? Were they not? Weren’t they

Il Past Participle di TO BE è been (“stato”).

 VERBUL DO

DO-DID-DONE

Utilizare ca auxiliar:
1. Pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu sau trecutului simplu:
The kitten doesn’t play with strangers.
Did they go to the opera yesterday?
2. Pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:
My company made a profit last year but IBM did not.
Mary typed this letter very badly. She certainly did!
3. Pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:
Do eat your vegetables!
You’re wrong: I did pay you!

Utilizare ca verb propriu-zis:

1. Are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, a administra, a pune in practica:
Students should do the exercises at the end of each unit.
He always does the job well.
The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.

Nota: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, a produce, a construi, a cauza, a
face sa fie, a prepara. Comparati:
to do someone a favour to make a friend to do one’s homework to make a mess
to do one’s best to make a bed to do a crossword puzzle to make a living
to do good to make money to do one’s duty to make fun of someone
to do the dishes to make a rule to do well/badly to make oneself at home
to do the shopping to make a mistake

SIMPLE PRESENT

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I do I do not/don’t Do I …?

You do You do not/don’t Do you…?

He/she/it does He/She/It does not/don’t Does he/she/it…?

We do We do not/don’t Do we …?

You do You do not/don’t Do you…?

They do They do not/don’t Do they…?

SIMPLE PAST

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I did I did not/ didn’t Did I …?

You did You did not/didn’t Did you…?

He/she/it did He/She/It did not/didn’t Did he/she/it…?

We did We did not/didn’t Did we …?

You did You did not/didn’t Did you…?

They did They did not Did they…?

 VERBUL HAVE

HAVE-HAD-HAD

Utilizare ca auxiliar:
1. Pentru a forma timpurile “perfect” simple si conditionalul trecut:
Present perfect: I have worked.
Past perfect: I had worked.
Future perfect: I will have worked.
Past conditional: I would have work.
2. HAD BETTER + INFINITIV SCURT :
They had better study hard from the first day of school. (It would be a good idea if they studied from...)
You’d better go home. (It would be a good idea if you went home.)
3. I WON’T HAVE + COMPLEMENT + -ING :
I won’t have that dog sleeping on my bed. (I won’t permit that dog to sleep on my bed!)

Utilizare ca verb propriu-zis:

1. Pentru a arata posesia ( cand este urmat de GOT , se intareste sensul posesiv ) :
Anne always has a cold.
Anne doesn’t always have a cold.
Does Anne always have a cold?
Debbie’s got a lovely voice.
Have you got computer?
2. A manca, a bea, a organiza:
The twins usually have dinner early.
My aunt Mary doesn’t have coffee often.
Our neighbours had a cocktail party last week.
3. HAVE + COMPLEMENT + PAST PARTICIPLE :
Mrs. Riley had her house painted. (Mrs. Riley got someone to paint her house.)
My best fiend has his hair trimmed every Friday. (My best friend has someone to cut his hair ...)

Il verbo avere in inglese si traduce con TO HAVE e quando è usato con il significato di possedere può
essere seguito dal rafforzativo GOT. Nelle forme interrogativa, negativa e interro-negativa del Simple
Present GOT è sempre richiesto.

Attenzione: quando TO HAVE (GOT) è seguito dalla preposizione TO significa DOVERE.

Forma AFFERMATIVA: Soggetto + TO HAVE (GOT) + complemento (Es: Mark has (got) a car.)

Forma NEGATIVA: Soggetto + TO HAVE GOT + NOT + complemento (Es: Mark hasn't got a car.)

Forma INTERROGATIVA: TO HAVE + soggetto + GOT + complemento (Es: Has Mark got a car?)

Forma INTERRO-NEGATIVA: forma contratta di TO HAVE e NOT+ soggetto + GOT + complemento (Es:
Hasn’t Markgot a car?).

Il Past Participle di TO HAVE è had (“avuto”).

Attenzione! Quando TO HAVE viene usato con significati diversi da possedere non usa il rafforzativo
GOT e le forme negativa, interrogativa e interrogativa-negativa si costruiscono con gli ausiliari
DO/DOES/DID

Es: I have a shower every morning (“Faccio la doccia ogni mattina”)

I don’t have lunch at 12 (“Non pranzo alle 12”)

Does she have breakfast alone? (“Fa colazione da sola?”)

Did you have a nice flight? (“Hai fatto un buon volo?”)

 SIMPLE PRESENT

AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTEROGATIVA

I have (got) I have not got/haven’t got Have I got …?

You have (got) You have not got/ haven’t got Have you got …?

He has (got) He has not got/hasn’t got Has he got …?

She has (got) She has not got/hasn’t got Has she got …?
It has (got) It has not got/hasn’t got Has it got …?

We have (got) We have not got/ haven’t got Have we got …?

You have (got) You have not got/ haven’t got Have you got …?

They have (got) They have not got/ haven’t got Have they got …?

SIMPLE PAST
Forma cu GOT nu se foloseste la trecut.
AFIRMATIVA NEGATIVA INTEROGATIVA
I had I did not have/didn’t have Did I have ...?

You had You did not have/didn’t have Did you have...?

He/She/It had He/She/It did not have/didn’t have Did he/she/it have...?

We had We did not have/didn’t have Did we have...?

You had You did not have/didn’t have Did you have...?

They had They did not have/didn’t have Did they have...?