1

2 3
4 5
6 7
8 9
10 11

News
AkzoNobel Seals Two-year
Intersleek Supply Deal with Nakilat
AkzoNobel has secured a two-year deal to continue
supplying its Intersleek 1100SR foul release coating to
Qatari shipping and maritime giant Nakilat (Qatar Gas
Transport Company Ltd). The new agreement means that
by the end of 2018, more than 640,000 liters of Intersleek
1100SR will have been applied to 108 of Nakilat’s LNG
vessels across the globe, according to the company.
“We are very proud to have signed this new deal, which
strengthens our well-established relationship with such
a valuable customer,” said Oscar Wezenbeek, director
of AkzoNobel’s Marine, Protective and Yacht Coatings
business. “It highlights our commitment to better serving
our customers and underlines the fact that that ship
owners and operators continue to realize the benefits of
investing in sustainable hull coatings including reduction
of cost and higher efficiency.”
When fouling organisms settle on the underwater hull,
they have an adverse impact on a vessel’s fuel consumption;
and the company says that Intersleek 1100SR can put a
stop to that. In total, there have been more than 1,400
applications of Intersleek 1100SR to date. The landmark
of 1,000 applications was achieved in 2017 with the Al
Gattara LNG tanker, operated by Nakilat.
Jotun Simplifies Customers’
Marine Onboard Maintenance
with SeaStock Management Solution
Published on 06.04.18
Jotun has launched an innovative solution
SeaStock Management Solution will see Jotun effectively
assuming full management of its customers’ onboard
12
maintenance. This encompasses condition surveys, full
ordering and logistics, direct communication with vessels,
business and technical reviews, optimizing products for
individual requirements, and crew education. It is the
first offer of its kind on the market.
Commenting on the service launch, Habibe Escobar
Meléndez, MSc.
DryDock & SeaStock Concept Manager in Jotun explains:
“Onboard maintenance is an essential but specialized
area that requires time, understanding and commitment.
Often conducted in difficult conditions, by crew that
may lack sufficient training, there is a risk of poor quality
application – leading to premature corrosion – and
excessive paint consumption. Then of course there is
the commitment from management required to order,
monitor and optimize the process to achieve the best
efficiency, costs and results.
“With SeaStock Management Solution Jotun effectively
takes on board all this responsibility and professionalizes
the process to achieve optimal results. This reduces hassle,
frees up time and resources and, importantly, improves
the condition of the assets. The solution gives complete
predictability in terms of costs and allows our customers to
focus on what they do best, running maritime businesses,
while we focus on what we do best – protecting people
and property with world leading solutions. It is a simple
way to tackle what can be a complex and costly process.”
The revolutionary solution is tailored to meet individual
customer needs. For a set lump sum Jotun takes full control
of a company’s ‘paint locker’ and ensures a mix of the
best products, while educating relevant crew members,
to achieve the best quality finishes, prolong maintenance
intervals and achieve significant cost savings.
Speaking about the new arrangement, a major ship
management company in Singapore, which has been
piloting the concept, comments: “We value Jotun’s effort
to further strengthen their partnership with us through
their SeaStock Management Solution. This program is
helping us optimize the onboard maintenance of our fleet,
have better budget control and improve the condition of
our vessels.
“We have reduced consumption by 15% compared to
2016, minimized the number of deliveries and simplified
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
the product assortment resulting in smoother handling
from the office and by the crew. Thanks to the quarterly
business and technical reviews provided, and the close
follow up from Jotun, we are always informed and in
control”.
A spokesperson from DS Tankers in Germany adds: “We
have tried SeaStock Management Solution with some of
our tanker vessels. So far, paint consumption has been
reduced by 17% compared to the previous year and by
11% compared to vessels on a conventional SeaStock
contract. We have more control on our yearly spend and
we get much closer follow up. We have therefore decided
to continue and add more vessels to the program.”
Jotun, which provides coatings for some 25% of the
world fleet, also assigns a professional in-house team to
manage each customer and monitor coating condition
and quality.
“This gives peace of mind in the harshest of environments,
both operationally and commercially,” concludes
Escobar Meléndez. “It provides a full picture of costs and
ensures predictability, while slashing management and
administration duties. There is a clear market demand for
this kind of innovative solution, and we’re proud to be the
first paint company to provide it.”
Jotun is the number one marine coatings supplier globally
with an extensive worldwide delivery network. SeaStock
Management Solution is available to the market now.
PPG and DNV GL Collaborate
to Take Hull Performance Beyond ISO 19030
Publuished on 06.07.18
PPG, a global leader in protective and marine coatings,
and the global quality assurance and risk management
company DNV GL, have signed a collaboration
agreement focused on operational data analysis using
DNV GL’s next-generation hull analysis methodologies.
To tackle the challenge of poor hull and propeller
performance, PPG and DNV GL will work together
to collect data and apply DNV GL’s methodologies to
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
contribute to PPG’s further development of innovative
coating solutions.
According to data published by the IMO, about one tenth
of the world fleet’s fuel consumption can be attributed to
poor hull and propeller performance. This costs owners
an estimated $30 billion in additional fuel costs per
year and contributes to 0.3% of all man-made carbon
emissions. Released in 2017, the ISO 19030 standard
defines a set of performance indicators for hull and
propeller maintenance, repair and retrofit activities to
improve operational performance.
“DNV GL and PPG have identified a market demand
for methodologies that go beyond ISO 19030 and share
a common vision to develop future requirements and
solutions that enable optimum vessel performance” says
Tom Molenda, PPG’s Global Marine Director. Our goal
is to enhance hull efficiency for multiple operational
profiles and optimize vessel performance”.
DNV GL Senior Research Engineer Jason Stefanatos
explains that as more owners invest in more sophisticated
sensors, tools and systems to collect operational data,
performance can be measured more precisely over time.
“By applying DNV GL’s expertise in hull degradation and
operational data analysis tools, PPG will be better able
to transparently demonstrate the impact of their coating
solutions” Stefanatos says, noting that the methodologies
and data analytics tools are also available on DNV GL’s
Fleet Performance Management Platform ECO Insight.
“The ECO Insight platform provides information on the
performance of voyage, vessel, hull, engine, fuel, weather,
cargoes, among other variables,” he explains. “And
because we have access to real-time vessel performance
data from more than 1,900 vessels, we are confident that
our collaboration with PPG can be used by owners and
operators to optimize hull performance.”
(left to right) DNV GL: Jason Stefanatos, Senior Research
Engineer, Braun Till, Market Development Manager and
George Dimopoulos, Head of R&D and advisory Greece,
PPG: Tom Molenda, Global Director Marine Coatings,
Ariana Psomas, Global Segment Manager Dry Dock
and New Build and Eirinaios Petoumenos, Business
Development Manager Marine.
jotun Powder Coatings announce price increase of all its
products with immediate effect
PRESS RELEASE: Dubai - Due to significant and
continuous raw material cost increases throughout 2017
and early 2018, Jotun Powder Coatings announce price
13
increase of all their products with immediate effect. The
necessary increase will be in a range, of up to 20 per cent,
depending on the specific compositions of the products.
Ram Ramnath, Vice President of Jotun Powder Coatings
has announced today that Jotun Powder Coatings will
increase its prices globally. The increase will be on all
products with immediate effect, and will be in a range, of
up to 20 per cent, depending on the specific compositions
of the products. The significant increases last year in
titanium, polyester and epoxies, and the sharp increase
in epoxies again and pigments during this first quarter
of 2018 has left Jotun Powder Coatings with no other
options than to increase its prices accordingly. “This is, of
course, a difficult period for the entire industry. We highly
value our long-term relationship with our customers and
believe we have a common understanding on the necessity
to increase our prices in order to continue supplying the
level of product quality & service that our customers
have come to expect from us. We will continue to move
forward with the aim of providing our customers the
best products and solutions we can to help their business
grow”, says Ram Ramnath.
Michelman to Showcase High Performance Flexible
Packaging Coating Solutions at Global Pouch Forum
Published on 06.08.18
Michelman will showcase its versatile line of water-
based Michem® Flex primers and coatings formulated
specifically for converters of flexible packaging substrates
including paper, film and foil at the Global Pouch Forum
being held June 13-15, 2018 in Miami, Florida.
These Michem Flex brand solutions include overprint
varnishes, print receptive primers, gas barrier coatings,
extrusion primers, and slip/anti-block additives that help
create brand loyalty as well as reduce food waste.
Michem Flex Barrier 3510 highlights Michelman’s shelf
life and protection expertise. Specifically designed for
flexible packaging in food applications, this water-based
coating provides a transparent high oxygen barrier and is
more durable to withstanding fractures and pinholes then
traditional oxygen barriers. Applied in-line or off-line via
14
flexo or gravure processes without a primer, it is extremely
user-friendly resulting in a very durable, cost effective
package. Michem Flex Barrier 3510 is ready-to-use as a
single component, requires no mixing and therefore has
excellent shelf life. Unlike other barrier coatings, there is
no chlorine or nano particles. It has excellent printability
and lamination bond strengths.
Additionally, their overprint varnishes help drive brand
connection to the consumer through improved shelf
appeal via solutions that improve the look and feel of
packaging. Michem Flex M1203 is a water-based matte
finish OPV for all polymer materials. It allows brand
owners to use polymer materials and create a paper
look with a soft velvety texture. It can be applied in
registration, which allows clear windows to highlight
the product and/or provide a mixture of gloss and matte
finishes enhancing overall shelf appeal.
Sherwin-Williams Names Kiki Redhead as Industrial
Coatings Color and Trend Leade
Published on 06.07.18
Sherwin-Williams announced, through its General
Industrial division, the addition of Kiki Redhead as
Color and Trend Lead for Industrial Coatings. She will
be based at the Sherwin-Williams General Industrial
Headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota, leading color
strategy, development and trend forecasting.
In her new role, Redhead will be responsible for leading
color workshops as well as Color and Trend initiatives for
industrial design segments such as appliance, electronics,
building products and general finishes. She’ll also lead the
development of a new industrial design center, scheduled
to open in late 2018. The center will host customers from
around the world as they select new coatings and finish
options.
Redhead’s work has impacted products from consumer
goods to cars, cabinets, coatings, clothing, and cosmetics.
She has previous experience with Sherwin-Williams,
Time Inc. SPC, and Polaris Industries. In 2008, she opened
Colour Couture, a consultancy that has since coached 35
cross- industry clients from over 12 countries in the areas
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
of color, material, finish, and future trends. individual customer needs. For a set lump sum Jotun
takes full control of a company’s ‘paint locker’ and
ensures a mix of the best products, while educating
Jotun simplifies customers’ marine onboard maintenance relevant crew members, to achieve the best quality
with unique SeaStock Management Solution finishes, prolong maintenance intervals and achieve
significant cost savings.
Speaking about the new arrangement, a major ship
management company in Singapore, which has been
piloting the concept, comments: “We value Jotun’s
Published on 2018-06-04 effort to further strengthen their partnership with
us through their SeaStock Management Solution.
PRESS RELEASE: Sandefjord - Jotun has launched an
This program is helping us optimize the onboard
innovative solution that brings simplicity, predictability
and optimal quality to the process of marine onboard maintenance of our fleet, have better budget control
maintenance. and improve the condition of our vessels.
SeaStock Management Solution will see Jotun We have reduced consumption by 15% compared
effectively assuming full management of its to 2016, minimized the number of deliveries and
customers’ onboard maintenance. This encompasses simplified the product assortment resulting in
condition surveys, full ordering and logistics, direct smoother handling from the office and by the crew.
communication with vessels, business and technical Thanks to the quarterly business and technical
reviews, optimizing products for individual reviews provided, and the close follow up from Jotun,
requirements, and crew education. It is the first offer we are always informed and in control.”
of its kind on the market.
A spokesperson from DS Tankers in Germany adds:
Commenting on the service launch, Habibe Escobar “We have tried SeaStock Management Solution
Meléndez, MSc. DryDock & SeaStock Concept with some of our tanker vessels. So far, paint
Manager in Jotun explains: “Onboard maintenance consumption has been reduced by 17% compared to
is an essential but specialized area that requires the previous year and by 11% compared to vessels
time, understanding and commitment. Often on a conventional SeaStock contract. We have more
conducted in difficult conditions, by crew that may control on our yearly spend and we get much closer
lack sufficient training, there is a risk of poor quality follow up. We have therefore decided to continue
application – leading to premature corrosion – and and add more vessels to the program.”
excessive paint consumption. Then of course there
is the commitment from management required to Jotun, which provides coatings for some 25% of
order, monitor and optimize the process to achieve the world fleet, also assigns a professional in-house
the best efficiency, costs and results. team to manage each customer and monitor coating
condition and quality.
With SeaStock Management Solution Jotun
effectively takes on board all this responsibility and “This gives peace of mind in the harshest of
professionalizes the process to achieve optimal results. environments, both operationally and commercially,”
This reduces hassle, frees up time and resources and, concludes Escobar Meléndez. “It provides a full
importantly, improves the condition of the assets. picture of costs and ensures predictability, while
The solution gives complete predictability in terms slashing management and administration duties.
of costs and allows our customers to focus on what There is a clear market demand for this kind of
they do best, running maritime businesses, while we innovative solution, and we’re proud to be the first
focus on what we do best – protecting people and paint company to provide it.”
property with world leading solutions. It is a simple
way to tackle what can be a complex and costly Jotun is the number one marine coatings supplier
globally with an extensive worldwide delivery
process.”
network. SeaStock Management Solution is available
The revolutionary solution is tailored to meet to the market now.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 15
16 17

Raw Materials
PUT A SHOCK IN YOUR PAINT :
ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE COATINGS
AND MIRACLE MATERIALS
By: Ron Lewarchik
Electrically-conductive particles for use in coatings
have taken a quantum leap forward in recent years.
Revolutionary materials like carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
and graphene possess 200 times greater strength
than steel, with conductivity better than copper. This
unique combination of strength, conductivity and high
temperature resistance have the promise to impart
exceptional properties in coatings that challenge the
imagination. This article will discuss and contrast
conductive materials with an emphasis on conductive
nanomaterials and their potential advantage in coatings
applications.
Other more commonly used electrically-conductive
particles include conductive carbon black, graphite,
quaternary ammonium salts, copper, aluminum, silver
and combinations thereof. In addition to conductive
particles, there are a number of conductive polymers that
can provide conductive coatings that may be discussed
18
in a future article. Surface resistivity of coatings is nearly
independent of relative humidity. Figure 1 illustrates the
structure of graphene, graphene is a two-dimensional
structure and can be thought of as a single walled carbon
nanotube in sheet form.
Figure 1 – Scanning probe image of Graphene showing
hexagonal two–dimensional arrangements of carbon atoms
Conductivity = S/cm or S/m
Surface resistivity = Ω/ (ohms per square)
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Surface resistance = Ω
Volume resistivity = Ω x cm
Volume (bulk) resistivity = (Resistivity x length x
width) / height
Volume resistivity is a measure of sheet resistivity across
defined thickness
Surface resistivity is the most common means used
to characterize conductive coatings. ASTM D257 is
the most widely-used standard for measuring surface
resistivity.
Percolation theory: As concentration of a conductive
material in a coating increases, the conductivity will
reach a point where the conductivity will abruptly
increase once a critical concentration is reached.
Table 1 – Common Terminology of Conductive Materials
For electric current flow across a surface, surface
resistivity (ohms/square) can be defined as the ratio of
voltage drop per unit length, to the surface current per
unit width.
Antistatic refers to the property of a material that inhibits
triboelectric charging. Antistatic coatings have a surface
resistivity of at least 1 X 109, but less than 1 X 1012.
Static dissipative coatings have:
> a surface resistivity of 1 X 105 ohms/sq. or
> a volume resistivity of 1 X 104 ohm-cm, but less than 1
X 1012 ohm/sq. surface resistivity
or
>1 X 1011 ohm-cm volume resistivity.
Conductive coatings have a surface resistivity of less
than 105 ohm/sq., or a volume resistivity less than 104
ohm-cm.
Table 2 – Films with conductive additives
An important aspect of obtaining optimum conductivity
from both graphene and CNTs for water or solvent-
borne applications is to ensure that the dispersion is
optimal and stabilized. If graphene and/or CNTs are not
effectively dispersed, the particles will not be adequately
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
separated and form bundles of particles. These materials
tend to self-associate and form clusters, which in turn do
not provide adequate connectivity to support optimum
conduction of an electric current.
To overcome this issue, in many cases nonconventional
means of dispersion are employed. Sonication is one such
method that untangles nanoparticles, and thus provides
the connectivity to support a current (percolation).
The agglomeration of graphene and CNTs is known to
have a major impact on the percolation threshold and
thus electrical conductivity of their nanocompositions.
The interface between the conductive materials also
has a profound effect on conductivity. The percolation
threshold is the threshold at which the concentration of
conductive nanomaterial of the composition displays
an abrupt transition from insulator to a conductor. The
aspect ratio of a conductive material (width:height)
also plays an important contribution to the percolation
threshold (lower aspect ratios favor conductivity).
The reason for the conductivity of graphene and more
so CNTs is their extensive network of sp2 bonds and
stacking of their pi bonds.
Graphene can be described as a single layer thickness
of graphite. Graphite is also electrically conductive and
available in different purities as well as amorphous or
crystalline forms.
One of the other reasons why nanoparticles such as
graphene and CNTs are so conductive is that they are
ultrasmall. As the dimension of a particle decreases,
the ratio of surface area to volume increases quite
dramatically. Larger surface area produces greater
interaction of particles and higher attractive forces. For
example, a surface area over 100nm in size normally
defeats the advantage that nanoparticles provide to
enhance performance.
The proper use of conductive nanoparticles in
coatings can impart multiple beneficial properties.
Stabilization of dispersed nanoparticles is essential
to optimize the full benefits of these materials.
Secondly, formulations utilizing nanoparticles must
be tailored to provide proper acceptance, rather
19
than as a drop-in to achieve a desired property.

