Study for the Performance of High Speed Switchgear

for Protection of In-House Generation System

Kunio Matsushita, Yoshihiko Matsuura
Shikoku Research Institute Inc. : 2 109 Yashimanishi-machi,Takamatsu, Kagawa-ken, 761-0 1, Japan
Toshihisa Funabashi,Member, Nobutaka Takeuchi, Takaaki Kai,Senior member, Minoru Oobe
Meidensha Corporation : 36-2, Nihonbashi Hakozakicho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103, Japan

Abstract-Recently, in large industrial plants and factories, it

becomes popular to use In-House generation system connected
to utility power system. Especially, co-generation systems have
been introduced to many consumers such as hotels and hospi-
tals. They will be used more and more for their capability of
effective energy consumption.
However, even if consumer has in-house generation system
connected to utility power system, when a fault occurs on the
transmission line due to lightning etc., voltage at internal power
system drops instantaneously until its clearance. This instanta-
neous voltage drop affects loads supplied by in-house power
system. Especially, the load such as electronics equipment or
system is affected badly even if the time duration of voltage
drop is within 0.1 seconds. To enhance the load's reliability, the
new switchgear system have been developed.
This equipment consists of static switchgear applying thyris-
tor, disconnecting switches, and control circuit. This control
circuit has functions to detect voltage drops and voltage syn-
chronization. This equipment is installed in series with the
circuit breaker which is connecting the buses of consumer's
own power generation system, and executes high speed tripping
and reclosing when the voltage on the consumer's bus drops
instantaneously.
In this paper, first, artificial test results of this equipment is
represented. From these results, it is confirmed that this
equipment can restrain voltage drop of the important loads
within one cycle by means of tripping the short circuit current
within one cycle when the voltage drops under the setting value.
Then, comparison between measured results and simulated 0-
-results by EMTP is represented. From this comparison, it was
confirmed that verification of this equipment's performance
using EMTP is effective.
Then, influence of voltage drop (20% and 5O0/o) on loads is
investigated by simulating transient voltage change of the gen-
erator. As a result, it is confirmed that almost every load
equipment is affected by voltage drop when the conventional
circuit breaker is used, but is not affected when the high speed
switchgear is used, in the case of the voltage drop 50%.

I. INTRODUCTION .,
".O 5piJ 50 100
Commercial power system sometimes becomes abnormal due to (Cycle:SO&)
lij$tning to transmission lines and something like that. In such a
breaker. But the time to wait for fault clearing is about 0.2 seconds Fig. 1 A case of instantaneous voltage drop on load equipment

0-7803-3263-6/96/ $5.00 0 1996 lEEE 91

 load’s reliability, the new high speed switchgear applying thyristor
has been developed.
This equipment consists of static switchgear applying thyristor,
disconnecting switches, a d control circuit having functions to
detect voltage drops and synchronization. This equipment is in-
stalled in series with the circuit breaker which is interconnecting the Measurement
buses of consumer’s own power generation system, and executes system voltage
hgh speed tnpping and reclosing when the voltage on the con- Swtch A cmmi (IC)
‘for fault Switch B
sumer’s bus drops instantaneously. When the duration time of
voltage drop is extremely short, difference of frequency and phase Short-circuit
angle between commercial power system and CGS is small for b s resistant? Important load5
equipment to execute high speed reclosing. Fig. 2 Simulation circuit
The basis of selective opening control is to detect voltage drop in
high speed. Commonly, comparison of DC signal that is transferred f m e d that after the closing of switch-A, this equipment interrupt
from AC voltage with predetermined setting value is made to detect short circuit current within one cycle, if the voltage drop is under
voltage drop. But simply converting the AC to DC makes ripples. the voltage drop setting value (15%) and isolates important load
When filter is used to eliminate this ripple components, there must from commercial power system.
be delay time for detection. In this new equipment, to realize a
conversion to non-pulsating DC components, sum of squares of
three phase voltages is calculated. By doing b s , voltage drop can be 111. COMPARISON OF MEASUREMENTS AND SIMULATIONS
detected withm several seconds.
Measurement results and simulated results for each case are
shown in Table 1 and their waveforms are shown in Fig. 3.
11. MEASUREMENT TEST

