ZOOLOGY

TEACHER NAME : STUDENTS

ROLL NO.
 Mam Shagufta 

o 3111
o 3112
o 3113
o 3114
o 3115

 ASSIGNMENT

100 MCQS
50 Short Questions  CHAPTER NO. 14

EVOLUTION &
GENE FREQUENCIES
  Multiple Choice Questions :

1. Natural selection operate in how many ways ___ ?

a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) None of these
2. Which selection act as a living organism ___ ?
a) N.S. at individual level
b) N.S. at population level
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
3. The genes of birds are___ ?
a) Permanent
b) Immortal
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
4. The group of species living at same place at the same time is called ____?
a) population
b) community
c) Habit
d) None of these
5. Change in frequency of alleles in a population is called ___ ?
a) Evolution
b) Genetic makeup
c) Genetic drift
d) None of these

6. Total genes of a trait in a population are called ___ ?

a) Gene pool
b) Chromosome
c) Genetic drift
d) None of these
7. Modern synthesis comes from the study of ___ ?
a) Genetics
b) Microorganism
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
8. Which explain why variations exist among individuals ___ ?
a) Modern synthesis
b) Natural selection
c) Evolution
d) None of these
9. Which explain how many variation pass to future organisms___ ?
a) Modern synthesis
b) Evolution
c) Natural selection
d) None of these
10. Genetic variation are important in ___ ?
a) Evolution
b) Crossing over
c) Inheritance
d) None of these
11. Crossing over , multiple alleles & mutations increase number of ___ ?
a) Variation
b) Traits
c) Genes
d) None of these

12. Evolution always occur in a particular ___ ?

a) Population
b) Species
c) Community
d) None of these
13. The rate of evolution is sometime ___ ?
a) Very slow
b) Fast
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
14. The the theories of population genetics explain how evolution can be ___ ?
a) Totally stop
b) Decrease
c) Increase
d) None of these
15. The study of genetic events in____ is called population genetics?
a) Gene pool
b) Traits
c) Alleles
d) None of these
16. Mathematical model purposed in ___ ?
 a) 1908
b) 1905
c) 1906
d) None of these
17. How many assumptions of hardy Weinberg theorem ___ ?
a) 4
b) 5
c) 6
d) None of these
18. First assumption of hardy theorem “ population size must be ___” ?
a) Large
b) Small
c) In between
d) None of these
19. Mating should be _____ in species ?
a) Random
b) Non Random
c) Irregular
d) None of these
20. _____ is not a creative work force ?
a) Evolution
b) population
c) Area
d) None of these
21. The change in gene frequency by chance is called ___ ?
a) Genetics drift
b) Genetic code
c) Mutations
d) None of these
22. Genetics drift promotes ___ ?
a) Reproduction
b) Food
c) Crop
d) None of these
23. Genetics drift is actually called ___ ?
a) Natural selection
b) Artificial selection
c) Founder effect
d) None of these

24. The chance events may increase or decrease ____ of a particular alleles ?
a) Frequency
b) Length
c) Ratio
d) None of these
25. Breeding Is common in _____ population ?
a) Small
b) Large
c) Medium
d) None of these
26. ______ Reduce genetic variation within a population ?
a) In breeding
 b) Genetic drift
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
27. Help the new alleles to establish in the population ?
a) Genetic drift
b) Inbreeding
c) Evolution
d) None of these
28. Genetic drift in a new colony is called ____?
a) Founder effect
b) Bottle neck effect
c) Parent population
d) None of these
29. when a population's size is reduced for at least one generation ____ ?
a) bottle neck
b) founder effect
c) both a & b
d) None of these

30. Northern elephant seal is an example of ____ ?

a) bottle neck
b) founder effect
c) both a & b
d) None of these
31. Law was enacted in _________ to protect the seal ?
e) 1922
f) 1822
g) 1923
h) None of these
32. The bottlenecks increase the effect of ____ ?
i) genetic diversity
j) genetic linkage
k) gene pool
l) None of these
33. Genetic drift is most powerful in ____ ?
m) Small population
n) Large population
o) Gene pool
p) None of these