In addition to their electrical properties, graphene,

Figure 3 – Percolation Threshold and particle structural effects
graphite and CNTs provide good stability at high
on surface resistivity
temperatures. Furthermore, due to their unique
molecular structure, when properly dispersed, they can
also enhance mechanical properties. The temperature
stability of CNTs in air is reported to be 750° C, graphene
and graphite in excess of 600° C.

Applications for future coatings using the next

generation of conductive materials will include:
Figure 4 – Nanoparticles and Agglomeration
• coatings to prevent electronic discharge for electrical
applications

• communication equipment
• consumer electronics
• computer equipment
• flexible electrical equipment
• electronic applications requiring high temperature
resistance and enhanced mechanical properties.

In summary, properly formulated coatings utilizing

conductive particles and especially conductive
nanoparticles can achieve performance attributes
heretofore not obtainable by other means.

20 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 21
 coated can easily be rectified at this early stage.
The only manually operated, nondestructive
measurement procedure available until now was air
ultrasonic technology. However, this solution can only
be used to measure coatings up to a thickness of around
Customary Coatings 100 micrometers on flat surfaces. It was generally not
possible to determine the thickness of powder coatings
on curved components.
THE ALTERNATIVE:
PHOTOTHERMAL MEASUREMENT
The alternative to the ultrasonic process is photothermal
measurement. This uses thermal waves instead of sound
waves to measure the coating thickness. The waves are
generated by the absorption of optical radiation into
the powder. When it absorbs the radiation, the coating
heats up in a characteristic way and the thickness can
be determined by its behavior over time. This is also a
noncontact, nondestructive process and is described
in the DIN EN 15042-2 standard published in 2006. It
has advantages over the ultrasonic procedure, which
include the measurement of components of almost any
measurement point is 2 x 2 square millimeters in size,
which enables the device to make measurements on
rough substrates and coarse powder coatings. The
process can easily compensate for any unevenness in the
coatings or substrates.
The device uses invisible light for excitation purposes,
which means that users are not affected by reflected light.
The OptiSense Lares technology has been incorporated
into this system, in the same way as in the company’s
other measuring devices. This guarantees that no harm
can be caused to users’ eyes and that no additional
protective measures are required.
A VARIETY OF USES
The new photothermal measuring device can measure
the thickness of more than 95 percent of the powder
coatings currently on the market, including normal,
textured and metallic products. A special evaluation
procedure allows coatings more than 200 micrometers
thick to be measured using a single setting. In addition,
the thickness of cured coatings can also be assessed. The
benefits of this process, which is not dependent on the

A New Way
size and shape, a much larger measurement area and
the more flexible positioning of the sensor during the
measurement. In addition, the procedure is ideal for use
with a variety of coatings on different substrates.
to Measure MOBILE DEVICE FOR COATERS
shape of the component, also apply in this case, meaning
that measurements can be made in areas that were
previously inaccessible. The PowderTAG is a robust,
versatile, easy-to-use measuring device for powder
coaters, which is highly flexible and suitable for all types
of components in the coating shop.

Powder Coating OptiSense GmbH & Co. KG has worked with TQC
to develop the first battery-powered, fully mobile
photothermal measuring device for powder coatings on
Thickness the basis of this procedure. The new device is known as
the PowderTAG.

OptiSense has almost 20 years of experience in optical

Powder coating companies are familiar with the challenge
of applying coatings to parts in such a way that the color,
coverage level and gloss remain consistent after curing.
The critical parameter is the thickness of the cured
powder, and this is determined by the settings of the
powder coating shop and the shape of the components.
A new photothermal measuring device enables the
thickness of powder coatings to be measured before the
curing process, including coatings applied to curved
components. The device is highly versatile and easy to
use.
THE EXISTING TECHNOLOGY:
AIR ULTRASONIC SYSTEMS
The thickness of coatings needs to be checked regularly
- both after a change of color or component, and also
during the normal application process. Otherwise, there
is the risk of producing components that are not fully
coated, where the amount of powder is too small, or
of incurring unnecessarily high costs, where too much
powder is used. It is particularly important to measure
the coating before it is cured, in particular in corners and
on edges, because any areas that have not been adequately
process measuring systems and supplies both mobile
devices and easy-to-use sensors for in-line coating
thickness measurement. TQC is one of the leading
suppliers of testing and measuring systems in the surface The device has been developed especially for measuring the thickness
technology industry and has more than 30 years of of powder coatings before they are cured.
experience with powder coatings.
The PowderTAG makes it possible to carry out systematic
and random measurements of the coating thickness and
to evaluate the layer of powder accurately before it is
cured. It can measure over large areas and on curves,
corners and weld seams. Three dots of light help the user
to position the measuring point, which means that even
small structures can be accurately targeted.
The thickness of powder coatings can now be measured easily, even
Because the measuring device provides reliable results, on complex parts.
even when the probe is angled through ± 15°, areas
that are difficult to access can be evaluated much more
easily than when using the ultrasonic procedure. The

22 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 23

Customary Coatings
Spooky Town:
Coating the Walls and Roof of a
Mausoleum
By: Claire Trageser
If you visited Holden, Missouri and you happened
to drive along Highway 131, you likely would have
seen a strange looking building and wondered what
it was. It is all concrete and looks like a miniature
castle, with concrete pillars in front, three arches
over the doorway, and what look like arrow slits
along the top. All it needed was a drawbridge, a
moat, and maybe a dragon.
“Some think it might be a home, others believe it
might have been for religious purposes, and children
think it might have been a jail,” said Carl Cranfill,
the owner. In fact, it is none of those things. It is
a mausoleum built by Cranfill’s great grandfather,
Joseph Marion Miller, a retired teacher and farmer.
24
Soon after Miller moved to Holden in 1915, he began
work on building the mausoleum. In 1918, the first
vault was finished and people in town began to call
it “Joseph’s Tomb.”
It took 10 years to finish, and when it was done
it included two vault rooms with 48 crypts.The
purpose of the mausoleum was for it to house
Miller’s family when they were laid to rest. Only 15
of those crypts were ever occupied, and recently the
bodies were moved to a local cemetery. And it was
discovered that the 100-year-old structure was in
need of protection.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
HISTORIC DECISIONS
The mausoleum was built from cement and stone,
and it was reinforced with steel. The walls of the first
story are 3-feet (0.9 m) thick, and the second story is
2-feet (61.0 cm) thick.
On the top is a dome with a flattened portion that
serves as an observation platform.Cranfill decided the
mausoleum needed to be insulated, so he reached out
to Richard Tooley, the owner of Kansas City, Kansas-
based Elite Roof Systems LLC. The company of 15 to
30 employees has 75 years of experience and applies
roof coatings to all types of commercial and flat roofs.
“He called me and said, ‘I’ve been researching spray
polyurethane foam [SPF] roofs and I think that would
be a good fit for my project,’” Tooley said. “When I got
out there to look at it, he told me there’s foot traffic on
the roof, people are walking on it, there’s a little guard
gate that opens onto the roof, and I said there’s no
room to install a foam roof.”
“Plus, I told him there’s no reason to install a spray
foam roof because it’s not a heated or cooled building;
there’s no one living in it,” Tooley continued. “So we
talked about different systems, I presented a couple
different options and he got back to me a few months
later and decided to go with a coating system.”
Already, there was a wrinkle. Cranfill was planning to
apply to get the mausoleum designated by the local
historical society as a historic monument. The society
told him to insulate the roof before that application.
“Because otherwise it was going to be mass hysteria
on getting it approved,” Tooley said. If he waited
until after the building was designated, Cranfill’s only
option would be to seal the concrete.
“And that wouldn’t protect the building at all,” Tooley
said.
The work was then scheduled for about two months
later.
“During that time the owner had installed electrical
lighting and cameras on the roof in conduit and
junction boxes that were all mounted into the concrete
that we were supposed to coat,” Tooley said. “Some of
it had to be removed and some of it had to be worked
around to get a 100 percent seal on the concrete.”
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 25
Another challenge to the job was the condition of that we had the safety monitor stay on for most of
the concrete itself not so much on the roof but the the project to identify any safety issues.” They used a
walls of the mausoleum. lift from Lizzy Lift to access the roof.

“The concrete was so old and pitted, it was a challenge
to seal it up,” Tooley said. “It had so many small pits
in it the size of an acorn, so everything had to be
sealed up and fixed before we could proceed with
the coating. There was a lot of prep work.”
COLORFUL COATINGS
To prep the surface and get it ready for coating,
Tooley’s crew used different kinds of epoxy and
urethane mastic to seal it.
Then they were ready to put down the coating. The
total surface area to cover was 1,800 square feet
(167.2 m²) and required a crew of three men.
The job called for a 100 percent urethane coating
system, and the crew used all products from
EverRoof. First, the crew applied Primer M100, a
two-part epoxy primer, followed by crack repairs
using Roof Flash Mastic, which is a thick urethane
material. All of this was applied with 4-inch (10 cm)
brushes from Big Rock over the cracks to an average
thickness of 24 mils (609.6 microns).
The job took about six days to finish, but once work
began it went smoothly. Construction Chemicals
“This project was out in the county, not near any
city or town,” Tooley said. “There weren’t any
environmental concerns on this project.”
“Everything went off without a hitch; the job went
really smoothly,” Tooley added. And the owner,
Cranfill, was also pleased. “A very professional
work crew did an excellent job,” he said. They’re
“very friendly and definitely would hire them again.
Thanks for taking extra care with this National
Historic Place.”
In the end, the Elite Roof Systems crew can say
they’re now a part of history, which Tooley said he
enjoyed being a part of.

The next step was a coat of urethane, which was Ever-

Thane Water-Lok in terra cotta red applied at 1.5
gallons (5.7 L) per 100 square feet (9.3 m²), followed
by a coat of Ever-Thane Base in blue applied at 1.5
gallons (5.7 L) per 100 square feet (9.3 m²). Granules
were broadcast in this coat for slip resistance.

The final coat was Ever-Thane Overglaze in a

dolphin grey color. This coat was an aliphatic color-
stable product. The final coat was also applied at
1.5 gallons (5.7 L) per 100 square feet (9.3 m²). The

MARKET TRENDS
combined coatings system created a 5.5-gallon (20.8
L) urethane system or an average thickness of 60 dry
mils (1,524.0 microns).

TOWER OF HOLDEN

“Safety on this job was different than our typical

application,” Tooley said. “Due to the small size of CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS MARKET IS BUILDING ON SUCCESS
the project, we couldn’t utilize cones and bases with
flags around the perimeter so we used a competent U.S. demand for construction chemicals like adhesives and grouts is expected to shift toward
safety monitor for the duration of the project. There
higher-value formulations and technologies.
is a short tower on the top of the mausoleum roof

26 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 27

Domestic demand for construction chemicals used in
on-site applications is projected to grow 8.2% per year
through 2018 to $12.1 billion, according to “Construction
Chemicals,” a recent study from The Freedonia Group Inc.
Gains will be primarily driven by double-digit increases
in building construction expenditures, supported by
healthy economic growth and an improved consumer
financial outlook.
Increased economic activity and greater government
investment in the aging infrastructure of the U.S. will
also support healthy consumption of construction
chemicals in non-building applications. While overall
growth will be underpinned by the strong increases in
construction spending, the product mix is expected to
continue to shift toward new, higher-value formulations
and technologies as the market adapts to environmental
regulations and more stringent building codes.
“Following several years of recovery, a fully healed U.S.
housing market will lead to a jump in new residential
construction activity,” said analyst Nick Cunningham.
Nonresidential building construction activity is also
expected to increase rapidly through 2018. Economic
growth will support a rebound in both the industrial and
office and commercial sectors.
Greater economic activity will also require increased
investment in infrastructure, both public and private,
particularly for the U.S.’ aging transportation network.
This will lead to healthy growth in non-building
construction chemicals demand, especially for cement
and asphalt additives and coatings. Growing demand
for chemical additives and coatings will also result from
28
the increasing use of new concrete technologies that
offer superior performance and ease of placement, such
as high performance concrete and self-consolidating
concrete.
Higher value formulations will continue to gain
share in many product segments in response to both
environmental and performance concerns. Volatile
organic compound (VOC) regulations have been enacted
at both the federal and state level; this trend will be
further intensified by consumer preferences for low-odor
and easy cleanup water-based products. The transition
toward better-performing, longer-lasting products will
boost the value of the construction chemicals market
going forward, though the decreased replacement
frequency and volume of chemicals required will serve
as a check on further growth.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Construction Chemicals
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
PAST PRESENT AND FUTURE
By: Willie Kay
ABSTRACT
Construction Chemicals – I defined in a technical talk
to FICCI in February 2010 as follows:
Materials that enhance construction which I list below
in table I. I have expanded this list to include what I
define as building products. Enhance means to speed up
construction. To add value through long life, protecting
from the environment or operating conditions. It can
also mean to restore durability when the construction
process was inadequate. Material technology for these
products include cement, modified cements resins, both
aqueous dispersions as well as epoxy, polyurethane and
so on. The chemical base is large and in Asia to some
degree unregulated.
The Table I is not exhaustive but picks some selected
areas.
If I look back when I started in this industry in 1966
admixtures were virtually unknown, the only admixture
I used was air entrainment for frost resistance as an
experiment on a concrete farm access road. Pre-packed
repairs were unknown and epoxy and polyester resins
were in their infancy. Joint sealants developed in World
War II for sealing aircraft cockpits these were originally
based on polysulphide though polyurethanes were
available.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
As construction technology methods of construction
advance demands were made on our industry. Early
technologies were in concrete repair; high early strength
concretes and finishes for precast. At the same time
industry – food, engines and pharmaceutical were
driving the resin flooring market.
Working for Taylor Woodrow in their materials research
lab started my knowledge of how small amounts of
chemical materials were changing our industry.
The nuclear power industry need “hard” resin floors that
could be decontaminated, joint sealants to allow cladding
to move yet be watertight all fuelled this technology. In
the late 60s and early 70s many large contractors had
construction chemical divisions. Cementation led by
Peter Hewlett, Wimpey Labs with L. Tabor and Laings
with S.B.D to name a few.
Concrete repair was something I became involved in
with our team developing injection materials, protective
coating, which than led to industrial flooring. Roger
Browne who was head of Research for Taylor Woodrow
Research and Laurence McCurriah head of materials
were true pioneers and inspired many developments that
are now taken for granted.
Development Polyester Concrete Admixture
Technology was also advancing with the introduction of
superplasticiser. One of the first commercial materials
developed in 1968 by SKW was Melment 10. Although
it’s launch at the UK CaCA in the early 70s was a slight
disaster it proved on site its capability. At Kishorne where
we were building concrete platform for the North Sea
Melment was used on the Precast units used in
29
construction.
Built by Howard Doris for Chevron UK from 1975-
1977. The structure stands on a base slab of 140 metres
diameter and has a displacement of 600,000 tonnes. The
platform I understand is still operational. At he same
time admixtures and protective coatings were used at the
Ardyne Point site with excellent results.
Other construction chemical developments running
simultaneously were retarding admixtures for slip form,
high performance coating for curing and waterproofing
and resin anchors and seals. The most significant
development was the move into polymer modified
cements mortars. Prior to this project most repairs were
made in epoxy mortars or pre-packed cement grouting
but due to the size of slip form and rate of climb new
technologies was required.
The first generation materials were very basic in terms
of properties and needed skilful application and curing.
Over the next 10 years numerous developments were
made to include rapid set, high strength, ultra high build
and many more variations.
Moving repair mortar into the 80s and 90s concrete
admixture technology advanced rapidly slump retention
and high fluidity concretes became the norm and speeded
up construction.
In Singapore huge basement rafts were cast in large non
stop concrete pours. At the same time precast technology
advanced and with the Naphthalene Technology a twenty
four hour cycle time was easily achieved.
Admixture Technology has continued to advance and
self compacting concrete was an outcome of this starting
in Japan in 1990.
In the 21st century construction chemicals opened new
ways of how we build. In precast insitu concrete, repair,
30
injection and protective coatings all changed due to the
advancement of new chemistry and technology.
Injection for sealing leaks and cracks has a range of
materials that are safer in terms of toxicity and have
absolutely variable properties. The picture shows
polyurethane resins in various forms. With variable
setting time from 5 seconds to 30 minutes problems
that in the past could not be solved are now fixable.
However certain people skills and equipment are equally
important to achieved success.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Foam
Elastic
Rigid
With variable setting time from 5 seconds to 30 minutes
problems that in the past could not be solved are now
fixable. However certain people skills and equipment are
equally important to achieved success.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Resin Injection in repair has expanded its role to a paint
today where earthquake and bomb repair it is part of the
repair. However it is critical that correct application of
these materials is followed. Injection of cracks to fill and
rebond is dependant on three key issues; the viscosity of
the given resin, the injection pressure and the time taken
to pump resin into the cracks. In many instances people
do not understand this relationship and many cracks are
not injected correctly. In earthquake repair this can have
disastrous results should secondary tremors occur.
The picture below show epoxy injection to repair bomb
damaged cracks concrete
Precast concrete mould turn around was revolutionised
by PCE Technology and now with tunnel segments 3
casts per day are in use – example Abu Dhabi.
The uses of blended cements to reduce heat and increase
durability have been developing for many years. This has
allowed the used of high strength highly fluid concrete
for large basements concrete pours of over 10,000 m3 are
not unusual and yet compliant with temperature controls
both peak and differential.
Protecting concrete from chemical attack whether
by chloride, carbonisation or acid has led to many
developments. The list is endless but I will briefly
mention two areas.
31
In Singapore we coat the extrados of our tunnel segments
to increase durability. Initially following Hong Kong
we used a bituminous system which was replaced by a
cold tar system. With increased knowledge we became
aware of the toxic effects of tars and solvents and now the
segments are coated with solvent free water based epoxy.
The idea of this coating is to penetrate and stop ingress
of any deleterious materials.
of architectural precast is in the thin shapes and
curved sections which allow designers to produce
aesthetically pleasing structures.
In the future will admixture technology continuing
we will see ultra high strength self compacting
concrete being the norm self curing and fibre
advancements will lead to minimal repair and

The waste water industry has been under pressure to

enclose sewerage plants to limit the smell in urban areas.
However when waste is enclosed we then encourage
biogenic acid gas which accelerates corrosion.