A. Measurement results
Test circuit is shown in Fig. 2. Commercial power system and in-
house generation system are connected via circuit breaker and new
equipment developed. Important load of in-house generation system
In case-1 of Fig. 3, generator’s voltage drop is too large. So tlus is
is set to be 75% of generator’s rated power and is simulated with a waveform that under voltage relay of in-house generator operates
before circuit breaker’s opening. Steady state condition remains for
water resistance. Instantaneous voltage drop is generated by short
10 cycles and then fault continues for 305 milliseconds.
circuit in the commercial power system side. Tests are executed
under two conditions to compare the performance of circuit breaker Case-2 of Fig. 3 is a waveform when this new equipment oper-
with that of new equipment. ated 15 milliseconds after the fault’s occurring and isolated com-
mercial power system from in-house generation system. When the
Case-1 : New equipment is short-circuited by switch-B. Perform-
instantaneous voltage drop occurs , generator’s voltage becomes low
ance of CGS and commercial power system is measured when they
30% for half a cycle with the voltage of commercial power system.
are isolated by circuit breaker. On the condition of switch4 off,
By this equipment’s fast isolating the power systems they become
generator is started and supplies 80kW load. Interconnecting switch
steady state in the next half cycle. Comparing with case-1, it was
is on. Then switch-A is closed for about 0.5 seconds long and the
confirmed that this equipment prevents instantaneous voltage drop
instantaneous voltage drop is generated. After 0.3 seconds from the
closing of switch-A, circuit breaker is opened. In these sequence of in-house generation system and made it possible for important
voltages and currents are measured. loads to be in stable operation.
Case-2: Switch-B is opened. Performance of CGS and commer-
cial power system when ths equipment works. Similarly as case-1, B. Simulation results
interconnection with commercial power system and CGS is devel-
oped and instantaneous voltage drop is generated. It will be con- In simulations using EMTP, circuit breaker and new equipment is
simulated with ordinary switch model and generator is simulated

Table 1 Results of measurement of simulation

Short-circuit Measured results Simulated results

Fault condition resistance( 62 ) Breaking time Generator voltage Breaking time Generator
lmillisecondsl &OD (%) lmillisecondsl voltage droD (%‘
0.1 305 83 ’ 305 85

3 phase short-circuit, 0.1 15 30 15 35

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 Case Measured results S i m u l a t e d results
JCQV
0

-3CQv

OII-CUCUI~ currcnt (IC) 3mA

1 _ _ _ _ -- - 0

-3ooO.4

360V

0
-360V
0 0.2 0.4 06 0 8 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0 8 I
Time (5) Time ( 5 )
Generator‘s vollagc ( V c ) Generator‘s voltage (Vc)
3CQY JCQY
0

-3CQY
-3wv

2 Short-crrcuilcurrcn( ( I C )

-zmAt’
0 0 2 0.4 0 6
-0 8 I
T i c Is)

Fig. 3 Measured and simulated results

ous voltage drop is about 20 milliseconds after the simulation starts.

with Park’s model. Opening time of switch is decided as the same
Interrupting time of circuit breaker is 0.2 seconds after the occur-
value in the measurement results. Compared with measurement
rence of instantaneous voltage drop. Interrupting time of this equip
results, generator’s voltage drop and the waveforms have good
ment is w i h 6.5 to 20 milliseconds. This time is affected from the
agreement. Effectiveness of EMTP simulation for this equipment
condition of voltage drop and phase angle of current intemption. In
was confirmed. this simulation this time is set to be 20 inilliseconds which is the
worst case. Circuit breaker and this equipment is simulated with
IV. INFLUENCE OF VOLTAGE DROP MAGNITUDE ordinary switch model. Generator is simulated by Park’s model.
Generator’s control circuit shown in Fig. 5 is simulated using TACS
of EMTF’(’)(”. Instantaneous voltage drop is set to be 20 % and
Fig. 1 shows examples of influences of instantaneous voltage
50 YOby moving the fault point in the commercial power system.
drop on various loads. From thts figure it is seen that most equip
ment is influenced within 0.1 seconds. From the research results,
number of instantaneous voltage drops under 0.2 seconds is more
than 80% of total voltage drops. Taking these values into considera-
tions, it can be said that power consuming equipment is not capable
of withstanding instantaneous voltage drop. Instantaneous voltage
drop whose drop is under 20% occupies about 55 Yo of total volt-
v Fault point 6.6kV
0.8PF

4. aMW
3. 6MVar
age drops and that under 50% occupies about 80%. High speed

A . Simulation conditions

Consumption of both important loads and general loads is set to

be 75% and 100% of generator’s rated power. In Fig. 4, power
system and CGS are interconnected with each other through circuit
breaker and th~sequipment. But in the simulation it is assumed that
each equipment is in individual operation, to study the influence of
c\
General