34. Change in gene frequency due to migration are called____?

a) Gene flow
 b) Chromosomes

c) Both

d) None of these

35. Emigration means that no individual____?

a) Leaves a population

b) Enter a population

c) Stay in population

d) None of these

36. Immigration means that no individual____?

a) Leaves a population

b) Enter a population

c) Stay in population

d) Both

37. Immigration or emigration upset the ____?

a) Hardy –Weinberg theorem

b) Mendel law

c) Darwin theorem

d) None of these

38. Change in structure of genes and chromosomes are called ____?

a) Mutation

b) Gene flow

c) Genetic drift

d) None of these

39. Mutation are always _____?

a) Constant
 b) Random

c) Both

d) None the these

40. Most mutation are____ ?

a) Useful

b) Deleterious

c) None of these

41. The hardy –Weinberg theorem assumes that no ______ occur ?

a) Mutation

b) Autosomes

c) Both a & b

d) None of these

42. Mutation counter the loss of ___?

a) Gene flow

b) Genetic material

c) Mutational equilibrium

d) None of these

43. The measure for gene frequencies to change through mutation is ___?
a) Mutation pressure

b) Selection pressure

c) Directional selection

d) None of these

44. Organisms cannot filter harmful genetic change from ____ ?

a) Advantageous change

b) Environmental change
 c) Global effect

d) None of these

45. The leave more offspring than the other than other phenotype is____?
a) Disruptive selection

b) Natural selection

c) Both a & b

d) None of these

46. The tendency for natural selection occur and upset of hardy-Weinberg is__?
a) Selection pressure

b) Mutation pressure

c) Natural selection

d) None of these

47. Natural selection may effect a range of phenotype in____ ways ?

a) Two

b) Three

c) Four

d) None of these

48. The selection in at which individual is phenotype extreme one ___?

a) Directional selection

b) Disruptive selection

c) Both

49. Biston betularia has form ___?

a) Two

b) three

c) five
 d) four

50. Biston betularia has colour ___?

a) Green and black

b) Black and red

c) Gray and black

d) no colour

51. A gray form made up about ____ of the peppered moth population ?
a) 98

b) 99

c) 97

d) 96

52. Directional selection also occur because of _____ ?

a) Environmental changes

b) Genetic effect

c) Phenotype effect

d) None of these

53. The natural selection in which individuals phenotype are at disadvantage is?
a) Disruptive selection

b) Stabilizing selection

c) Both

54. A population of snails has a range of shell color between __?

a) Green and dark

b) white and dark

c) None
55. The shorebirds prey on __?
a) Toad

b) snail

c) frog

56. The disruptive selection produce two distinct__?

a) White and brown

b) white and green

c) Both

57. The selection which favors the intermediate against extremes is___?
a) Stabilizing selection

b) disruptive selection

c) none

58. Sometimes both phenotype extremes are __?

a) Advantage

b) Deleterious

c) Both

59. A good example of stabilizing selection____?

a) Snails

b) limulus

c) None

60. Sickle cell anemia is an example of ___?

a) Balanced polymorphism

b) Heterozygote

c) Both
61. Change in the structure of hemoglobin cause A ___?
a) Point mutation

b) Sickle cell anemia

c) None

62. Sickle cell heterozygote occur in___?

a) Pakistan

b) Africa

c) America

63. Which gives the same allelic frequency as was without mutation ___?
d) Mutational equilibrium

e) Selection pressure

f) Mutation pressure

g) None of these

64. Mutational equilibrium are______ ?

h) Rarely exists

i) Never exists

j) Mostly exists

k) None of these

65. Selection occur when a mutation give rise to new genes ___?
l) Directional selection

m) Natural selection

n) Artificial selection

o) None of these
66. Which one is the classic example of directional selection ___?
p) Industrial melanism

q) Factorial melanism

r) Both a & b

s) None of these

67. A group of population in which genes are exchange through interbreeding

potentially is called?
e) Species
f) Community
g) Ecology
h) None of these
68. The fundamental unit of classifications ?
a) Species
b) Genus
c) Family
d) None of these