Biogenic corrosion is very dangerous to concrete as the

degradation of the H2S into acid also has an expansive
action thus accelerating the deterioration and quickly
leading to failure. The pictures below show the horrific
effect of this acid attack.

Conventional epoxy and similar materials cannot resist

this acid attack at a pH of 1 or less. This led to a new
development of breathable high build coating based
on polymer silicate technology. The acid resistance is
excellent and it also is resistant to high temperature. Due
to its breathability application to below ground concrete
is practical.

There are other solutions but sheet repair systems have

their practical application difficulties.

WHAT IS THE FUTURE?

We will continue to be subject to more and more
pressure to stop harming our environment. In concrete
we are on the verge of launching a “New” concrete free of
Portland cement. Using by products from the steel and
power generation industry which is olden days were just
dumped as fill we can produce sustainable concrete.

In Chemical Technology REACh a European legislation

has force companies to disclose what is in their products.
This has led to many products being withdrawn due to
toxicity. Many people are unaware that certain chemicals
can release obnoxious or harmful compounds into the
environment this is especially true of some resin floors.
Recyclability will I am sure be part of design so material
selection will be checked for suitability. We have already
built in Singapore office with 100% recycled aggregate
and codes will have to change to allow progress.
thinner sections. In Malaysia a bridge has been built
In Singapore the government is funding research on using G200 extruded concrete. In Germany “acid
recycling of aggregates and will have a world resistant” concrete is being used to build cooling
leading position. towers for power stations. Historically these were
coated but now the durability is from within the
In the concrete industry we are sure will see more concrete.
and more precast production. The advantages

32 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 33


Adhesives & Sealants
Using Structural
Adhesives to Bond
Metals Prior to
Liquid Painting and
Powder Coating
By: Tony Kremer
Structural adhesives have long been used for bonding
parts together in the assembly of durable products
such as metal office furniture, HVAC equipment, truck
bodies, metal doors, agricultural equipment, signs and
architectural panels. In these applications, the structural
adhesive typically replaces welding, spot welding or
mechanical fasteners (such as bolts, rivets and screws)
to provide high-strength bonds to metal components
that have already been painted or coated to their finished
condition.
34
Another manufacturing option would be to bond the
metal parts together prior to the liquid painting or
powder coating process, but this procedure presents
some unique challenges for the structural adhesive. In
addition to providing long-lasting, high-strength bonds
in the finished product, the cured adhesive must also
accomplish the following:
• Survive immersion in aggressive and high-temperature
pre-treatment wash cycles;
• Conduct enough electricity to properly ground metal
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
parts for electrostatic spraying of powder coatings;
• Accept the liquid paint or powder coating itself to
match the final color of the metal parts, should there be
any squeeze-out or exposed edges of cured adhesive;
• Have enough high-temperature load-holding capability
to keep parts together through the paint bake or drying
oven.
There are certain types of epoxy and acrylic structural
adhesives that meet these requirements, and they can
enable a more streamlined manufacturing process that
provides a stronger and more aesthetically pleasing final
product.
ADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVE BONDING
There are many design, performance and economic
drivers that entice engineers to consider the use of
structural adhesives to replace thermal and mechanical
attachment methods when making metal assemblies.
These advantages include:
UNIFORM LOAD DISTRIBUTION: Under shear,
tensile and compressive forces, structural adhesives
spread applied stresses over the entire bond area, which
helps to eliminate stress concentrations. Most mechanical
attachments connect parts together at a single point,
where the localized stresses can get very high under
applied force. This factor becomes even more important
for attachments subjected to cyclic loading, where the
high, localized stresses from a mechanical attachment
can cause a small amount of damage to the bonded
substrates each cycle, which eventually leads to early
bond failure. This uniform stress distribution feature
of structural adhesives allows them to have equivalent
or greater strength than thermal and mechanical
attachments in metal assemblies (Figure 1).
Substrate integrity: Most thermal and mechanical
attachment methods can damage the parts being
connected together by creating a hole in the substrate,
thermally degrading or distorting the metal or removing
protective coatings. These actions can weaken the
mechanical strength of the substrates or reduce
their ability to withstand exposure to weather and
environmental conditions. On the other hand, structural
Figure: 1 (Bont Strength comparison)
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
adhesives bond to the surfaces without harming the
parts themselves.
WEIGHT REDUCTION: Since structural adhesives
adhere to the surfaces, there is also the potential to
decrease the thickness (and therefore weight) of bonded
assemblies. Unlike many thermal and mechanical
attachment techniques, adhesion does not depend on
the mechanical strength of the substrates themselves,
allowing for the use of thinner metal components.
The transportation industry has a great focus on
lightweighting of automobiles, busses and rail cars due
to the potential for fuel savings and reduced emissions,
making structural adhesives an excellent choice for these
types of assemblies.
BOND AND SEAL SIMULTANEOUSLY: When
applied in a continuous bead around the perimeter of
an attachment, a liquid structural adhesive can fill gaps
between the assembled parts and provide an excellent
seal against water or moisture intrusion. Thermal and
mechanical attachments would typically need a separate
gasket or applied sealant to provide adequate sealing
properties.
IMPROVED APPEARANCE: Weld fillets are easily
visible in finished products and require a significant
amount of labor and mess to grind flat. Spot welds leave
divots that can be seen even after painting over them.
Bolts, rivets and screws are obviously still visible in the
finished product. Being hidden inside the bond line
between the two connected parts, structural adhesives
eliminate these unwanted visual attachments and leave a
cleaner, more aesthetically pleasing final product.
ADHESIVE BONDING BEFORE
PAINTING OR POWDER COATING
Most structural adhesive bonds are made to finished
components, since painted metal parts are often bonded
to different substrates such as plastics, glass, wood
or other materials that do not get painted or coated.
However, when bonding metal components that will
receive the same paint or powder coat, there are potential
advantages of bonding the parts together before (rather
than after) painting. These advantages include:
IMPROVED MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
The structural adhesive could be used to bond the bare
metal parts together first, and thus only one assembly
(rather than multiple individual components) would
need to be put through the painting process. Any exposed
adhesive edges would also get covered with the paint or
powder coat, thus giving a more consistently colored
final product.
35
DIFFICULT-TO-BOND PAINTS: Structural
adhesives generally adhere well to most paint and
coating chemistries, including epoxy, urethane and
polyester formulations. However, there are some low-
surface-energy paints (most notably fluorine-containing
paints such as those based on PVDF) to which most
structural adhesives will not bond well. Using a metal
bonding structural adhesive prior to the painting process
eliminates the concern with inadequate adhesion to
these paints.
STRONGER BOND: The overall strength of an
adhesively bonded assembly depends not only on how
well the adhesive sticks to the painted surface, but also on
how well the paint has bonded to the metal underneath,
which could also potentially fail at its interface. Using a
structural adhesive to bond to bare metal components
(prior to painting) eliminates this additional layer and
provides an extremely high-strength bond directly with
the metal substrates.
STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE SELECTION
There are a wide variety of structural adhesives available
to design and manufacturing engineers for making
permanent attachments in industrial assemblies,
including everything from cyanoacrylate instant
adhesives and curable hot melt adhesives to heat-cure
epoxy film adhesives. While all of these products have
their particular uses, only certain types of two-component
structural adhesives cure at room temperature and have
the outstanding bond strength, chemical resistance and
high-temperature dead load holding power necessary to
work well for metal bonding applications prior to liquid
painting or powder coating. The choice of which adhesive
type to consider for a specific application depends on the
trade-offs in final cured adhesive performance and ease-
of-use in the manufacturing process. These adhesive
families include:
TOUGHENED EPOXY ADHESIVES: These are
high-modulus, very high-strength epoxy structural
adhesives that include rubber particles or other impact
modifiers that greatly increase the strength and durability
of adhesive bonds under dynamic stresses such as shock,
vibration and fatigue. Epoxy adhesives have excellent
adhesion to bare metals, and outstanding environmental
and temperature resistance. These products are most
often used for direct replacement of welds, spot
welds and mechanical fasteners in heavy-duty metal
assemblies. However, careful surface preparation must
be performed to achieve the outstanding bond strengths
possible with epoxy adhesives. This typically means a
thorough cleaning of the surface (with a solvent such
as acetone) to remove any oils, fingerprints or other
contamination, followed by light abrasion using grit
blasting, sandpaper or 3M™ Scotch-Brite™ pads, then
36
another solvent wipe to remove the abrasion debris;
alternatively, a solvent cleaning followed by a chemical
etch also works extremely well. Epoxy adhesives also
cure relatively slowly, so adequate time must be allowed
for the structural adhesive to cure prior to putting the
bonded assembly through the painting process. At room
temperature, typical cure times to achieve structural
strength would probably range from several hours to
overnight. Review the Technical Data Sheets for 3M™
Scotch-Weld™ Epoxy Adhesives DP420 and DP460 to
understand the typical properties of toughened epoxy
structural adhesives.
“METAL BONDER” ACRYLIC ADHESIVES:
These are high-strength acrylic structural adhesives that
include modified raw materials or additives to counteract
the potential corrosive properties of standard acrylic
adhesives on certain bare metal surfaces such as steel and
copper (Figure 2). Acrylic adhesives are also naturally
rigid, so formulations suitable for high-performance
metal bonds should also be toughened by the inclusion
of rubber particles or other impact modifiers. While the
performance and durability of these products may be
slightly lower than epoxy structural adhesives, acrylic
adhesives provide some significant advantages for the
manufacturing process. Depending on the specific
metal and protective oils used, structural bonds with
acrylic adhesives may be possible with minimal or no
surface preparation. The acrylic chemistry can absorb
rust protection oils and other light oil layers to make
a structural bond with the underlying metal. While
the surface preparation techniques discussed earlier
would always be recommended, acrylic adhesives are
much more tolerant of inadequate or spotty surface
preparation (Figure 3). Acrylic structural adhesives
also cure much faster than epoxy adhesives with the
same work life, allowing for a quicker submission to
the painting process. For example, a 10-min work life
epoxy adhesive would probably require 4-8 hrs to reach
adequate bond strength to survive a powder coating bake
oven, whereas a 10-min work life acrylic adhesive could
probably be started in less than 1 hr. If manufacturing
speed and in-line inventory reduction are important,
an acrylic structural adhesive would probably be a
better candidate. Review the technical data sheet for 3M
Scotch-Weld Metal Bonder Acrylic Adhesive DP8407NS
Gray to understand the typical properties of a toughened
acrylic structural adhesive.
PROVING ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE
Two separate experiments were conducted to confirm
the ability of these structural adhesives to perform well
in metal bonding assemblies put through a subsequent
painting process:
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
POWDER COATING TRIALS: Flat metal parts
were assembled with structural adhesives and put
through a standard powder coating process line to
determine whether or not the adhesives would survive
immersion in the pre-treatment wash cycles, conduct
enough electricity to properly ground metal parts
for electrostatic spraying of the powder, and accept
the powder coating on any exposed adhesive edges.
The pre-wash cycle included a 15-min immersion in
150 °F alkaline (pH=11) metal cleaner and a 5-min
immersion in 120 °F acidic (pH=4.5) iron phosphate
coating aqueous solution. This full factorial experiment
FIGURE 2 » Strength retention after
include two different adhesives (3M Scotch-Weld Epoxy
high-temperature and humidity exposure.
Adhesive DP420 Off-White and 3M Scotch-Weld Metal
Bonder Acrylic Adhesive DP8407NS Gray), two metal
substrates (aluminum and cold rolled steel), two bond
line thicknesses (0.010” and 0.035”), and three different
powder coat chemistries (epoxy, polyester, and polyester
TGIC). The cured structural adhesives survived the wash
cycles and held the metal parts together successfully.
In all combinations except one, the powder deposited
completely and evenly on all metal surfaces, resulting in
a beautiful finished painted metal assembly. The one case
that had some issues with powder deposition was the
thick (0.035”) bond line assemblies using the toughened
epoxy adhesive. In this specific configuration, the epoxy
FIGURE 3 » Effect of surface preparation.
structural adhesive did not provide a sufficient ground
for the powder to distribute correctly. The same adhesive
DEAD LOAD HOLDING TESTS: Overlap shear test
worked perfectly at the thinner (and more typical) 0.010”
specimens were put under various amounts of applied
bond line thickness, and the “metal bonder” acrylic
stress using a spring-loaded fixture, which was then placed
adhesive provided an excellent painted product at both
inside a 400 °F oven for 1 hr. Since the cured structural
bond line thicknesses.
adhesive alone would have to support all bonded parts
attached to the component hung in the painting line, this
test was done to measure how much weight the adhesive STRUCTURAL ADHESIVE SOLUTION
could hold at high temperature (Figure 4). Both types
Designed for bonding a wide range of metals, toughened
of structural adhesives discussed here performed well,
epoxy and acrylic structural adhesives can provide
with the toughened epoxy structural adhesive holding at
the strength and durability needed to replace welds,
least 200 psi shear stress and the “metal bonder” acrylic
spot welds and mechanical fasteners in a wide variety
structural adhesive holding at least 75 psi shear stress.
of industrial applications. These products can also
This result means that just 1 square inch of adhesive
provide the necessary dead load holding power and
bond area can support at least 75 pounds of attached
high-temperature strength to enable the bonding of
metal parts for 1 hr through a 400 °F paint bake oven.
metal components together prior to a liquid paint or
This should be enough holding power for nearly all metal
powder coating process, allowing design and aesthetic
assemblies.
improvements in the final product and process benefits
for the manufacturer.
FIGURE 4 » Dead load holding power during paint bake oven.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 37
 extensively characterized. It is necessary to use
specific methodologies to characterize the degree of
adhesion (i.e., surface and interface properties) and
the degree of adherence (i.e., mechanical resistance
to shear, peel, and fracture).
Adhesives & Sealants
Adhesion refers specifically to the strength or areal
density of interfacial bonds; adherence is a measure
From a technological standpoint, the typical
specifications for adhesives include:
> The ability to bond a wide range of raw materials
(ceramic, polymer, glass, metal, composite, skin,
etc.) and allow assemblies of various shapes and
dimensions;
> The ability to allow the distribution of stress on

Materials Science
additives (without which the
of all the energy dissipated in a volume near the the adhesive joint over all of the bonded surface;
paper would act as a blotter).
interface during a fracture test. In order to better > Economical processing; and
Although natural adhesives
define what type of materials can be used for these > Ease of use (the technology should be usable by
are still used today for
various applications, it is important to keep in mind anyone).
certain applications, modern
the function: bonding two surfaces together. This
adhesives are closely linked to
requires that the adhesive start as a liquid (to form Some additional specifications, such as electric or
the development of synthetic

of Adhesives:
the bond easily and completely, even on a rough thermal conduction, or low permeability to air or
polymers in the 20th century.
surface) and have some affinity with the substrates water, can be achieved by the specific design of the
Current world production of
to be bonded. In its final state, the adhesive must adhesives and the resulting bonded joints.
adhesives is on the order of 10
be a solid (to resist fracture of the bond). Therefore,

How to Bond
million tons a year, and there
all existing adhesives represent technological and This versatility makes adhesive bonding the
are more than 10,000 different
scientific solutions for achieving this liquid-to- solid technology of choice for many applications in which
adhesives available on the
transition. precise positioning and processing speed are crucial
market from a vast number of
and the bond is subjected to relatively low stresses.