Fig. 4 Simulation circuit

Importan

each equipment’s intempting time. Occurrence time of instantane-

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 interruption by this equipment, loads equipment is not affected from
B. Simulation results instantaneous voltage drop and the voltage rise after interruption
is lower.
For the conditions of instantaneous voltage drop 20 % and 50 %,
simulations were performed with circuit breaker connecting buses
and this equipment respectively. In Fig. 6 are shown generator‘s V. CONCLUSION
voltage simulated and influence of instantaneous voltage drop for
various loads mentioned above. And for each condition, maximum In the factory, performance test of high speed switch gear was
voltage drop in faulted period and voltage rise are shown in done. From these results, it was confirmed that this equipment can
Table 2. In simulated waveform of Fig. 6, voltage amplitude is restrain voltage drop of the important loads within one cycle by
oscillating as an dluence of transient b e c t current component the means of tnpping the short circuit current within one cycle, when
subtransient period (Td”=35 milliseconds). the voltage drops under the settmg value. Then, comparison be-
On the condition of voltage drop of 20 %, if these systems are tween measured results and simulated results by EMTP is repre-
interrupted by circuit breaker, high voltage discharge lamp is af- sented, From thls comparison, it was confiied that performance
fected by voltage drop. But intempted by ths equipment, it is not verification of this equipment using EMTP is effective.
affected. Then,dluence of voltage drop (20% and 50%)on loads is inves-
On the condition of voltage drop of 50 YO,most load equipment tigated by simulating transient voltage change of the generator. As a
is affected from voltage drop. As voltage rise after intemption is
greater than 20 YO,there is a possibility that over voltage protective
relay operates according to time delay setting. But in the case of

Table 2 Maximum voltage drop and rise after breaking at fault

Circuit breaker l k s system

Pvernor)
Senmg value
Reference speed
1
of loads
I +!- hfotor output

I I I 1 I I
i
PM
Voltagedrop 23.5% 14.1% 20.0% 7.8% 1 0 >
20% Regulating rate lO[’i]
I I I I I
Voltage drop 50.9% 26.8% 50.0% 9.7%
50%
Fig. 5 Generator control circuit

1.4

1.2

1
0.8
0. 6
Electromedical apparatus

0.4
Voltage drop
0.2 occurrence
I
0 ‘ Ji I I
0.01 0.1 1 10
Time (s)

Fig. 6 Simulated results

(a) Voltage drop : 20%

94
 1.4

1.2

0.8 ltage relay

0.6
Electromedical a
0.4 I I I I I I

0.2
Voltage drop
occurrence I - :Circuit breaker

0
0.01 0.1 1 ~ 10
Time (s)
Fig. 6 Simulated results
(b) Voltage drop : 50%

sity. He joined Shikoku Research Institute Inc. in April 1981 and

result, it was confiied that almost every equipment is affected by
has engaged in research on power system analysis and control.
voltage drop when the conventional circuit breaker is used, but is
not affected when the high speed switchgear is used, in the case ofToshihisa Funabashi (M 90) was born in Aichi, Japan, on
the voltage drop 50%. March 25, 1951. He graduated in March 1975 from the Depart-
ment of Electrical Engineering, Nagoya University. He joined
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Meidensha Corporation in April 1975 and has engaged in research
on power system analysis. Currently, he is a Manager of System
The authors would like to thank Miss. Wakako Miura for her Analysis Engineering Section, System Technology Division.
preparing k s article. Nobutaka Takeuchi was bom in Tottori, Japan, on October 26,
1963. He graduated in March 1986 and obtained a Master's degree
REFERENCES in March 1988 from the Toyo University. He joined Meidensha
[ 11 Electricity Cooperated Study Committee, "Instantaneous Corporation in April 1988 and has engaged in research on power
Voltage Drop," Committee Report Vol. 46, No. 3 (in Japa- system analysis. Currently, he is a. Chief Staff of System Analysis
nese) Engineering Section, System Technology Division.
[2] W. Scott-Meyer, Electro Magnetic Transients Program Takaaki Kai (M 89, SM' 93) was born in Fukuoka, Japan, on
( E m ) Rule Book, BPA, 1993. February 9, 1952. He graduated in March 1976 from the Depart-
[3] H. W. Dommel, Electro Magnetic Transients Program Refer- ment of Electrical Engineering, Yamanashi University. He ob-
ence Manual (EMTP Theory Book), BPA, 1986. tained a Master's degree in March 1978 and a doctor's degree in
February 1991 from the Tokyo Institute of Technology. He joined
BIOGRAPHIES Meidensha Corporation in April 1978 and has engaged in research
on protective relaying technology and power system analysis. Cur-
Kunio Matsushita was born in Japan, on September 8, 1941. rently, he is a Engineer of System Analysis Engineering Section,
He graduated in March 1960 from Shikoku Denki Koutou Gakuin. System Technology Division.
He joined Shikoku Research Institute Inc. in April 1960 and has Minoru Oobe joined Meidensha Corporation in April 1977 and
engaged in research on power system analysis and control. had engaged in research on power transformers and shunt reactors.
Yoshihiko Matsuura was bom in Japan, on January 2, 1941. He From 1985 has engaged in research on power converters.
obtained a Master's degree in March 1981 from Tokushma Univer-

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