69. What is speciation ?

a) Formation of new species
b) Development of species
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
70. The key of speciation is ____ of population ?
a) Reproductive isolation
b) Growth
c) Reproductive health
d) None of these
71. Which factors act on reproductive isolation population ?
a) Genetic drift
b) Natural selection
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
72. How many approaches of reproductive isolations ?
a) One
b) Two
c) Three
d) None of these
73. Premating isolation mean ?
a) Prevent mating
b) Involve in mating
c) None of these
74. Hybrid are sterile are the example of ?
a) postmating isolation
b) premating isolation
c) reproductive isolation
d) None of these

75.Speciation occur when geographic isolation creates a reproductive barrier is ?

a) Allopatric speciation
b) Parapatric speciation
c) Sympatric speciation
d) None of these
76. How many species of finches evolved in the Galapagos island?
a) 14
b) 15
c) 13
d) None of these
77. The original finches were ?
a) Seed eaten
b) Fruit eaten
c) Flower eaten
d) None of these
78. Speciation occur in small local population ?
a) Parapatric speciation
b) Sympatric isolation
c) Allopatric speciation
d) None of these
79. A term use for local population of polytypic species ?
a) Deme
b) Species
c) Selection pressure
d) None of these
80. which one is less important in evolution ?
a) Parapatric speciation
b) Allopatric speciation
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
81. Occur in population that have overlapping ranges is called?
a) Sympatric speciation
b) Allopatric speciation
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
82. How many models of evolution ?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) None of these
83. Change is gradual over million of year ?
a) Phyletic gradualism
b) Punctuated equilibrium
c) Stasis
d) None of these
84. Which concept Charles Darwin believes ?
a) Phyletic gradualism
b) Punctuated equilibrium
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
85. Change is rapid over thousands of year ?
a) Punctuated equilibrium
b) Phyletic gradualism
c) Stasis
d) None of these
86. Species do not change significantly over million of years ?
a) Stasis
b) Equilibrium
c) Both a & b
d) None of these

87. Geologically brief period of change is ?

a) Punctuates
b) Stasis
c) Phyletic
d) None of these
88.Events that occur in _____ are instantaneous in evolutionary timeframe ?
a) 10,000 to 100,000
b) 10,000 to 100,0000
c) Both a & b
 d) None of these
89.“ Insects pests & bacteria acquire rapid pesticide & antibiotic resistance “ is an
example of ?
a) Punctuate
b) Stasis
c) Phyletic
d) None of these
90. Change the sequence composition of cellular molecules is ___ ?
a) Molecular evolution
b) Gene duplication
c) Mosaic evolution
d) None of these
91. Cytochrome C is ______?
a) Protein
b) Lipid
c) Enzyme
d) None of these
92. Cytochrome C present in _____?
a) Eukaryotes
b) Prokaryotes
c) Both a & b
d) None of these

93. Accidental duplication of gene on chromosomes ?

a) Gene duplication
b) Allele duplication
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
94. Oxygen storage molecules in muscles ?
a) Myoglobin
b) Hemoglobin
c) Both a & b
d) None of these
95.First time gene duplicated in vertebrate about _____?
a) 1 billion years ago
b) 2 billion years ago
c) 3 billion years ago
d) None of these
96.How many polypeptides are formed in first time gene duplicated ?
a) 2
b) 3
c) 4
 d) None of these
97.Second time gene duplicated occur in vertebrate___?
i) 500 million years
j) 700 million years
k) 800 million years
l) None of these
98.Which one Is oxygen carrying protein ____ ?
m) Haemoglobin
n) Myoglobin
o) Both a & b
p) None of these

99.Change in portion of an organism while the basic form retained ?

q) Mosaic evolution
r) Molecular evolution
s) Conserved evolution
t) None of these
100. What is paleontology ____ ?
u) Study of fossils
v) Study of gene
w) Study of evolution
x) None of these

“The end”
 Short Questions:
 Question no.1
What is evolution?
Ans: The change in frequency of alleles in a population is called evolution.
OR
Evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over
successive generations.