Things Together
manufacturers.1
The only materials that are able to easily undergo An example of this versatility is the widespread use
this type of transition, either through a chemical of adhesives in the microelectronics industry; as
From a materials science
reaction or a melting/ crystallization process at an example, Figure 1 shows the many places that
point of view, what defines
reasonable temperatures, are polymers. Therefore, adhesives are used inside a photographic camera.
an adhesive is not its material
all adhesives are polymer-based; their design aims
By: Costantino Creton and Eric Papon, type (such as a polymer, a
to control both the rate of bond formation and the However, in the case of structural materials, if one
Guest Editors metal, or a semiconductor) but
bond strength (resistance to stress, strain, and brittle compares adhesive bonding with other joining
its function. In appearance,
fracture). technologies such as riveting, bolting, or welding,
this function is rather simple
some disadvantages of adhesives become apparent.
ABSTRACT and mundane, namely, to
Except for the case of self-adhesive materials, the First of all, while modern structural adhesives can
bond two surfaces together.
raw materials used for adhesives are either reactive achieve, once cured, reasonable levels of yield stress
This issue of MRS Bulletin provides an overview of the state of the art and emerging However, the choice of an
monomers or polymers formulated in such a way and toughness, there is often no nondestructive way
trends in the area of adhesives. An adhesive is basically defined by its function, appropriate adhesive system
that they can be easily coated on various substrates. to measure the level of adherence; the only way to
which is to assemble two surfaces together. In order to fulfill this function, the for an application depends
Low viscosity is essential for spreading the adhesive evaluate the bond is to fracture it. This is a
properties of an adhesive must include easy positioning at the interface, rapid on many factors, such as the
and complete bond formation and subsequent hardening, and a bond strength on the surface to achieve the most complete bonding particularly important drawback when it comes to
required adhesive properties
adapted to the specific application (structural, permanent, removable, rigid, interaction. Then, a physical process (solvent measuring age-resistance, because once fracture
(from permanent to
or soft). A variety of solutions exist in practice, and their application requires evaporation, temperature cooling) or a chemical occurs, the sample is no longer available for further
temporary applications), the
an understanding both of polymer chemistry and materials science. The main process (chain- or step-growth polymerizations, aging. Second, adhesive joints generally cannot
materials to be bonded, the
families of adhesives, their properties, and their basic design principles will be vulcanization, or mild cross-linking) controls the withstand high temperatures. Their use at elevated
thermomechanical properties
discussed in the articles in this issue, while this introductory article presents an transformation of the adhesive into a bonded joint. temperatures is limited by the poor thermal stability
overview of the functions required of adhesives and future trends. of the bonded joints, and
The mechanical strength of the formed joint is of organic polymers. However, recent progress in
the processing conditions.
Historically, the use of adhesives rubber latex to waterproof woven then related to both the chemical structure of the polymer chemistry has made possible the continuous
Making
cannot be dissociated from the textiles as early as 1000 BC. The next polymer backbone and the molar mass between use of adhesives at temperatures as high as 300C.
the proper choice requires
use of sealants. Two of the earliest industrial development of adhesives physical entanglements or chemical cross-links.
knowledge of the physics,
documented uses of natural came with the development of The design of the polymer must be related to the The first two articles in this issue, by Aymonier and
mechanics, and chemistry of
adhesives (from around 1500 BC) the printing press in the 15th adhesive application (from a soft, low-shear-strength Papon on soft reactive adhesives and by Millington
various materials ranging
are caulking ships with tar and century, which required increased polymer for removable pressure-sensitive adhesives and Shaw on high-temperature adhesives, are
from metals to polymers,
sealing jars of spices with asphalt by production of paper and therefore of to a hard, high-shear-strength, tough polymer for focused on adhesives that require careful design of
composites, and even skin;
the early Phoenicians. The Olmecs natural glues (to hold the cellulose structural adhesives). The large possibilities offered the polymer chemistry at the monomer level. Such
their surfaces and bulk
in Central America used natural fibers together) and hydrophobic by polymer science lend indispensable versatility to careful attention to the functional monomer is
properties must also be
adhesion technology. essential in achieving the desired performance of
38 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 39
the bonded joint and ensures ease
of manipulation of the uncured
adhesive.
The second two articles are focused
on adhesives in which no chemical
reaction takes place during bond
formation in the liquid state.
Pressure-sensitive adhesives (as
described by Creton) do not undergo
any physical transformation but only
work because of adhesion hysteresis.
In this case, macromolecular design
(chain molecular weight, cross-
linking) and formulation are more
important than the functional
monomer. Hot-melt adhesives (as
discussed by Paul) are often based
on the controlled crystallization of
a specific phase upon cooling. Since
this crystallization process can be
very fast, relative to most chemical
reactions, these types of adhesives
are favored where process speed is
important.
Finally, the last two articles are more
focused on the properties of the
adhesive joint, with two examples
for which the key to the desired
properties is the introduction of a
carefully designed second phase
at the micron level. In the case of
toughened epoxies (as explained
by Kinloch), the introduction of
micron-sized rubber particles greatly
increases the energy dissipation upon
crack propagation and makes these
adhesives by far the most used type of
structural adhesives for highstrength
applications. The final article, by
Murray et al., provides interesting
research is control of the
examples of what the future may have
reversibility of adherence. A
in store for us in terms of functional
main advantage of structural
adhesives, which combine the ease
joints is their high resistance
of use and versatility of an adhesive
to stress, combined with their
with an additional property such as
strong adherence on various
thermal or electrical conductivity.
substrates. However, the
irreversibility of the viscous-
FUTURE TRENDS to-solid transition in adhesive
REVERSIBLE ADHERENCE bonds precludes, for example,
One emerging trend in adhesive the easy repair of industrial
40 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
and thus decrease the mechanical resistance of
the joint. One application of such a strategy could ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
be in the area of dentistry, to easily and painlessly
ADHESIVES
eliminate a protective acrylic sealant before the
treatment of dental decay. Another way to influence
One of the important trends in the 21st century is
the fracture properties of a structural joint could be
the drive toward ecologically sound (e.g., recyclable)
to use some specific additives that are able to induce,
products. While adhesives, since they are typically
after suitable activation, controlled deterioration
used in small amounts, are not at the forefront of
of the joint. Some examples have been recently
this trend, recyclability is likely to become more
patented (e.g., French patents FR 02 03 095 and FR
important in the future.
03 03 594).
A lot of so-called “green” adhesives are derived from
the biomass, for example, from trees and animal fats.
FUNCTIONAL ADHESIVES Today, these adhesives are typically used for low-cost
applications. However, research based on the
As discussed in more detail in the article by chemical modification of biomacromolecules should
Murray et al., another trend is to combine different lead to the design of new adhesives to broaden their
functions in the same adhesive. Thermal and usual range of applications. Adhesives derived from
electrical conductivity are one example; controlled the biomass are manufactured from a complicated
drug release is another. In the second case, the drug blend of molecules found in nature, so their
is dissolved or encapsulated in the adhesive (e.g., chemical structures are poorly defined. There is a
on a pressure-sensitive patch) and then released push in Europe to purify raw materials to produce
at a controlled rate. In this type of application, the adhesives with a well-defined chemical structure.
solubility and diffusion coefficient of the drug must Such adhesives must be designed to perform well
be well controlled. and be recyclable while also satisfying the constraints
imposed by forthcoming environmental legislation.
devices or recycling of raw
materials. In order to remove the
adhesive that is, to achieve the
solidto viscous transition one can
imagine including some specific
organic moieties in the polymer-
based adhesive backbone. These
moieties, easily cleaved under
external stimulation (e.g., UV–
vis irradiation) could induce
polymer-chain scission
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 41

Inks
INK MANUFACTURERS ARE SEEING
GROWTH IN THE REGION, WITH INDIA,
VIETNAM, INDONESIA AND THAILAND
AMONG THE RAPIDLY EXPANDING
The Asia-Pacific region is driven by the economies of
China, India, Japan and other growing nations. China
has the largest economy in Asia-Pacific and will be the
focus of a separate report in Ink World’s September-
October 2016 issue.
For ink manufacturers, the Asia-Pacific region continues
to expand. In particular, ink executives noted that India,
Vietnam, Indonesia and Thailand have shown excellent
42
growth.
“The Asia-Pacific region showed moderate growth
despite growing uncertainty over the outlook for the
global economy, as the speed of growth in China and
other emerging countries slowed sharply,” said Tadashi
Nakano, manager, Global Business Division, Toyo Ink
Co., Ltd. “As such, offset ink sales were weak in China
and Southeast Asia. The packaging sector also showed
moderate growth. Key growth drivers are booming
populations, increased consumer spending as well as
demand for more appealing packaging and sustainable
printing from developing nations in the region.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
“Indonesia and Vietnam have the strongest growth
prospects with the packaging sectors in these nations
growing at double-digit rates,” Nakano added. “For Toyo,
we are seeing the most growth in Thailand, thanks in
part to the country’s strong industrial base and a growing
packaging market. The printing market in Malaysia
continues to be a key industry fueling the nation’s
economic development.”
Yuich Kataura, GM, International Operations Division,
Sakata INX, reported that growth in the ink market was
sluggish in the Asian region because China’s economic
slowdown affected surrounding Asian countries. Kataura
pointed to India and Vietnam as good areas for growth.
“The offset and packaging markets are both growing in
India because their GDP rate is increasing compared
with other Asian countries, and their population also is
increasing,” Kataura noted.
“In Asia, the offset commercial printing market was
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
tough and its demand was weak while the packaging
market was stable,” said Hideyuki Hinataya, president of
Toka Hong Kong. “In the Pacific, printing of publications
has been decreasing. We have seen growth in demand
for UV ink, due to the increase in power-saving UV
printing, and also package printing has been switching
from conventional to UV ink. The strongest growth in
Asia is in India and Vietnam.”
“Within Asia-Pacific, different sub-regions have a
different story to tell,” said Robert Doerffel, corporate
communications, Europe for hubergroup. “Commercial
printing, including newspaper and magazines, have
shown a declining trend while packaging continues to
grow at a healthy rate. ANZ remains stable, China has
shown some decline while the rest of Asia is on a growth
trajectory. South Asian countries, particularly India, are
among the fastest growing.”
“Just like the global trend, there is less commercial
printing and more packaging printing, even in the Asia-
43
Pacific area,” said Charlie Lee of Daihan Ink. “And due to
the strong US dollar, Asia’s rising nations’ buying power
became weaker.”
DIC reported that India, Indonesia and Vietnam enjoy
strong growth in almost all ink categories.
“The developing nations of South East Asia and South Asia
enjoyed strong growth in most product categories,” a DIC
Printing Ink Division spokesperson said. “Packaging was
an area of growth, while the publication and commercial
sector suffered due to a continuous transition of paper
media to digital devices.”
Printing ink manufacturers are expanding their
operations in the Asia-Pacific region, with Toyo Ink
among the most active companies.
“In 2015, Toyochem Specialty Chemical in Malaysia
began construction work to expand its offset ink plant
with a new line,” Nakano reported. “The new factory
began operation earlier this year and is running stably
in keeping up with growing demand. In fall of 2015, to
keep up with rising demand, Toyo Ink India installed
a new line at its liquid inks factory in Delhi, doubling
Daihan Ink’s Anyang Factory.
44
its production capacity at the location. To keep up with
increasing global demand, the Group is working to boost
its UV ink production capacity at the Fuji factory in Japan
with the construction of an additional plant. The new site
is expected to come online in the fall of this year.”
________________________________________
________________________________________
“We are now building a new factory in Vietnam, near
Hanoi,” Lee said. “Vietnam is an emerging market. Many
Korean manufacturers are there, including Samsung. So,
Korean packaging companies are there as well to supply
packages and manuals.”
“In order to grow our business more, we set up a factory
in Thailand,” Hinataya added.
“We will be moving into a new plant with larger space
in Guangzhou, China,” said Kataura. “We completed the
first phase of construction for our newspaper ink plant
in Panoil, India last year, and the second phase will be
completed this year. We also have plans to build a new
offset ink plant in Maoming, China.”
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 45
 Sooner than you think, e-paper is
going to be everywhere. You might
not even notice it’s there, and that’s
the point.
Inks FIRST WORDS
Before we get too far, here’s a quick
primer: An e-paper display is filled
with really tiny ink capsules, which
have electric charges. Some of the ink
in each capsule is white, some is black.
Using electrical fields, the display
rearranges the ink to show different
things on the screen. (When you turn
the page on a Kindle, the resulting
flash is just the ink rearranging itself.)
That rearranging takes a very small
amount of power, but when it’s done,
it shuts off. Keeping an image on the
screen doesn’t require any power at
all.
similar, called FlexCase.) He’s been
working on the case since 2012,
after he and his co-founder made a
list of all the things that suck about
smartphones. They landed on three
big ones: you have to constantly
turn it on and unlock it just to see
anything; it’s always running out of
battery; and the screen is both bad
for your eyes and often hard to read.
They figured the back of your phone
was powerful, underused real estate.
Pebble time What if you put another screen there?
Popslate looked into lots of display
tech, but Behzadi says E Ink was the
only one that met all the company’s
requirements.
POPSLATE

An e-paper display obviously can’t Withings Go fitness tracker

do everything an LCD or OLED can.
Those technologies are more colorful
and vibrant. They refresh faster,
and they’re much more responsive
to touch—there’s no chance you’ll

GET READY FOR THE

be buying an E Ink smartphone or
television anytime soon. But not
everything needs all that pizzaz,

WORLD TO BE COVERED IN
which is why gadgets of all shapes and
The Sony SmartBand Talk
sizes are already adopting e-paper
screens. It’s all over the wearables

ELECTRONIC INK
By: David Pierce
The Amazon Kindle is probably the
least gadget-y gadget ever created.
No one ever exclaims about its
remarkable specs. It doesn’t need
upgrading every two years. You just
pick it up, turn it on, and read. It’s
always felt that way too, even when
the Kindle had a keyboard and
nineteen buttons and weighed four
hundred pounds.
It’s the black and white E Ink display
that really sets the tone. It’s slow
and sort of awkward to tap around
on, but it’s simple. It doesn’t shine
brightly the way your phone does,
keeping your spouse up at night.
Eventually, you stop thinking about
the Kindle as a screen altogether. It’s
just a book.
Electronic paper, as that display tech
is known (E Ink is a trademarked
term owned by the company named
E Ink, the tech’s leading purveyor),
has always been associated primarily
with the Kindle and its ilk. But
e-paper is about to be much bigger
than e-books. These durable, easy-
to-read screens are taking over the
world, from billboards to price tags
to the walls of your house. We’ve
been imagining this future forever:
the all-screen worlds of Total Recall,
Minority Report, Blade Runner,
and other less-dystopian movies.
Researchers have spent decades
working out how to turn walls,
floors, ceilings, and facades into
touchscreens. The only way that
works is if those screens are rugged
as hell, don’t need much power, and
can be used and seen in absolutely
any conditions. Only one display
technology checks all those boxes.
industry, for one: the Pebble Time,
the Withings Go fitness tracker, the
Sony SmartBand Talk, the flexible
The Popslate case is an excellent,
new Polyera Wove Band. One of
always-on accessory for your phone.
Timex’s high-end GPS watches has a
It’ll show you the latest sports score,
color E Ink screen, using a technology
flash your next calendar event, or
called Mirasol. For these and other
even scroll through the pages of a
wearables, long battery life is much
book. And the company’s long-term
more important than tack-sharp
plan is all about the content, not the
resolutions and crispy colors.
The flexible new Polyera Wove Band hardware.
“If you’re ESPN,” Behzadi says,
CASE STUDY “having a persistent dashboard on
someone’s phone is high-value for
Even some devices that do need great you.” Next up for Behzadi is finding
screens still benefit from e-paper. out where else he can put that screen.
Yashar Behzadi thinks so, anyway. Popslate worked with a company
Behzadi is CEO of Popslate, which called Plastic Logic to mount the E
makes a smartphone case that puts Ink screen on a plastic backing, which
an E Ink screen on the back of your makes it both rugged and flexible
phone. (Microsoft has also been enough to go anywhere. “You have
experimenting with something a thin-film screen, half a millimeter
Timex’s high-end GPS watches

46 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 47
thick, that can conform to anything and is always on,”
he says. What’s not a use case for that? Behzadi wants
Popslate to replace your car dashboard, your light switch,
and everything else. The craziest part is, he might not be
crazy.
READING THE SIGNS
Next time you go into a retail store (they still exist!),
look at the price tags. Get really close, and you might
notice that they’re no longer pieces of paper torn out and
shoved into place. They might be screens. Tiny price tags,
of all things, have become a big e-paper business. “What
happens is,” explains Giovanni Mancini, head of global
marketing for E Ink, “Amazon will have an advantage
because they can change pricing many times a day. And
that’s extremely difficult to do with paper.” With E Ink
price tags, a manager or corporate system can change
prices when the game ends and the store is packed, or
when the bananas are about to go bad. And the beauty of
it, Mancini says, is “we’re kind of a drop-in replacement.”
Costco doesn’t need to run power up and down its aisles,
because the tags will last two to five years on the coin-cell
battery that comes inside.
Over the last few years, thanks in part to partners like
Popslate, E Ink (the company) has reimagined its
purpose. It used to be little more than a supplier for
e-readers. Now it’s embedding its technology in luggage
tags, so you can check in without needing that big
ugly tape around the handle. It’s partnered with a gas
company in Germany to replace all of its huge price signs
with E Ink displays. (Some blissful day in the near future,
a lederhosen-wearing teenager making minimum wage
won’t have to go outside with a long hook and a fistful
of giant plastic numbers and hang up the day’s prices.)
E Ink’s working with the city of London to put screens
in bus stops, powered by a solar cell on the roof. “You’re
not worrying about digging trenches, supplying power to
the area,” Mancini says. On the buses themselves, they’re
swapping those identification signs, which are currently
made of paper, for e-paper.
E Ink screens are getting both smaller—Behzadi says
Popslate’s working with them on a sticker that has both
display and connectivity—and bigger. Much bigger. The
UN built a wall-sized sign out of e-paper in 2013, and
Mancini speaks vaguely about an upcoming project at “a
rather large structure in Southern California where they
want to animate the outside of the building.” The tech
they’re using, called E Ink Prism, is really no different
than wallpaper. Except this wallpaper can move, change,
and disappear when beige flowers go out of style.
E Ink’s vision is now almost impossibly broad. Anywhere
materials can go, Mancini says, E Ink wants to be there.
48
“What we’re looking at is, where else can we use this
outside of what you typically would think of color,
pigment, and displays? What other compounds can we
encapsulate that are used in other industries?” I mention
smells as a joke, but Mancini agrees. All that’s going to
take a while, he says, but it’s coming.
PAPER TRAIL
Even as its uses have changed, e-paper technology really
hasn’t. The basic idea behind an E Ink tattoo is the same
as the one in your Kindle. But that could be about to
change. Color e-paper, for instance, has been possible for
a long time but is only now coming into use. A company
in China has developed graphene e-paper, which is
brighter, more flexible, and more rugged than mounting
Graphene e-paper
the display on glass or plastic. Another company showed
off a video-capable e-paper screen, all the way back in
2012! A lot of this tech has been “18 months away” for
video-capable e-paper screen
so many years now it’s hard to imagine it’ll ever actually
show up. And E Ink, the company, has such a patent moat
that it has acted as a monopoly, which Behzadi says has
kept prices perhaps too high. But E Ink lost a big patent
fight in 2015, and the market could expand soon.
The e-paper tech is there, Behzadi tells me, it just takes
a while to come to market. He’s antsy, though. He’s
particularly excited about hybrid displays, which stack
e-paper and LCD together into a single device that can
switch between them at a moment’s notice. When that
comes out, you might get an e-paper smartphone after
all. But even now, start looking around. Everywhere you
see paper, imagine a world where it’s replaced by a tiny
screen that draws almost no power, looks like paper, and
is fully interactive. That world is coming, it’s coming in
black and white, and it’s coming faster than you think.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 49

Advance Coatings
AUTOMOTIVE
COATINGS:
A PRIMER ON
MATERIALS AND
APPLICATIONS
By: Wally Kesler
Could you describe the vehicle involved in the incident,
please?”
“It was a light blue late model sedan.”
This exchange illustrates the point that the paint is
one of the things people remember most about a car.
Automotive coatings decorate and protect the exterior
and interior of our cars. They also can identify a brand or
personalize a car into a unique statement.
Automotive coatings fall into categories such as
application (OEM or refinish) and chemistry (e.g.
solvent-based or waterborne), and can fall into more
than one category. Each category has its own set of
performance requirements, formulation tricks and raw
materials needed for success. This article will outline the
definitions for the various categories, as well as provide a
breakdown of the materials used in automotive coatings,
50
and the categories where they are used.
The broadest division of automotive coatings comes
between Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) and
refinish applications. The former are used under well-
controlled conditions in the “paint shops” of assembly
plants while the latter may be applied in a clean, well-
equipped repair facility or a DIYer’s garage and anywhere
in between. While the technology used for automotive
coatings is different based on global region as well as
end use, this article will focus on applications within the
NAFTA region.
OEM AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS
That gleaming, durable finish on your new car is the
result of years of coordinated development by coatings
suppliers and the automotive manufacturers. Today’s
OEM automotive coatings technology provides optimal
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
levels of protection from the environment, durability and
variety of appearance. Choice among OEM automotive
coatings has greatly improved today, unlike the early
days when Henry Ford reportedly commented that the
customer could have a Ford in any color they liked as
long as it was black.
Two main drivers of change in OEM coatings technology
are environmental regulation and process simplification/
cost reduction. Pollution reduction goals led the industry
first to high solids and then to waterborne formulations.
At the same time, customers’ expectations of improved
appearance and long-term durability pushed the
automotive manufacturers to use base coat/clear coat
systems.
Recent OEM coatings development combines these
advances with process simplification in “compact
systems.” One such coating system, “3-Wet,” applies
primer, base coat and clear coat without baking between
each layer. This reduces the number of steps required
to achieve a finish with the desired durability and
appearance while meeting pollution and cost reduction
goals.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
REFINISH COATINGS
Once a car leaves the factory, it may need to be repainted
for a variety of reasons. The most likely reason is repairing
collision damage. Like the OEM coatings market,
innovation in this category is driven by environmental
regulations and process simplification/cost reduction.
Both waterborne and high solids repair coatings are
commonplace, but waterborne technology is mostly
utilized for base coats in regions with the strictest
requirements while high solids prevail for clear coats
and base coats in regions with less restrictive pollution
control regulations.
Since labor is a significant component of collision repair,
the development of “speed clear” coatings are becoming
more popular. They reduce the time between clear coat
application and final buffing of the finish, resulting in
process simplifications and cost reductions.
Other markets for refinish coatings include vehicle
restoration and custom paint jobs. The ability to match
vintage and unique colors and ease of application
are important in these markets. User skill levels may
range from DIY hobbyists in a home garage to highly
experienced and well-equipped specialty custom shops.
AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS RAW
MATERIALS
Like most coatings formulations, automotive coatings
consist of five basic ingredients, each with unique
properties:
• one or more polymers
• cross-linkers
• pigments
• additives
• solvents
POLYMERS/BINDERS
Polymers are the foundation of the coating and help
meet many requirements. Innovation in polymers (or
binders) for use in automotive coatings centers around
two technologies: waterborne polymers for base coats
and high solids polymers for clear coats. The OEM
and refinish coatings markets each demand different
properties.
Important waterborne binder properties include:
• rheological (flow) properties allowing smooth
application and proper orientation of effect pigments
• film formation that reduces time to clear coat
application
• broad compatibility with pigment dispersions
51
• resistance to weathering degradation
• low levels of air pollution causing Volatile
Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Acrylic latex and water soluble acrylic polymers are
the primary binders for waterborne base coats; often
these are proprietary latex polymers with complex
architectures. The requirements for high solids base
coats are essentially the same for waterborne base coats.
High solids polymers are often used in automotive
coatings for clear coats in all applications and refinish
base coats. Clear coats demand:
• low viscosity with low VOC content
• rheological properties allowing smooth flow out
after application
• fast cure
• low shrinkage on curing
• the ability to be sanded and polished in refinish
applications
CROSS-LINKERS
Cross-linkers bridge the large polymer chains of the
binder system to form high molecular weight films. These
films are flexible yet maintain hardness and resist the
passage of water and oxygen to the underlying coating
layers and substrate.
OEM coatings systems usually incorporate cross-linkers
in both base coats and clear coats, while cross-linkers
are usually found only in refinish clear coats. Although
many chemistries can cross-link automotive coatings,
isocyanates and amino resins are the most utilized.
Isocyanates are most common in refinish coatings due to
their ability to react at lower temperatures. Amino resins
are used almost exclusively in OEM coatings where
higher temperature curing schedules are possible.
PIGMENTS IN AUTOMOTIVE COATINGS
Pigments provide the color and flash to automotive
coatings and are the key components of coatings styling.
Innovations in the technology of effect pigments allow
bold new looks for automotive designers. Most new
developments are in effect pigments while color pigments
are based on well-established chemistries.
Effect pigments can be classified into two broad
categories: metallic pigments and pearlescent pigments.
Metallic pigments are just that, flakes of metal (usually
aluminum) incorporated into the base coat to provide
color, sparkle and opacity.
Pearlescent pigment effects are based on a transparent
substrate coated with an inorganic pigment layer which
52
reflects light in a way that maximizes color and sparkle
but is semi-transparent.
ADDITIVES
While used in small amounts in automotive coatings
formulations, additives play important roles in meeting Advance Coatings
end users’ expectations. A thorough discussion of
additives in automotive coatings would require its own
article, so I will be brief. Additives perform a variety of
functions, such as:
• Modify rheology
• Release air
• Incorporate and stabilize pigments
• Prevent damage UV radiation
• Improve scratch resistance
SOLVENTS
The use of solvents in automotive coatings has declined
greatly over the past thirty years, moving more toward
high solids and waterborne coatings, but they are still an
important ingredient in coatings formulations. Solvents
can:
• reduce viscosity
• assist in film formation
• allow the coating to flow smoothly over the
substrate
• allow multiple coats to blend together during
THE ART OF
application
All of these materials combine together in modern
automotive coatings to protect, beautify and differentiate
COLOR TRENDS
vehicles. If our cars are an expression of our personality
and style, then the outer coating is the face we present to
the world.
FORECASTING
Each year, PPG’s more than 20 global color stylists from much as trends influence us, and our forecasts represent
industries including automotive, aerospace, consumer and connect to current feelings and preferences.
electronics and architectural gather to attend the PPG
Global Color Forecast workshop. During the three-day As result of this process, one color from a palette of
meeting, PPG’s color experts discuss and review societal approximately 1,200 rises to the surfaces to be named the
and regional trends, as well as overarching consumer Color of the Year.
insights to determine the following year’s color trends
forecast, as well as the Color of the Year. In 2018, Black Flame received the honor. Offering
the silencing impact of black with the possibility and
At this workshop, we analyzed the runway, the textile hopefulness of indigo present in the color’s undertone,
market, the tile, wood and metal markets as well as this color was unanimously chosen by PPG’s more than
lifestyles, demographics, geographies and global and 20 global color experts. Black’s dominance in everything
cross-cultural societal inspirations to determine what from soft goods to fashion to building materials made
colors would resonate and represent the PPG global this color the natural choice for 2018.
color forecast. Recognizing that we influence trends as
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 53
Black hues act as an anchor to lighter colors providing
reassurance in an unpredictable world. The hue also
provides a welcomed rest and respite from a world
where consumers are constantly connected and force-
fed information. It allows a comforting restfulness that
we often need to help recharge. From faucets, to matte
black refrigerators, to black granite countertops, Black
Flame provides the perfect complement to current build
materials and fixed home décor elements. PPG Paints
Black Flame can be used on interior doors, accent walls,
window frames, wide trim, ceilings, staircases and even
wainscoting. It is a very versatile, modern yet classic
color.
PPG also knows that it’s not simply about one color,
but rather a combination of trending colors to create
an overarching, and all-encompassing color story
that resonates with our broad range of customers. The
2018 PPG Global Color Trends palettes encompass
the below four themes that connect and resonate with
current consumer mindsets. Black Flame resides in the
Commoner color palette. The PPG Paints brand develops
this palette each year to help inform design and color
choices for professional customers, from professional
painters to designers and architects.
The Retreater theme addresses consumers’ growing need
to regularly withdraw from the pressures, chaos and
overstimulation that so often come with daily life, and
create hygge – a popular Danish concept that embodies
all things comforting and cozy. It underscores living
well, finding quiet time, making space for one’s self and
creating opportunities for calm, balance and peace.
Light, airy tones in the palette, such as the PPG Paints
brand’s Warmstone, a barely-there blush; Suntan, the
perfect nude; Flagstone, a cool gray; and Cuppa Coffee,
a warm, woodlike tone, provide subtle hints of color that
can be considered neutrals. These hues offer a welcomed
escape from a chaotic world.
The Dream Weaver color collection resonates with
consumers who embody a perpetual ability to shine,
live a free-spirited lifestyle and find creativity under any
circumstance. They are the dreamers who hold the light
when others prefer to go dark and retreat, which can
be shown by their impossible-to-ignore color choices.
Muted and ethereal brights round out the collection,
with PPG Paints brand colors including Lovely Lilac, a
dream-like periwinkle; Summer Sunset, a warm coral;
Brandy Snaps, a dusty mauve; and Secret Safari, an
earthy green.
The Commoner color palette connects to consumers
who are attracted to popular minimalist Nordic-
inspired designs, which emphasize going back to
basics. Consumers relating most to this palette aspire to
54
accumulate less yet experience more, serve as guardians
of the environment, and live with a nomadic spirit. The
palette offers unassuming, straightforward PPG Paints
brand primary colors such as Mountain Lake, a classic
navy; Red Gumball, a deep red; and Grassroots, an
organic yellow-green.
The Brave color story reflects a new design mentality that
mimics consumers’ growing yearning for protection,
strength and stability to feel safe during uncertain times.
The palette evokes feelings of elegance and grandeur,
which appeal to consumers’ unwillingness to feel small
or disregarded in light of current societal landscapes. The
deep, rich colors that make up this substantial palette
will be certain to turn heads in any space, including PPG
Paints brand colors Charcoal Smoke, a rich forest green;
Pinot Noir, a luxurious purple; and Black Elegance, a
black with just a hint of gray.
Stay-tuned, as PPG will be unveiling the 2019 Color of
the Year and Global Trends palette in the near future.
Dee Schlotter is senior color marketing manager, PPG’s
architectural coatings business. Dee has been at PPG for
25 years and manages the development of color platforms,
systems and tools for brands such as PPG PAINTS™ and
GLIDDEN® Paints. She conducts dozens of national
presentations to architects, designers, and consumers in
the hotel, retail, new home construction and residential
markets. She is a member of the PPG Global Color
Styling Team that researches and forecasts colors for
the architectural, automotive, aerospace, industrial and
consumer products markets. Dee is a member of ASID,
IIDA, and NKBA.
PPG’s architectural coatings business in the U.S.
and Canada is an industry leader in residential
and commercial coatings, delivering the latest
technologies and operational advancements through
its strong portfolio of brands. It manufactures and
sells interior and exterior paints, stains, caulks, repair
products, adhesives and sealants for homeowners and
professionals. Its distribution network includes more
than 15,000 touchpoints through company-owned
stores, independent dealer locations and all major home
improvement centers across the U.S. and Canada. Visit
ppg.com/ac for more information.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Production Equipment
Boston Bridge Party:
Coatings Crew Rehabs
Historic Connector
By: Ben DuBose
The historic Longfellow Bridge over the Charles River “With the amount of weight, trains, traffic, and
between Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts opened pedestrians, it was left a little too long,” Paul Blake,
in August 1906. It brings ~28,000 motor vehicles and project manager with Tri-State Painting, LLC (TSI), said
~90,000 train transit users to and from the city each of the bridge’s condition. “It was in pretty bad shape.”
day, so there is never a convenient time for maintenance
on the 1,767-foot (538.6 m) long bridge — known by
BRIDGING THE GAP
its iconic “salt and pepper” towers. But over a century
of operation took a cumulative toll on the original steel
With the immense size and complexity, this wasn’t a
substrate. The only minor rehabilitation took place in
job for any coatings applicator. Special requirements
1959, with a few lesser emergency repairs in 2002.
included scheduling around other trades, meeting strict
Boston Historical Society criteria, working alongside
Earlier this decade, the Massachusetts Department of
government representatives, and keeping at least one
Transportation (MassDOT) realized a major revamp
lane open for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Even a
couldn’t be deferred any longer. Many floor beams,
navigable waterway underneath had to remain clear for
stringers, and connecting rods suffered from major steel
duck boats and pleasure craft!
section loss, and the famed arches and bearings needed
repair. Specifiers for the multi-million-dollar project said
Fortunately for the J.F. White-Skanska-Consigli J.V.
70 percent of the riveted box beam structural steel should
general contractor and MassDOT, TSI embraced the
be removed and replaced with shop-fabricated galvanized
challenge and had ample pedigree. “It was a very unique
box beams and metalized steel, while the remaining
project,” said Blake, whose company celebrates its 40th
30 percent of steel, existing arches, cross bracing, and
anniversary this year. “There were so many trades,
handrails of historic value needed refurbishment.
and they had to keep trains moving and have it open
to commuters as well as pedestrians and boats going
As part of that process, both new beams and existing
underneath the bridge. The phasing was unbelievable
renovations required extra coating protection from
in that they had to move trains onto the roads and then
corrosive marine and traffic elements.
move them back.”
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 55
The rehabilitation project, which began in 2014 and
concludes this year, required constant communication
with site officials regarding other trades. This included
electricians, demolition crews, granite cleaners, divers to
fix piers under water, plumbers, and soil experts.
“Normally, we’re the last guys in,” Blake said. “But here,
you had dozens of other trades all trying to work in a
small window. We had to work around everyone else’s
schedule and not overlap. That made it challenging.
Phasing and not being linear was very important.”
Blake said daily morning briefings and toolbox talks were
essential to keeping crew members aware of everything
going on at the site.
SCALING UP
The project’s scope posed unique physical challenges.
To start with, Safway’s QuikDeck scaffolding system
enabled TSI’s crew of 35 to 40 to access all sides of the
elevated structure. For sloped areas, temporary steps
were installed and rig cables utilized. “It was a good, solid
platform, as opposed to something that bounces around,”
Blake said. “But as the spans get bigger, the slope can be
aggressive, so we put steps across.”
Barges were parked underneath the bridge to ensure
all jobsite equipment and accessories were always close
by, and Indian Valley tarps and blankets were used in a
robust containment system for each phased section to
protect vehicles and pedestrians.
Safety considerations were paramount to crew members
themselves, too. Standard personal protective equipment
(PPE) included safety glasses, hard hats, work boots, and
gloves, while MSA Safety provided double retractable
lanyards for fall protection. Nova 2000 hoods were used
during blasting, while 3M’s full- and half-face respirators
were used when sanding or spraying. Safety patrol boats
were stationed nearby each day.
56
The bridge’s daily importance justified an expedited
schedule, which meant working winter months in New
England’s cold climate. To get around this and make sure
materials did not freeze, the TSI crew stored coatings at
the company’s home base in New Hampshire and then
brought down only what they would need for each day
in heated trucks. The general contractor used water
bubblers around barges and indirect fired heaters in
material containment areas.
“We’d pretty much run heaters 24 hours a day through
the winter,” Blake recalled.
NEW WINTER COAT
With new batches of material arriving daily, crew
members worked deliberately in small sections over
four years to coat both the original steel and newly
fabricated beams. The multi-layer coating system with a
polysiloxane topcoat, approved by government officials,
was manufactured by AkzoNobel’s International brand.
“When we initially saw the system, it seemed shop-
favorable because some of the potlifes are very short, as
opposed to being more user-friendly,” Blake said. “But
the DOT picked polysiloxane because it retains such a
high gloss. It’s a historic bridge with new components.
Some of the polyurethanes get dull earlier on.”
The original steel substrates were blasted utilizing a
65,000-cfm (1,840.6 m³/min.) Advanced Recycling
Systems trailer-mounted blast machine. The machine
included two 1,600-cfm (45.3 m³/min.) Ingersoll Rand
compressors, with a Chesapeake blend as recyclable
media and Bellemare 30/60 MaxiBlast (iron silicate) as
disposable media. All blasting was done behind tarps
and to the NACE No. 2/Society for Protective Coatings
(SSPC) Surface Preparation (SP) 10 standard for a near-
white commercial blast cleaning. Blasting activities
utilized Class 1A containment with dust collection to
maintain negative air pressure and curb any incidental
releases. Air monitoring was performed and hazardous
waste collected with a high-efficiency particulate air
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
(HEPA)
vacuum recycling unit to prevent any contaminants from
falling into the Charles River or affecting other trades.
“When blasting, you have to clean it up before the shift
ends,” Blake said. “It cures out overnight. You stripe for a
day, and the next day you spray.”
Workers used Graco King 56:1 airless spray units to
apply the Interzinc 22HS silicate at approximately 3 mils
(76.2 microns) dry film thickness (DFT) as a primer;
the Intergard 475 HS epoxy at approximately 6 mils
(152.4 microns) DFT as the intermediate coat; and the
Interfine 979 polysiloxane at approximately 5 mils (127.0
microns) DFT as the topcoat. When spraying, crew
members regularly had their blood monitored to test for
any excessive exposure.
Meanwhile, for new steel components — fabricated by
Boston’s Duncan Galvanizing — crew members used
the Graco units to spray the Intergard 345 epoxy at
approximately 5 mils (127.0 microns) DFT and then
the Interfine 979 topcoat at approximately 5 mils (127.0
microns).
“A big issue we had early on was overspray on the
new steel, so we had a lot of protection wrapping with
tarps and blankets,” Blake explained. “We learned after
one span that the more time you take to protect from
overspray, the better the [painting] outcome. We didn’t
want to load up the new concrete. We wanted nice, crisp
lines where the steel met the concrete. Boats will look
up, so we had a conscious effort to work on aesthetics. It
would definitely stand out.”
With most painting now complete, their work is doing
just that.
“The products were great,” Blake said. “We thought we’d
have a little more trouble, but we haven’t. The finish has
been amazing, and the gloss hasn’t changed at all.”
All Longfellow Bridge work is expected to wrap up
by the end of 2018, and thanks in large part to TSI’s
crew, Boston locals and tourists can now appreciate a
revitalized landmark.
“The DOT has had at least three or four guys on the
bridge at all times, and they love it,” Blake said. “We’ve
had two years in a row with 96 percent or better positive
feedback. Some of the stuff upstream, we finished at least
three years ago, and it looks like we just finished painting
it.”
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 57
 Production Equipment