 Question no.2
Define organic evolution?
Ans: The change in total genetic makeup of a population (the gene pool) is called
organic evolution.

OR
The process by which changes in the genetic combination of populations of
organisms occur in response to environmental changes.

 Question no.3
How many ways, natural selection can be operate?
Ans: There are two ways.
1: Natural selection at individual level
2: Natural selection at population level
  Question no.4
Define gene pool and frequency of allele?
Ans: Gene pool- The total genes of a trait in a population is called gene pool.
Frequency of allele- The abundance of a particular allele in relation to the sum of
all alleles at that locus in a population.

 Question no.5
What is modern synthesis?
Ans: The combination of the principles of population genetics and Darwinian
evolutionary theory is called modern synthesis. It comes from the study of
genetics. It explains why variations exist among individuals and also how they pass
to the future generations.

 Question no.6
Why evolution occur in population not in individual?
Ans: Evolution do not occur within an individual , evolution occurs at population
level as the frequencies of existing and new mutations changes over time or
space. Also alleles cannot changed in an individual but alleles in a population can
change.

 Question no.7
Can evolution must happen? , How?
Ans: Yes , evolution must happen by four forces:
1: Mutations 2: Gene flow
3: Genetic drift 4: Natural selection
  Question no.8
What did explain in mathematical model?
Ans: English mathematician Godfrey H. Hardy and German physician Wilhelm
Weinberg independently derived a mathematical model in 1908. This model
explains what happens to the frequency of alleles in a population over time. Their
combined ideas became known as the Hardy- Weinberg theorem.

 Question no.9
States Hardy Weinberg theorem?
Ans: “The mixing of alleles at meiosis and their recombination do not alter the
frequencies of the alleles at meiosis and their recombination do not alter the
frequencies of the alleles in future generations, if certain assumptions are met.”

 Question no.10
What is the significance of Hardy Weinberg theorem?
Ans: It provides a useful theoretical framework.
The change in gene frequencies in populations can be examined by this
theorem.

 Question no.11
Which factors do not follow Hardy Weinberg theorem?
Ans: 1. Population size
2. Gene flow
3. Genetic drift
4. Mutations
5. Neutral selection
  Question no.12
What is Neutral selection?
Ans: Chances often plays an important role in the perpetuation of genes in a
population, and the smaller the population, the more significant chance may be.
Fortuitous circumstances, such as a chance encounter between reproductive
individuals, may promote reproduction. Some traits of a population survive not
because they convey increased fitness, but because they happen to be in gametes
involved in fertilization. Chances events influencing the frequencies of genes in
populations result in Genetic drift. Because gene frequencies are changing
independently of natural selection, genetic drift often called Neutral selection.

 Question no.13
What are special cases of genetic drift, influenced the genetic
makeup of some populations?
Ans: There are two special cases, i.e:-
1. Founder effect
When a few individuals from a parental population colonize new
habitats, they seldom carry a representative sample of the gene pool from which
they came. The new colony that emerges from the founding individuals is likely to
have a distinctive genetic makeup with far less variation than the larger
population. This form of genetic drift is called founder effect.
e.g :- An often-cited example is Dunkers of eastern Pennsylvania. They emigrated
from Germany to the United States early in the 18th century, and for religious
reasons, have not married outside their sect. Examination of certain traits like
ABO blood type, in their population reveals very different gene frequencies from
the Dunker populations of Germany. These differences are attributed to the
chance absence of certain genes in the individuals who founded the original
Pennsylvania Dunker population.
 2. Bottle neck effect
A genetic drift on a population which has been drastically reduced
by disasters is called bottle neck effect.
e.g :- Cheetah populations in South and East Africa are endangered. Their
depleted populations have reduced genetic diversity. If their populations is
restored, they have only remnant of the original population’s gene pool. It occurs
due to bottle neck effect.
Northern elephant seal is also an example of bottle neck effect.

 Question no.14
What is gene flow and mutation pressure?
Ans: Gene flow: Change in gene frequency due to migration of individuals are
called gene flow.