Galvanizing Thickness Measurement

By: KHAWAR AZIZ OLD RAVIAN.
CO:MOBBY BUSINESS CORPORATION.
This article details the use of Coating Thickness Gages BACKGROUND
within the zinc galvanizing industry. It describes different
types of hand held gages, the measurement process, Steel corrodes when an electrolyte (such as water)
several precautions to be taken, and a Q&A section for connects anodes and cathodes on a steel surface. The
the most commonly asked questions concerning this formation of the corrosion cell causes a flaky iron oxide
application. known as rust.
To avoid rust, something must prevent the formation of

58 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 59

the corrosion cell. Two common methods for preventing
corrosion on steel are:

1. Cathodic protection (by using a sacrificial anode).

2. Creating a barrier to block electrolytes from contacting
the steel.
Testing & Characterization
Galvanizing is the process by which a sacrificial anode
layer of zinc is applied to the surface of a fabricated steel
part to provide corrosion protection. The final step in
this process is the inspection of:

• Coating thickness
• Visual appearance
• Adhesion
• Uniformity

PARTICLE SIZE
The thickness of the galvanized coating is directly related
to:

• Service life
• Amount of corrosion protection

ANALYSIS
• Quality

A thicker coating of galvanize results in a longer service

life for the coated part. Consequently, inspection of
coating thickness is the single most important step in

IN COATINGS
determining the quality of a galvanized coating.

MEASURING GALVANIZE THICKNESS

The size, shape and number of pieces to be tested will
dictate the appropriate test method. Specified test Particle size measurement associated with paint and makes it uniquely flexible to measure everything from
methods are categorized as either destructive or non- coating industry has broadened in scope considerably sub-micron pigments like carbon black and TiO2 to
destructive. over the past few decades. Water-borne paints and large organic pigment powders.
There are four ways to measure the thickness of coatings are dispersions of sub-micrometer polymer
galvanizing: particles. Paints and inks are multi component mixtures Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is a pigment used in paints and
that include polymer particles, also called film formers many other applications. The particle size distribution
1. magnetic principle thickness gages or binders, and a variety of surfactants, processing aids, of titanium dioxide is critical because it affects many
2. stripping and weighing pigments and sometimes a small amount of solvent. important physical properties that influence final product
3. weighing the part before and after galvanizing Adhesive properties, long term aging, film-formation or
4. optical microscopy (ASTM B 487) lack of defects in the final film-formation are important
product performance issues.

The most practical test is the non-destructive method PIGMENT, POWDER COATINGS AND
utilizing the magnetic principle for determining coating INK APPLICATIONS
thickness. This test is
A broad collection of pigment, powder coatings, and ink
• Non-destructive
products exist in particulate form in both the raw materials
• Simple, fast, and inexpensive
and finished products. The particle size distribution of
• Complies with recognized international
these materials determines their appearance, quality,
standards including ASTM D7091, CSA G 164-M and
functionality and processability. These samples cover
ISO 2808
an extremely broad range of size distributions. This is
probably why HORIBA laser diffraction particle size
Because it is non-destructive, magnetic thickness
analyzers have always been the system of preference in performance. The particle size analysis is typically
measurement is the most common method of evaluating
these industries. The LA-960 Particle Size Analyzer has a performed using the laser diffraction technique.
galvanizing coating thickness.
dynamic range of 10 nanometers – 5,000 microns which

60 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 61
Particle size is a critical physical characteristic of
pigments, affecting many performance factors including
gloss and tinctorial strength. Laser diffraction is the most
popular method of particle size analysis for the milling
process, allowing close control and optimization of a
number of final product performance criteria. A study
was performed on four organic pigments (2583 Diarylide
Yellow 83, 1274 Hansa Yellow 74, 2574 Hansa Yellow 74,
and 5576 Phthalo Blue 15:3) using the LA-960 PowderJet
dry measurement accessory to optimize a method and
test reproducibility.
POWDER COATINGS
Powder coatings are alternatives to paints that are
comprised of a resin and a pigment. The powder is
sprayed on the part and attracted by the electrostatic
charge applied to the part. The item is then heated in an
oven to cure the resin and form a solid layer. Particle size
is important to provide the optimum surface finish and
minimize process waste. As with other pigments, the size
of the largest pigment particles affects the surface finish.
Larger particles will protrude above the surface, leaving a
rough texture. Because powder coatings are applied with
spray guns, similar to paint, large particles can clog the
spray nozzle orifice.
INKS – CASE STUDY
Inks are a liquid dispersion of pigments for writing
or printing. The product is a mixture of a number of
components, the majority being the pigment particles in
some liquid carrier. A number of additives are usually
included to modify viscosity, drying, stability, or color
characteristics. Particle size of the pigment particles can
significantly affect the color strength, surface finish, and
durability of the final product. In addition, the particle
size of the pigments must be small enough that they do
not block the nozzles of the printing mechanism.
62
Inks may require either water or an organic solvent
dispersant, and sometimes a surfactant .The refractive
index depends on the pigment used. Ultrasound is
typically not required for a well formulated, stable ink.
These submicron dispersions are ideal samples for the
LA-960 Particle Size Analyzer since it possesses the best
nanoparticle performance on the market.
PAINT INDUSTRY
The paint industry has changed format to science in
the last one hundred years. Today, paint technology
uses the sciences of chemistry, physics and engineering.
New technologies provide new materials to work with,
new production equipment, processes and substrates.
Unfortunately, growth always brings with it a certain
number of problems.
Today’s paint systems are often so complex and our
technology so advanced that it is possible to overlook the
exact nature of a problem. It is often assumed that the
cause of a problem is chemical, when actually it may be
physical.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Poor color strength or hue, as well as other properties
such as opacity, transparency or gloss are often blamed
on off-spec pigment. Many problems are not due to
chemical reactions or poor raw material quality, but
rather are due to particle size distribution. The following
properties are dependent on particle size:
• Flocculation
• Hue/Tint Strength
• Hiding/Transparency particles will tend to sink regardless of bubble attachment.
• Gloss/Flatting and Film Appearance
• Viscosity
• Stability
ZETA POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
• Weather Resistance
The zeta potential of a sample is most often used as an
indicator of dispersion stability. Large zeta potentials
The degree to which these properties can be optimized
predict a more stable dispersion. Fast and accurate
is related to the dispersion process used, the energy
expanded on the solid particles and the length of time
the pigment particles are subject to the dispersion energy.
MINING AND MINERALS
If it can’t be grown, it must be mined...If it was mined,
particle size matters. In many cases, the valuable
minerals are mixed with gangue, commercially useless
material, and the ore must be separated. The first step
of many separation processes is comminution (size
reduction) followed by classification (separation by
particle size) either for further grinding or the next step,
measurement of the zeta potential with the SZ-100 can
enhance understanding of aggregation and flocculation
in samples and speed up the process of developing
stable formulations, be they dispersions, emulsions or
suspensions.
concentration of the ore. During comminution, ore must
LASER PARTICLE SIZE ANALYZER
HIGH PERFORMANCE LASER
be ground such that the particles are small enough that
each particle consists of primarily one mineral. These DIFFRACTION ANALYZER
particles are then separated to concentrate the mineral
product. The Analyzer based on Mie Scattering (laser diffraction)
to measure particle size of suspensions or dry powders.
The speed and ease-of-use of this technique makes it the
Bubbles flowing through a slurry or suspension will tend popular choice for most applications.
to stick to particles with a hydrophobic surface and cause
the particles to float to the top of a froth for recovery.
Often, particle surfaces are selectively modified so that
mineral surfaces are hydrophobic while gangue surfaces
are hydrophilic. Particle size is important to the process
efficiency. Overly fine particles may be entrained in the
bubble flow regardless of surface chemistry, reducing
the effectiveness of separation efficiency. Overly large
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 63

Testing & Characterization
Preparation,
Characterization
and Antibacterial
activity of
Olive oil based
Nanoemulsions
in Cosmetics
By: Rafaqat Waseem
ABSTRACT
Since last few years, natural and organic based cosmetic
have attained more attraction, due to the use of natural
components. Because of conventional chemicals when
used as preservatives in cosmetics, may causes harm to
the skin (acne, itching, dryness etc.). This research work
was aimed for the formulation of novel nanoemulsions
based upon natural components via green route.
The prepared nanoemulsions composed of mainly
three basic ingredients i.e. oil (olive oil), surfactant
(Tween 80) and aqueous phase (Glycerin). We have
prepared them in six different combinations in order to
achieve a semisolid formation with best antimicrobial
properties; an appropriate amount of honey was added
to all nanoemulsions. Characterization and stability
parameters were studied using standard techniques, such
as pH measurements at different temperature (25°C,
19°C and 36°C) over six months of storage, nanoparticles
distribution was also determined by using DLS
(Dynamic Light Scattering) method while the measured
diameter was approximately 0.5-20nm. Furthermore, the
antimicrobial activity of nanoemulsions was performed
by using LBA (Luria Bertani agar) culture medium,
antibacterial assay of all nanoemulsion samples was
performed against five different species of pathogenic
64
bacteria, (i.e. Xanthomonas axonopodis, Azospirillum
brasilence, Pseudomonas maltophilia, Salmonella
paratyphi, Acinetobaetar baumanii). All samples of
nanoemulsions showed good inhibition zone against all
bacterial species expect against Acinetobaetar baumanii
bacterial species.
1: INTRODUCTION
Nanoemulsions are found small size about 1 to 100 nm,
spherical in shape and they are used for drug delivery
in pharmaceutical and biomedical aids due to their best
penetration power [1]. Nanoemulsions attain much
attraction in skin and personal care products, due
best sensorial and dispersion properties towards skin.
Nanoemulsions are convenient carrier for lipophilic
compounds as compare to liposomes due to their
lipophilic interior. Like liposomes they enhance the
penetration of active components and increase their
concentration in skin [2]. Another achievement of
nanoemulsions is skin strengthened by reduction in
water loss from epidermis; Nano-gel is especially
formulated by this technology for the reduction of
epidermal water loss. Nano-gels can be used in sun
blocks, anti-aging creams and as a moisturizer, because
they improve skin production and insertion of active
component [3]. Common name of Olea europea is olive
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
tree; it is enriched with vitamin E and K. From ancient
times it is used for skin care as a moisturizer, cleanser
and as antimicrobial agent. It is also used in food as
well as for massage and relief from muscle fatigue. It
keeps the skin smooth and supple also nourish the skin,
due to presence of phenolic compounds, antioxidants,
vitamins and fatty acids [4]. Honey is used as medicine
from ancient times and known as “folk medicine”. In
medical field, antibacterial activity of honey is again
discovered and used for the treatment of cancer, burn
and for wound, it improve healing process. Antibacterial
benefits of honey are due to less pH (3.2 to 4.5), less water
contents, hydrogen peroxide [5].
2.MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1: Materials
Refined olive oil and extra virgin oil was obtained from
Euroaliment Proveedor de Alimentos de Calidad, Spain.
Tween 80 and glycerin were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich
and forest honey (contain both floral honey and honey
dew) was collected naturally from Azadirachta indica
(Neem) trees at Changa Manga Forest (Pakistan) in
November, 2014.
2.2: Methods
Series of formulations containing different combinations
of olive oil, glycerin and surfactant (tween80) were
used to prepare these nanoemulsions [4]. To prepare
nanoemulsions, olive oil was heated at 75°C±3°C by
using hot plate (MSH-20A, Wise stir), aqueous phase
(glycerin) was heated separately at the same temperature.
After heating the aqueous phase, appropriate amount
of surfactant (tween 80) was added in it, and stir
continuously until the surfactant was completely
dissolved in the glycerin by the help of glass rod. Hot
oil was added to the (surfactant and glycerin) mixture
slowly and stirred for about 10 to 15 minutes to ensure it’s
completely disappearance via glass rod and an emulsion
is formed. pH of nanoemulsions was measured during
preparation and room temperature was 25°C during all
experimental procedure. Different combinations of olive
oil, glycerin and surfactant are discussed in table 1.
Table 1: Nanoemulsions formulations with different combinations of
oil phase, aqueous phase and surfactant
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
2.3: Formulation of Nanoemulsions with
Honey (Sample H)
Medicinal importance of honey is studied from
literature survey. Honey is assumed to possess wound
healing and best antimicrobial properties from ancient
times [6]. To improve the antimicrobial quality of all
nanoemulsions, 20 ml of honey was added to 80 ml
from each nanoemulsion sample. Honey was heated on
hot plate (MSH-20A, Wise stir) until it melts, almost at
75±3°C. All experimental procedure was carried out at
room temperature, pH was measured during preparation
constantly.
2.4: Antibacterial Analysis of Nanoemulsions
Five different species of pathogens of bacteria were
collected from (FCBP) Fungal Culture bank, Institute of
Agriculture Sciences (IAGS), Punjab University Lahore,
Pakistan. LBA (Luria Bertani Agar) media was used to
carry out antibacterial assay again all nanoemulsions.
Pathogenic strains which are to be tested were sub-
cultured onto fresh plates of LBA about 24hours and
temperature was 37°C. Colonies obtained from these
cultures was suspended in the solution of Barium Chloride
for turbidity matching with the standard (108 Colony
forming units (cfu)/ml. 50µl of bacterial inoculum was
spread on all petri plates in which LBA media was already
poured by the help of spreader. The whole Antimicrobial
analysis was performed under aseptic conditions under
Laminar flow (EN 1822, class H13 HEPA Filters, US
Federal standard 209E class 10, Whitehouse Singapore)
to avoid any kind of contamination. Bacterial activity
was determined by well method [7], Agar well method is
used for this bacterial analysis; a well is made by the help
of sterile cork 0.5cm in diameter. 50µl from each sample
was poured to the well in inoculated plates. After sample
pouring those plates was placed in incubator (Memmert)
for about 24 hours at 37 °C. Zone of inhibition (ZI) was
measured in term of centimeter around the diffuse well
if any zone was present. Each diameter measurement was
performed three times around the inhibition zone, And
three replicates was prepared for each sample against one
species of bacteria. Same procedure was performed with
control plate and measured zone of all sample plates was
treated with control plate at end of the treatment.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1: Particle Size Determination
Figure 1 and 2 shows the particle size of these
nanoemulsions ranges from 0.2 to 18.1 nm. Various
formulations of nanoemulsions (Sample B, D and
F) exhibit particle size range 8.7 to 18.1nm and
nanoemulsions (Sample A, C and E) shows smaller
65
particle size ranges from 0.5 to 2nm.
Figure 1 Particle Size (nm) by DLS of Nanoemulsions (Sample B, D
and F)
Figure 2 Particle Size (nm) by DLS of Nanoemulsions (Sample A, C
and E)
3.2: Stability Measurements
Figure 3, 4 and 5 represents the stability measurements
of prepared nanoemulsions. Stability was checked by
measuring pH at different temperature over long storage
duration (during preparation at 25°C, 03 months at 19°C
and after 06 months at 36°C) by using potentiometer
(AD1030-mode).
Figure 3: pH measurements during preparation at 25°C
Figure 4: pH measurements after three months of preparation at 19°C
Figure 5 pH measurements after six months of preparation 36°C
66
3.3: Antibacterial Assay of Nanoemulsions
Figure 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 shows the antibacterial activity of
all nanoemulsions, agar well method was used to perform
antibacterial assay on all samples of nanoemulsions (with
and without honey) against five different pathogenic
species of bacteria (Xanthomonas axonopodis,
Azospirillum brasilence, Pseudomonas maltophilia,
Salmonella paratyphi, Acinetobaetar baumanii). Overall
samples showed bacterial activity in term of inhibition
zone (cm) of bacterial growth with reference to control
(Streptomycin) in concentration range 50µl of each
sample, shown in table 2 and 3.
Table 2 Inhibition Zone (cm) shown by different Bacterial Species
against nanoemulsions (without H) samples
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Table 3 Inhibition Zone (cm) shown by different Bacterial Species
against all nanoemulsions (H) Samples
Figure 6 Zone of inhibition shown by Xanthomonas axonopodis
bacterial specie against all samples of nanoemulsions
Figure 7 Zone of Inhibition (cm) by all Samples of Nanoemulsions for
Azospirillum brasilence Bacterial Specie
Figure 8 Zone of Inhibition (cm) by all Samples of Nanoemulsions for
Pseudomonas maltophilia Bacterial Specie
Figure 9 Zone of Inhibition (cm) by all Samples of Nanoemulsions for
Salmonella paratyphi Bacterial Species
The current study shows that nanoemulsions with higher
concentration of surfactant were very useful to attained
narrow range of particle size (figure 2). The prepared
nanoemulsions were stable at different temperature
because no major change was occur in pH, which means
that no chemical reaction was take place and use of these
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Figure 10 Antibacterial Assay of Nanoemulsions against Acinetobaetar
baumanii Bacterial Specie
nanoemulsions in cosmetics are safer. Nanoemulsions
with honey have lower pH, slightly acidic in nature and
inhibit the bacterial growth more effectively as compared
to other one (figure 3, 4 and 5). In figure 6, sample F,
sample B and sample A were showing maximum
inhibition against Xanthomonas axonopodis bacterial
specie and their inhibited zone was quite closer to control.
Inhibition zone of sample C and sample E were less than
A, B and F. But least inhibition activity as compared to
control was shown by sample D for this bacterial specie.
Figure 7 represents a correlation between bacterial
inhibition activity of control and all nanoemulsions
samples. Maximum inhibition zone was shown by
sample E which is quite closer to control, while inhibited
zone shown by samples D and F also closer to sample
E. Minimum inhibition zone was shown by sample B
for against Azospirillum brasileace bacterial specie.
Figure 8 represents that sample D was more effective in
inhibiting bacterial growth Pseudomonas maltophilia
bacterial specie, which was closer to the inhibited zone of
control. Sample B and sample C inhibited zone was also
quite closer to control. Sample F shows least inhibition
activity for Pseudomonas maltophilia bacterial specie. In
figure 9 explained that sample A,B,D,E,F have maximum
capacity to inhibit Salmonella paratyphi bacterial
species as compared to sample C. Activity expressed
by Acinetobaetar baumanii bacterial specie in control
sample was correlated with all samples of nanoemulsions
is shown in figure 10. Sample E shows maximum
inhibition zone which was more than inhibition area
of control in figure 10. Sample D inhibition zone was
almost nearer to E. Sample A and sample F inhibition
area was comparatively better than Sample B. Sample B
show least inhibition Zone for Acinetobaetar baumanii
bacterial specie. The current research work revealed that
nanoemulsions which contains appropriate amount of
honey shown better results against all bacterial species as
compared to without honey.
4 CONCLUSIONS
Medicinal importance of olive oil and honey in term of
antibacterial activity revealed that these nanoemulsions
can be further used in food industry, pharmaceutical
industry and in cosmetics industry as well.
67
 the influence of specification programs that regulate
air quality and other environmental attributes grow,
the wider range of technology and processing options
available today provide finishers and manufacturers
with greater flexibility to stay competitive in the evolving
production landscape.
Health, Safety & Environment
The technology used in creating coatings has never been
better than it is today. Whether it be the types of raw
materials available, new methods of combining materials
or the evolution of traditional technologies, coatings
provide a range of options for finishers to meet the
range of environmental, performance and appearance
requirements. This is especially true of liquid coatings,
the highest-volume finish type for OEMs and product
finishers. Before any coatings are selected for the finishing
line, it is important to have a solid understanding of how
a coating “works.” An appreciation of the components
of a coating and how these raw materials come together
to achieve performance, adhesion and application
properties provides a knowledge base for a value-added
coating selection.
COATING COMPOSITION
There are four basic ingredient classes found in all liquid
coatings: binders, pigments, carriers and additives.
In combination, these components create a liquid
technology that dries to a film, providing protection and
aesthetics. Each of these four components is integral to
the coating composition.
Binders are the non-volatile resins that provide the
foundation for any coating. The choice of binder directly
influences the performance and choice of appropriate
end-use applications for any coating, as well as much
about the final appearance. Classifications of binders for
LIQUID COATINGS coatings include emulsions (acrylic or vinyl), dispersions
(acrylic, alkyd or polyurethane) and solutions (alkyds,
polyesters, epoxies, acrylics and urethanes). There
are also hybrids of these technologies, such as acrylic
urethanes and polyester urethanes. Many of these, like
alkyd resins, have been formulated so that versions of
the binder are available for use in both solvent-borne
and waterborne formulations, increasing the range of
appropriate end-users for water-based technologies.
The binder selection in coating development often
involves a trade-off between performance and cost, and
is dictated by the intended end-use of the finish. For
example, applications that require significant resistance
to corrosive environments require the use of more
Many manufacturers are using application systems that minimize overspray and paint waste. Increasing concern technologically advanced resins, such as epoxies and
about the environment and the resultant consumer demand for environmentally preferable products has influenced urethanes, adding cost to these finishes. Since using
the products finishing industry across all markets and end-uses. While manufacturers look to meet these demands a product developed for such extreme conditions in
without significant changes to productivity or cost, advances in raw materials and technologies have made it easier an interior residential application would be overkill,
to produce more ecologically friendly products in a more sustainable manner. As governmental regulations and products developed for decorative use instead include
68 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
vinyl acrylic resins that provide an appropriate level of
protection at an appropriate cost. Depending on the
end-use requirements, multiple resins can be combined
into a hybrid mixture designed to deliver performance
capabilities tailored around the application. Regardless
of technology used, binder choice dictates the degree of
adhesion, the dry time characteristics, and much about
the final appearance and performance of any coating.
Researching coating properties and working with your
coatings supplier can help you best understand the
difference between the types of coating technologies
available to quickly narrow down technology options.
Pigments also provide strong influence into the
appearance and performance of a coating. Finely
ground, solid particles, pigments can be both mineral and
polymeric in nature. The volume of pigments in a coating
correlates with the gloss of the film, with greater pigment
loading resulting in lower gloss coatings. Flat paints
have such a high pigment loading that some pigment
actually sticks out from the dried paint film, dropping
the gloss but decreasing the overall durability. Product
manufacturers generally choose gloss coatings—in part
because of the performance needed is better achieved
with higher gloss products, and in part because of the
quality final appearance provided.
Thus, the role of the pigment in factory-applied coatings
is generally to provide color and performance. Titanium
dioxide and other colored pigments are used to provide
hiding and color, while other types of pigments influence
resistance to corrosion and weathering, as well as overall
durability. An example of this would be zinc-based
pigments providing corrosion protection in primers.
Carriers are an important component of any paint
formulation. The carrier is the main liquid in a coating
formulation, and can be water, a solvent or any blend of
the above. The pigments are dispersed into the binder
with the aid of the carrier, which also helps reduce the
viscosity of the coating so that it can easily be applied.
There needs to be a synergy between the carrier and
binder, as the binder needs to remain stable and able to
form a film despite the drop in viscosity and addition
of other raw materials. The choice of carrier also
influences application, as different types of carriers have
different evaporation and dry time rates. Especially with
solvents, carrier choice requires deciding between dry
time, environmental restrictions and process needs. For
example, using only fast-dry solvents may be optimal
for processing, but may not meet regulatory needs and
can even result in film deformities from speeding the
dry time too much. Combinations of carriers allow for
meeting the most complete needs of the formulation and
application process.
Additives are the final component of paint. A far-
69
ranging classification, these raw materials offer special
performance qualities, such as rust inhibition or
UV protection. Generally, additives make up a small
percentage of the overall paint composition but can be
integral in meeting the performance needs of finishers.
Environmentally preferable finishing options take
advantage of advances across the classifications of raw
materials. From water-reducible binders that allow the
use of water as a solvent to high solids technologies that
lower VOC by reducing solvent requirements to the use
of exempt and lower
VOC solvents, finishers have a wider range of technology
options that can help their products and process be more
ecologically friendly.
PAINT FILM FORMATION
Regardless of application method, once a coating is
applied, there are four basic mechanisms that allow the
paint film to form: evaporation, coalescence, oxidation
and chemical curing.
Evaporation is the simplest form of film formation
and involves the release of the carrier after application.
Lacquers dry by this mechanism. As the carrier
evaporates, it leaves behind a solid coating without any
chemical or structural change to the rest of the raw
materials. Coatings that dry through evaporation usually
take 10-30 minutes to fully cure.
Coalescence is the film formation process for latex
emulsion coatings. In a latex paint, the long strands
of latex polymers are dispersed throughout the liquid
mixture. Once applied, the water begins to evaporate and
leave the paint film. As the percentage of water drops, the
polymers start to become more closely packed together.
After enough water evaporates, the long chains become
so tightly packed that they begin to fuse together, or
coalesce, to form a film. This film can form in as little as
30 minutes, but it can take up to a month for the film to
fully cure.
Oxidation is a two-step process for film formation.
First the coatings dry by solvent evaporation. Then the
binder mixture reacts with oxygen from the air to cure
and harden further. Coatings that dry via oxidation
first go through a 10-minute evaporation stage to lower
the percentage of carrier in the film and expose more
of the binder to the air. Then oxidation begins as the
remaining ingredients begin to react with oxygen in
the atmosphere. Alkyd coatings are a great example of
oxidation in that the alkyd resin and drier additives in
the formulation begin to chemically crosslink with each
other once exposed to oxygen, creating a film. The film
formation and curing process generally takes between
four and six hours. However, the paint film will continue
70
to oxidize for the life of the coating, with this continuous
crosslinking providing an understanding why old alkyd
paint becomes brittle. The simultaneous requirements
for solvent evaporation and a constant oxygen supply
also explains why good air movement directly impacts
the cure time of many conventional coatings.
Finally, chemical curing occurs when small molecules
react to form larger and larger molecules, resulting in a
cured film. Epoxies and two-part urethanes are examples
of this type of curing mechanism. As with the other
means of forming a film, the first part of chemical curing
is a 10-minute evaporation of the carrier, followed by
a chemical reaction that can take anywhere from 30
minutes to several hours, depending on the formulation.
Chemical curing can provide more durable and forgiving
film, and is often used for higher-performance end-uses.
The type of curing process has less of an impact on
regulations and VOC than the type of technology
used. Emissions are a key regulation that finishers
face, and the type of cure doesn’t necessarily reduce or
increase the VOC, although the selection may result
in emissions of other chemicals that may be regulated,
such as formaldehyde. However, more intense curing
mechanisms like chemical curing result in a more durable
finish and may help finishers make lasting products that
are ultimately more sustainable.
MATCHING NEEDS TO PERFORMANCE
An understanding of the composition and curing
process of coatings provides insight when making a
coating selection, helping finishers match their product
choice to their performance, regulation and application
requirements. Understanding the basics about technology
also makes it easier to understand when environmentally
preferable technologies may be a viable finishing choice.
The first decision in coating selection is often to consider
the general type of technology preferred—solvent-
borne, high-solids and waterborne. Choosing a specific
technology type for finishing requires matching up the
application and performance attributes with end-use
requirements, customer specifications and regulatory
guidance.
Solvent-borne coatings are often referred to as the
workhorses of the industry because of their reputation
for providing long-lasting finishes that dry quickly and
meet high-production schedules. Available as total-
coating systems, solvent-borne products are available for
a wide range of coating needs with product types that
include fillers, primers, sealers and topcoats. The breadth
of solvent-borne formulations have been formulated to
meet the specific but varying demands for gloss, color
retention and chemical resistance across industries and
end-uses.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
The durability and long-lasting appearance characteristics
historically provided by solvent-borne products has made
them a popular choice for metal finishing applications as
diverse as military, industrial, agricultural, construction
equipment, office furnishings and consumer electronics.
In fact, solvent-borne dominates the listing of federal
standards because of their long history and the general
comfort with the technology and the performance it
provides.
Finishers who want very durable coatings for plastic
substrates have also turned to solvent-borne coatings,
since they offer exceptional film durability, long-
term performance and superior texturability over this
substrate. The plastics industry also values solvent-borne
finishing materials for their ability to cure below 300°F,
the deformation temperature for many plastics.
While past solvent-borne formulations were
developed with performance and application needs
in mind, advantages in solvent-borne technologies
and raw materials have helped make finishes more
environmentally friendly. There are many coatings
options that meet government regulations and the various
specifications related to HAPs and VOCs. For example,
ultra-low-VOC polyester baking enamels that emit less
than one lb/gal of VOCs are available that offer finishers
excellent application and performance characteristics.
Even traditional solvent metal enamels are now available
in lower-VOC and HAPs-free formulations.
Coatings suppliers are also adopting more eco-
friendly manufacturing processes for solvent-borne
coatings, improvements that have been leveraged
across technologies. Practices such as solvent recovery,
waste-product reuse and better containment to reduce
solvent emissions are proactive sustainability gains that
minimize the overall impact of the producing solvent-
borne finishes. Such practices are becoming more
customary within the coatings industry, as are other
environmentally focused manufacturing improvements
such as higher-efficiency lighting and more streamlined
processing practices.
High-solids coatings have their own advantages as
a technology choice. Containing less solvent than
conventional materials, there are fewer emissions and
greater transfer efficiency of the coating. Available in
single- or two-component systems, high-solids coatings
technologies include polyesters, alkyds, epoxies,
urethanes and acrylics.
High-solids coatings are generally defined as those
that have at least 60 percent solids content by volume,
with some products even exceeding solids content of
90 percent. The challenge for manufacturers in the
development of these coatings has been to deliver a
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
product that can be applied easily with conventional
equipment. Since solvents lower the viscosity of the
coating in the container and provide the optimal
application characteristics, finding a way to maintain
conventional application while minimizing solvent use
provides an additional challenge during the development
of these products. Using unique raw materials, including
polymers with lower molecular weight and more
efficient solvents, formulations with standard viscosities
and properties similar to conventional technologies are
easily achieved.
Advances in polymer technology have driven the
development of high-solids coatings. Ongoing research
and development has led to new polymers that act
as both solvent and binder. Using these polymers in
high-solids formulations lowers the molecular weight
and/or viscosity of the coating, resulting in better
gloss retention, flow and leveling, and adhesion. In
fact, current high-solids coatings can offer the same or
improved performance characteristics as their high-
quality, conventional low-solids counterparts.
The development of new cross-linking technologies has
also led to gains with high-solids coatings. Often used
in conditions where they are expected to cure despite a
challenging environment, high-solids coatings are also
required to provide top performance characteristics.
Crosslinking technologies have been developed that
maximize the performance of polymers while reducing
initial viscosity, making application easier. The
combination of high-solids melamine crosslinkers with
high-solids polyesters to create attractive coatings for
appliances, office furnishings and recreational equip-
ment is a great example of crosslinking technology at
work. In addition to creating a wide range of highly
durable, attractive finishes, manufacturers have used
crosslinker/polymer combinations for more specialized
applications, like coatings that cure at room temperature
or with UV/EB energy systems that are ideal for substrates
such as wood and plastics. The industry is getting closer
to its goal of creating 100-percent solids formulations
that can be cured by conventional baking systems.
For many years, waterborne coatings were considered
an inferior coating choice compared to solvent-borne
options because they did not provide the same tough
and long-lasting performance characteristics and had
different dry time needs. But increased consumer interest
and the growth of governmental regulations has driven
technological improvements in waterborne finishes,
creating product options that are in many ways equal, or
in some cases better than, solvent-borne finishes.
Waterborne coatings get their performance
characteristics in part from more highly engineered raw
materials, like synthetic polymers.
71