Mutation pressure: The measure of the tendency for gene frequencies to

change through mutation is called mutation pressure.

 Question no.15
Why Immigration and Emigration disturbs the Hardy Weinberg
theorem?
Ans: Immigration means that no individuals enter a population from the outside.
Emigration means that no individuals leave a population. Both upset, because
they cause changes in gene frequency (evolution). Although some natural
populations do not have significant gene flow. But most populations have
significant gene flow.
  Question no.16
Define mutational equilibrium?
Ans: A case in which mutations from the wild type allele to a mutant form is
balanced by mutations from the mutant back to the wild life is called mutational
equilibrium.

It gives that same allelic frequency as without mutation, so it rarely

exists.

 Question no.17
Why natural selection reexamined?
Ans: The theory of natural selection remains very important in modern biology.
Natural selection occurs whenever some phenotypes are more successful at
leaving offspring than other phenotypes. The tendency for natural selection to
occur and upset Hardy Weinberg theorem is called selection pressure. Although
natural selection is simple in principle also it is diverse in operation.

 Question no.18
Write names of modes of selection?
OR
From which ways natural selection affect a range of
phenotypes?
Ans: There are three ways; modes of selection, i.e :-
a. Directional selection
b. Disruptive selection
c. Stabilizing selection
  Question no.19
Which form of moth increased in the frequency of revolution?
Ans: The investigators discovered the birds that prey on prepared moth. It
searched the moth from the contrasting background. In the early, industrial
revolution, The factories used soft coal. These factories released soot and
other pollutants into the air. Soot covered tree trunks and killed the lichens.
The bark became black. Now birds could easily pick out gray moths against
the black background of the tree trunk. But the black form were
camouflaged. The British Parliament enacted air pollution standards in the
1950s.It has reduced soot in the atmosphere. Thus the gray moth increased
in frequency.

 Question no.20
Discuss these terms one by one:
Disruptive and Stabilizing selections?
Ans: Disruptive Selection:-
 The natural selection in which individuals of the most commons
phenotypes are a disadvantage is called disruptive selection.

 e.g :- A population of snails has a range of shell colors between white

and dark brown. They live in a marine tide pool habitat with two
background colors like in sand white and in rock brown, colors.

 It increases the amount of variation in a trait.

 It describes changes in population genetics n which extreme values for a

trait are favored over intermediate values. In this, case variation of a
trait increases and the population is divided into distinct groups.
Stabilizing selection:-
 The natural selection which favors the intermediate against extremes is
called stabilizing selection.

 It reduces the amount of variation in a trait.

 Sometimes both phenotypic extremes are deleterious.

 e.g :- Horse crab(Limulus). It lives along the Atlantic coast of the United
States. Its fossils is compared with the living forms. It indicates that little
changes occur over 200 million years. Apparently the combination of
characteristics present in this group of animals is adaptive for the
horseshoe crabs environment.

 Human birth weight is also another example of stabilizing selection.

 Question no.21
Why shorebirds do not prey on snails?
Ans: The shorebirds prey on snails but sometimes they do not prey on snails
because when White snails are not actively selected in a white background.
Similarly, brown snails on rocks are not spotted by birds. So birds do not prey
on them. But the birds prey on intermediate phenotypes on both sand and
rock substrates.

 Question no.22
How many populations are produced by disruptive selection?
Ans: There are two populations formed.
1. White

2. Brown
  Question no.23
Which colors of habitat formed on sand and rock?
Ans: Sand- The sand made up of broken shells of mollusks. So it is white.
Rock- The habitat made up of rock is brown.

 Question no.24
Define directional selection?
Ans: The selection in which individuals at one phenotypic extreme are at a
disadvantage as compared to all other individuals in the population is called
directional selection.
e.g :- The peppered moth. The moth gets its name from peppery looking
coloration on its wings and body. The peppered moth may be a light or in dark
color, either very few individuals being a color in between the two extremes.
Another example the beak size in a population of finches(birds)

 Question no.25
What is Neutralist/Selectionist Controversy?
Ans: Two opposite explanations that endeavored to explain the formations of
isochors were vigorously debated as part of the neutralist-selectionist controversy.
Most biologist recognize that natural and neutral selections, both occurs; but they
may not be equally important in all circumstances.
 i. For example : - During long periods when environments are relatively
constant, and stabilizing selection is acting in phenotypes, neutral selection
may operate at the molecular level.
ii. Certain genes could be randomly established in a population. Occasionally,
however, the environment shifts and directional or disruptive selections
begins to operate resulting in gene frequency changes.
Actually the relative importance of neutral and natural selections in natural
population is debated and is an example of kinds of debates that occur among
evolutionists. These debates concern the mechanics of evolution and are the
foundation of science. They lead to experiments that will ultimately present a
clearer understanding of evolution.

 QUESTION NO.26
Define polymorphism and balanced polymorphism.
Ans: The occurrence of two or more distinct form in a population without a
range of phenotype between them is called polymorphism.
Balanced polymorphism occurs when different phenotypes are maintained at
relatively stable frequencies in a population.

 QUESTION NO.27
Explain balanced polymorphism in sickle cell anemia.
Ans: Sickle cell anemia is an example of a balanced polymorphism. A change in
the structure of the hemoglobin molecule causes sickle cell anemia. This disease
misshapes some of the red blood cells. It reduces their ability to carry oxygen. The
quantities of normal and sickle cells are roughly equal in heterozygous state. Sickle
cell heterozygote occurs in some African populations. It has frequency as high as
0.4. This population maintains both sickle cell heterozygotes and homozygous
genotypes at unchanging frequencies.
  QUESTION NO.28
Define heterozygote superiority.
Ans: The condition in which heterozygote is more fit than either
homozygote is called heterozygote superiority.
Heterozygote maintain the alleles in the heterozygous condition. It maintains both
alleles at a higher frequency than expected if the natural selection acted only on
the homozygous phenotypes. Therefore, heterozygous superiority leads to
balanced polymorphism.

 QUESTION NO.29
Give example of heterozygous superiority.
Ans: The sickle cell gene is most common in region of Africa. This region is
heavily infected with malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Sickle cell
heterozygote are less sensitive to malarial infection. They experience less severe
symptoms of malaria than homozygous without sickle cell. Thus, normal
homozygous individuals experience more severe malarial infection. Therefore,
normal alleles are at a disadvantage. But individuals with homozygous for sickle
cell suffer from severe anemia. Therefore, they are also at a disadvantage. The
heterozygotes experience no symptoms of anemia. They are more likely to survive
than either homozygote. This system is an example heterozygote superiority.

 QUESTION NO.30
Define species and speciation.
Ans: Taxonomist classify organisms according to their similarities and
differences. The fundamental unit of classification is the specie.
The formation of new species is called speciation. The subpopulations are
prevented from breeding. This is called reproductive isolation. Natural selection
and genetic drift act on reproductively isolated population. Therefore, the
evolution takes a different course in these subpopulations.

 QUESTION NO.31
What are the problems with the definition of biological specie?
Ans: According to biological definition, a specie is a group of populations in
which genes are actually, or potentially, exchanged through interbreed .

This definition has certain problems.

Which are as follows:
1. Taxonomists often work with morphological characteristics. The
morphological and ecological information provide reproductive
criterions.

2. Some organisms do not reproduce sexually. Therefore, other criteria

applied in these cases.

3. There are also problems of fossil material. Paleontologist describe

species of extinct organisms. But they cannot test their reproductive
criterion.

4. Populations of similar organisms are isolated from each other.

Therefore, gene exchange is geographically impossible. The biologist
can transplant individuals to test a reproductive criterion. Mating may
take place in transplanted individuals. But it does not prove that
mating can also occurs in natural settings.
  QUESTION NO.32
What is reproductive isolation?
Ans: The subpopulations are prevented from breeding. This is called reproductive
isolation. Natural selection and genetic grift act on reproductively isolated
populations. Therefore, the evolution takes a different course in these
subpopulations.
Reproductive isolation can occur in different ways. But two are major.
1. Premating isolation.
2. postmating isolation.