Health, Safety & Environment
Coatings Might be
Dangerous to Health
A case study from Russian market
Some share of the coatings in Russia are sub-standard
and in some cases the offered products even contain
various toxins and heavy metals, posing a direct threat
to the health of consumers, according to Sergei Fedotov,
the President of the Russian Quality Paint Association
(RQPA).
RQPA was founded in October 2014 by AkzoNobel,
Chemours, Dow, Tikkurila and Yaroslavl Paints. Shortly
after Thor, Meffert and a number of other companies
joined. As a result, 24 percent of paint in the country is
labeled with the RQPA’s seal of excellence. According to
the organization’s website, the reason why Russia needs
such a seal, is that the legislative framework in the area of
paints’ quality is very far from perfect.
As a result, nobody can say for sure how much paint out
of the remaining 76 percent contains toxin substances,
such as mercury, cadmium, arsenic, lead pigment
chromate or volatile compounds.
72
THE NEGLIGENCE AND THE CRIME
As explained by Fedotov, the problem of substandard
coatings at the Russian market has two main aspects –
the inadvertent and intentional, and they have quite a
different nature.
“In the first case, the problem is associated with the
suppliers of components that must ensure the absence
of volatile organic compounds and other dangerous
substances in the delivered products.
However, the issue of components’ quality doesn’t receive
proper attention, so the plants don’t even request the data
on the consistenceny of the delivered products,” Fedotov
said.
“As the plants mix up to 20 various components to
manufacture coating, it is virtually impossible to check
components on the presence of harmful substances. The
accredited laboratories in the Russian coatings industry
can test some basic parameters of paints, such as covering
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
power, but lead and formaldehyde are a completely
different story” he added.
The equipment needed to perform such tests is very
expensive and it is available only in state scientific
research laboratories, which have other fields of
expertise and are not authorized by the Russian Federal
Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology to deal
with the quality of paints, Fedotov explained. Today in
Russia there are no independent laboratories able to
identify harmful substances in coatings, so as a result
irresponsible supplies that allow the presence of such
things in delivered components are not even at risk of
being caught.
“The members of RQPA request the data on the
consistence of the delivered products from components
supplies and jointly check it on truthfulness wherever
it is possible. So, our organization can guarantee that
products with our seal of excellence are free from
methanol, heavy metals and lead pigment chromate,
plus the share of volatile compounds and other harmful
substances listed in our basic documents doesn’t exceed
the maximum allowable levels,” he said.
At the same time, the situation is more complicated with
formaldehyde, as due to the harsh winter conditions in
Russia it is widely used to prevent freezing of coatings
during transportation. In some cases, customers are
trying to measure the emissions of formaldehyde, when
the coating is already on the surface, but for obvious
reasons this way is not perfect. Fedotov said that RQPA’s
members were discussing this problem in early August
and agreed to establish some joint technical basis to check
the products on formaldehyde within the organization.
In the meantime, the intentional use of prohibited
substances appears to be a much more concerning part
of the problem.
“In particular, when we talk about the yellow or brown
paints, it is possible to make such color using lead
pigment chromate. It is prohibited everywhere in the
world, including in Russia, but our businesses keep
using it anyway, primarily because it is cheap,” Fedotov
admitted.
“When the RQPA was founded, it started struggling
against this problem and performed huge scientific
work to determine how producers can refuse to use lead
pigment chromate in favor of organic pigments, without
an increase in the production costs. The work was quite
successful, but some coatings producers still keep using
lead pigment chromate, and this is only one example of
such practices,” he added.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
THE PRICE MATTERS
When talking about the quality of coatings in Russia, the
segment of “garage paints” must be also mentioned. In
this case, the quality issue becomes not just concerning,
but really alarming. The very name – “garage paints”–
this segment received because most manufacturers
here are small-scale private businesspeople, who don’t
have production facilities and simply mixing up some
components to produce the cheapest possible coatings in
their own garages.
As a rule, the manufacturers of garage paints are not
registered officially, don’t pay any taxes and don’t see any
point in complying with safety or quality requirements.
According to Egor Pausov, the head of the training unit
of Tikkurila Russia, those manufacturers do everything
possible to cut the production spends to be more
competitive on price.
“In past century people weren’t aware about such thing as
the environmental friendliness of paints and they did not
know that some components accumulated in the human
body and pose a real harm to the health. Scientific studies
shed some light on this problem and coatings producers
refused to use these pigments, but in Russia some firms
keep using it up to date,” Pausov said.
So, it turns out that in Russia the cheaper the coating,
the more problems with safety it has. And, according to
Fedotov, this leads us to the next problem, as the Russian
state procurement system is built in a way, when at the
competitive bidding procedure cheapest coating always
wins. As the result, it is widely used not only in the riser
blocks of flats, but also in schools, hospitals, kindergartens
and all other buildings of the social infrastructure.
“Just recently we participated in the competitive
bidding procedure in Moscow on the supply of paint
for a company operating in the field of housing and
communal services. One of the firms offered a penny
price for their product – so low, that it was even difficult
to imagine some coatings actually can be produced for
this money. After that RQPA purchased this production
for inspection.
Following painting, the smell from the coating did not
go away completely, although even the organic-diluted
enamel ceases to smell after a while. This is what we
have to breathe in. Such stories occur because of the
imperfection of the competitive bidding system in
Russia,” Natalia Nikitina, brand-manager of Tikkurila
Russia, said.
73
 According to Fedotov, one thing he is really happy with
EVENT CALENDER
2018 - 2019
is that consumer awareness in Russia reached record
heights, and according to recent opinion polls RQPA
has held, up to 80 percent of citizens in the country
are concerned over the quality and environmental
friendliness of paints.
COATINGS EXPO VIETNAM 2018 Location: Guangzhou
It is especially important now, amid the economic June 13 - 15, 2018 Venue: Area A, China Import and Export Fair Complex
downturn in Russia, as it shows that even in harsh times Location: Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
customers are not willing to sacrifice their health to Venue: Saigon Exhibition and Convention Center (SECC) COATING JAPAN
purchase cheaper products. December 5 - 7, 2018
2018 INTERNATIONAL ROOF COATINGS Location: Chiba, Japan
IMPROVEMENTS ARE ON THE CONFERENCE Venue: Makuhari Messe
July 23 - 26, 2018
PIPELINE? Location: Chicago, IL MIDDLE EAST COATING SHOW 2019
Venue: Fairmont Chicago, Milennium Park Feb 26 - Feb 29, 2019
According to Nikitina, one of the key problems of the
Location: DWTC, Dubai, UAE
Russian coatings industry, is that regulations on the
18TH ASIA COATINGS MARKETS
quality of coatings are severely outdated and don’t take
August 1 - 2, 2018 PAKISTAN COATINGS SHOW 2019
in account the recent scientific discoveries on some
Location: Jakarta, Indonesia March 04 - March 06, 2019
particular components and raw materials. RQPA,
Location: Lahore International Expo Centre - Pakistan
however, anticipated an improvement in this area with the
ASIA PACIFIC COATINGS SHOW 2018
recent adoption of the new common technical regulation
September 13 - 14, 2018 EUROPEAN COATINGS SHOW AND CONFERENCE
on coatings production within Eurasia Economy Union,
Location: Jakarta, Indonesia 2019
an economic organization comprising of Russia, Belarus,
Venue: Jakarta Convention Center March 19 - 21, 2019
Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan.
  Location: Nuremberg, Germany
Venue: Nurnberg Messe
“In 2016 the Russian government has released new
LABELEXPO AMERICAS 2018
instruction, prohibiting the use of some harmful
September 25 - 27, 2018 POWDER COATING 2019
substances, such as lead, but as long as those rules were
Location: Rosemont, Ill. April 1 - 4, 2019
voluntary, everyone ignored them.
Venue: Donald E. Stephens Convention Center Location: Orlando, FL
Venue: Renaissance Orlando at SeaWorld
Nevertheless, the new technical regulation ‘On safety
CORCON 2018 Contact: kelly@goyermgt.com
of coatings’ developed by Kazakhstan for the Eurasia
September 30 - October 3, 2018 Phone: 859-525-9988
Union, has already been signed by Russia and currently
Location: Jaipur, India
is in the adjustment stage between other members. So,
Venue: TBD EASTERN COATINGS SHOW 2019
we expect the paper has to be signed within one to two
Contact: lesley.martinez@nace.org May 13 - 15, 2019
years from now. After that, Russian sanitary service
Location: Atlantic City, N.J.
Rospotrebnadzor should take on obligations to supervise
METALCON 2018 Venue: Harrah
the quality of coatings at the domestic market,” Fedotov
October 10 - 12, 2018
said.
Location: Charlotte, N.C. GREENBUILD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
Venue: Charlotte Convention Center AND EXPO 2019
It is believed the new regulation will stipulate some up-
November 20 - 22, 2019
to-date requirements to the coatings manufacturers in
EXPOCOATING MOSCOW Location: Atlanta, GA
terms of quality of their products and will introduce
October 23 - 25, 2018 Venue: Georgia World Congress Center
a new system of monitoring. That said, Fedotov
Location: Moscow
emphasized, one should not think that, when the
Venue: Crocus Expo
regulation is adopted, it would bring immediate positive
EUROPEAN COATINGS SHOW RELOADED
effect. At the moment, he said, Rospotrebnadzor has a
GREENBUILD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE March 18 - 25, 2020
lot of other problems with counterfeit and sub-standards
AND EXPO 2018 https://www.ecs-reloaded.com/
products on the grocery shelves in Russia, in particular
November 14 - 16, 2018 Location: Virtual
in dairy industry, so it seems Russia still has a long way
Location: Chicago, IL
to go towards the better quality of coatings.
Venue: McCormick Place (West Building) AMERICAN COATINGS SHOW 2020
March 31 - April 2, 2020
CHINACOAT 2018 Location: Indianapolis, Ind.
December 4 - 6, 2018

74 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018 75

Recommended Redings
BOOKS OF EDITION
Recommendations
PCJ 5th EDITION
RAW MATERIALS
1. SOLVENT-FREE ADHESIVES
AUTHOR: T.E. ROLANDO
Interest in solvent-free adhesives is increasing because
of environmental concerns about the use of solvent
containing adhesives and the subsequent need to
decrease or eliminate solvent use. In this report adhesives
are classified by the type of chemistry of the adhesive
rather than the mode of application or the end-use. An
additional indexed section containing several hundred
abstracts from the Rapra Polymer Library database
provides useful references for further reading.
2. SURFACE COATINGS: VOLUME 1 RAW MATERIALS
AND THEIR USAGE
Author: Oil and Colour Chemists’ Association
Since Surface Coatings first appeared in 1974, the
76
industry has undergone dramatic and rapid changes both
in direction and emphasis, and this new edition mirrors
these changes. Volume I includes coverage of aqueous
systems, with chapters on emulsions and aqueous resins
as well as providing an excellent introduction to polymer
science, pigments, solvents and additives.
INKS & COATINGS
1.COATINGS AND INKS FOR FOOD CONTACT MATERIALS
Author: Martin Forrest=
This Rapra Review Report, Coatings and Inks for
Food Contact Materials, has attempted to cover all of
the coatings and inks products used in food contact
scenarios. In practice, this encompasses an extremely
wide range of polymer systems and formulations, and an
emphasis has been placed on coatings and inks used in
food packaging, as this is usually regarded as representing
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
the most important application category with respect
to the potential for migration to occur. In addition to a
thorough introduction of the polymers and additives
that are used to produce coatings and inks, there are also
chapters covering the regulation of these materials, the
migration and analytical tests that are performed on them
to assess their suitability for food contact applications, the
migration data that have been published, and the areas in
the field that are receiving the most attention for research
and development. The report is accompanied by around
400 abstracts compiled from the Polymer Library, to
facilitate further reading on this subject.
2. RADIATION CURING: COATINGS AND PRINTING INKS
Author: Patrick Glöckner
Radiation curing is the fastest growing technology in the
inks and coatings industries. It is being widely discussed in
numerous publications and conferences and is being used
or at least tested in all possible industrial applications.
This book’s objective is to link theory and practice in a
reference guide for formulators in the field of radiation
curing. The book is also intended for students and young
professionals in coatings and printing inks with no
previous experience of radiation curing. In addition to
the fundamental principles, therefore, guidance is offered
in the selection of raw materials. The Trouble Shooting
Chapter summarizes approaches to solving problems
that may arise during the manufacture and processing of
radiation curable systems. The focus is on 100 % liquid
coating systems that are radically or cationically curable
by UV or electron beam radiation. Technologies that are
still relatively unimportant are beyond the scope of this
book and are discussed only briefly.
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS
1. CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF THERMOSETTING
AUTHOR: M.H. IRFAN
Polymeric products are used widely in the construction
industry, because they offer a range of desirable
performance properties not available from traditional
materials. Development of these products continues in a
number of major research and development programmes
within the construction materials sector, aimed at
improving the performance, durability and applicational
properties of these materials. It seems certain that
their use will increase as their overall performance is
developed and as the industry becomes more familiar
with the techniques required to apply these materials and
the benefits they offer.
The purpose of this book is to familiarise the reader with
the range of thermosetting polymeric materials available
for construction applications, and to provide sound
information on the properties and applications of these
important materials.
Pakistan Coatings Journal May-June 2018
Professional engineers involved in the specification,
application and testing of these materials will find this
book a compact, authoritative and comprehensive
source of information on these materials. Chemists and
technologists involved in developing new or improved
formulations will find in this book much to inform their
work, particularly in the important area of applicational
properties.
2. POLYMERS IN CONSTRUCTION
AUTHOR: GÜNERI AKOVALI
This handbook is designed to provide a wealth of
information on the use of plastics in construction. The
chapters are all written by acknowledged experts in
their fields. The types of polymers that can be used are
discussed and specific applications are also covered.
There is also a very comprehensive section on the health
and safety aspects of using polymers in buildings.
ADHESIVES & SEALANTS
1. HANDBOOK OF ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS:
AUTHOR: PHILIPPE COGNARD
Contributions from more than 60 authors, each a well-
known specialist in their field, have been co-ordinated
to produce the most comprehensive Handbook of
Adhesives and Sealants ever published. The handbook
will be published as 8 volumes, over a period of 4 years
and will contain over 2800 pages, rich with case studies,
industrial applications and the latest research. It is a
work in progress, enabling the latest new and important
applications to be included as they happen.
2.SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES AND SEALANTS
AUTHOR: WILLIAM CHARLES WAKE
This collection of critical reports covers the technology of
the materials produced by the chemist known as contact,
hot melt, and toughened adhesives. Coverage includes the
preparation and curing of silicone polymers for adhesives,
sealants, and coupling agents (primers). The final chapter
discusses the methods and materials used by marine
organisms to attach themselves to varied substrates, to
their advantage, but often to man’s disadvantage. These
adhesives are all polymers of one sort of another and
they are used by engineers in industries ranging from
airplane manufacture to yacht building. The polymers
used for contact adhesives are formulated with tackifying
resins which must be in molecularly intimate contact
with the polymer. The alternative solvent-free hot melt
adhesives can be similarly compounded with additives,
but variations in the base polymer are more easily
achieved with the synthesis of a range of copolyesters or
polyamides. Modern structural adhesives are toughened
either by precipitation of a second phase from solution
in a polymer or by the direct incorporation of finely
dispersed rubber.
77
78 79
80