 QUESTION NO. 33
Discuss premating reproductive isolation.
Ans: It prevents mating to takes place. For example:
 Impenetrable barriers like rivers or mountain ranges separates
subpopulations.

 Sometimes, courtship behavior patterns of two animals are not

mutually appropriate. Therefore, mating does not occur.

 Some individuals have different breeding periods. Some individuals

occupy different habitats. Therefore, they are unable to breed with
each other.

 QUESTION NO.34
Write about post mating reproductive isolation.
Ans: In this case, mating occurs but successful fertilization and
development is prevented. For example:
 There are different conditions in reproductive tract of female. It may
not support the sperm of another individual. So, fertilization does not
take place successfully.

 Sometimes, hybrids are sterile. Therefore, post mating isolation

occurs. For example, mule is produce by mating of a male donkey and
a mare. Mule is a sterile hybrid.

 Mismatched chromosomes cannot synapse properly during meiosis.

Thus, any gametes produced are not visible.

 Sometimes, the development of fertilized egg or embryo is failed. It is

also a post mating isolation.

 QUESTION NO.35
What is allopatric speciation?
Ans: The speciation occurs when subpopulations become
geographically isolated from one another is called allopatric speciation.
For example:
A mountain range or river permanently
separate members of a population. Adaptations for different environment
or neutral selection takes place in these separate populations. The
members of these different populations cannot reproduce successfully with
each other.

 QUESTION NO.36
Explain allopatric speciation in Darwin finches.
Ans: The Darwinian finches on Galapagos island are example of allopatric
speciation. A number of new forms diverge from an ancestral form during
adaptive radiations which occur in response to the opening of major new habitat.
Fourteen species of finches evolved from the original finches in Galapagos Island.
Ancestral finches emigrate from mainland and distributed in Galapagos and
become isolated. Original were seed eaten. Then some genetic changes occur.
They filled their habitats and some birds also exploit new island. Mutations and
natural selection cause variations. Then 6 out of 14 species of finches have beaks
specialized for crushing of seeds, other feed on flowers of cactus, other feed on
forest, insects and fruits.

 QUESTION NO.37
What is Parapatric speciation?
Ans: The speciation occurs in small local population called deme is
called Parapatric speciation.
The population of two different demes are not completely isolated from each
other. But these demes face relative isolation. So, speciation can occur in them.
Most evolutionists theoretically agree that Parapatric speciation is possible.

 QUESTION NO.38
What is sympatric speciation?
Ans: Speciation that occurs in populations that have overlapping ranges is called
sympatric speciation. The Sympatric organism may be reproductively isolated from
one another. It can be found in plants, not common in animals. It can be found in
two species of bats and several species of insects and fishes.

 QUESTION NO.39
What is deme?
Ans: A deme can be defined as a small and local population.
For example:-
All of frogs in a particular pond or all of the sea urchins in a particular tide
pool make up a deme. The individuals of one deme are more likely to breed
with one another than with other individuals of in the large population.

 QUESTION NO.40
Write about the phyletic gradualism model of rate of evolution.
Ans: The concept that evolutionary changes occur gradually over
millions of years is called phyletic gradualism.
Charles Darwin believes in this concept. It is the traditional interpretation of the
rate of evolution. However, some evolutionary changes occur very rapidly.

 QUESTION NO.41
What is punctuated equilibrium model of evolution?
Ans: Long periods of stasis interrupted by brief periods of changes are called
punctuated equilibrium model of evolution. It shows that evolution does not take
place gradually. Biologist have observed such rapid evolutionary changes in small
populations.

 QUESTION NO. 42
Give some examples that shows punctuated equilibrium model
of rate of evolution.
Ans: Following are some examples of punctuated equilibrium:
 Insect pests and bacteria acquire rapid pesticide and antibiotic resistance.

 Peter K. Grant studies finches for 20 years. He has shown that natural selection
caused rapid morphological changes in the bills of Galapagos finches. There
was long dry period from the middle of 1976 to early January 1978. The birds
developed larger deeper bills during this period. The birds quickly consumed
smaller easily cracked seeds early in this dry period. They were forced to turn
to large seeds. Therefore, the birds with weaker bills were selected. Thus,
measurable changes occur in the finch population of the island Daphne Major.

 QUESTION NO.43
What is stasis or equilibrium?
Ans: The periods in which many species do not change significantly
over millions of years are called stasis or equilibrium.
Stabilizing selection takes place during the period of stasis.

 QUESTION NO. 44
What do you know about punctuates?
Ans: The geologically brief period of change is called punctuates.
The directional or disruptive selection occurs during the periods of change. Stasis
are interrupted by ecological crisis. These ecological crises are change in climate
or a major geological event. Some variations are selectively neutral or
disadvantageous. But these variations may be advantageous over the next 10,000
to 100,000 years. New habitats are becoming available due to geological events.
Events that occur in 10,000 to 100,000 years are almost instantaneous in an
evolutionary time frame. This geologically brief period of change is called
punctuates. Then next period of stasis start.

 QUESTION NO.45
Create a comparison between phyletic gradualism and
punctuated equilibrium.
Ans: The punctuated equilibrium model has one advantage. The fossil record of
punctuated equilibrium does not always show translational stages between
related organisms. Gradualists do not accept an event without transitional forms
to fossilization. But many transitional forms disappeared without leaving a fossil
record. Punctuated equilibrium involves rapid changes in small, isolated
populations. Thus, preservation of intermediate forms in the fossil record cannot
take place. The rapid pace of evolution causes jumps from one form to another.

 QUESTION NO.46
Define molecular evolution.
Ans: The structure and function are observable on a large scale.
Therefore, many evolutionists study changes in animal structure and
function.
Its examples are changes in the shapes of bills of a bird or changes in the length of
an animal's neck. However, all evolutionary changes take place due to change in
the base sequences in DNA and amino acids in proteins. Molecular evolutionists
study DNA and proteins for the developing evolutionary relationship among
organisms.

 QUESTION NO.47
Explain how cytochrome c is conserved evolutionary?
Ans: Cytochrome c is a protein. It presents in the cellular respiratory pathways in
all eukaryotic organisms. All closely related organisms have similar cytochrome c
molecules. Little changes occurred in the cytochrome c during hundreds of
millions of years. It suggests that mutations of the cytochrome c genes are always
detrimental. The mutated organisms died and rejected by natural selection.
Cytochrome has changed little. Therefore, cytochrome c is evolutionary
conserved.

 QUESTION NO.48
How can you define gene duplication?
Ans: The accidental duplication of a gene on a chromosome is called
gene duplication.
Most of the mutations are not selected. Sometimes, an extra copy of gene is
present is present. One copy may be modified. But the second copy synthesized
the essential proteins. Therefore, the organism survives. Extra genetic material
can arise by gene.

 QUESTION NO.49
Explain the role of gene duplication in the formation of
hemoglobin and myoglobin.
Ans: Vertebrates hemoglobin and myoglobin are arisen from a common ancestral
molecule. Hemoglobin carries oxygen in red blood cells. Myoglobin is an oxygen
storage molecule in muscles. The ancestral molecule carried out both functions.
However, gene duplicated about 1 billion years ago. It is followed by mutation of
one gene. Thus, two polypeptides myoglobin and hemoglobin are formed. Further
gene duplications occurred over the last 500 million years. Therefore, the
hemoglobin of the most vertebrates have four polypeptides except primitive
fishes.

 QUESTION NO.50
Explain mosaic evolution with example.
Ans: A change in a portion of an organism while the basic form of the
organisms retained is called mosaic evolution. A specie is a mosaic of
different molecules and structures.
Example:
All birds have highly conserved structures. They have structures like feathers, bills,
and a certain body form. Therefore, they are easily recognizable as birds.
However, particular parts of birds are less conservative. They have a higher rate of
change. Wings have been modified for hovering, soaring, and swimming. Similarly,
legs have been modified for wading, swimming, and perching. These are examples
of mosaic evolution.
“THE END”