Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

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Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

Table of Contents

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LaBranche

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LaBranche

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 Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche
Definition of Science: Science is the study of nature of things. Science is
divided into biology, chemistry, and physics. Biology is divided into two sub-
categories, zoology and botany. Biology is the study of life. Zoology is the
study of animals and botany is the study of plants. Chemistry is the study of
atoms and chemical reactions. Physics is the study of matter and everything
around us.

Root words:
Bio: life Bio logy
Logy: study of
Biology is the study of life.

Life study of

A: not

Biotic: living
A biotic: not living

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Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

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 Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche
Scientific Method:

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 Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

Inference

Do Now: Write a list of ways you use Biology concepts everyday.

I use biology concepts when I…

1. Water the plants

2. Feel hot
3. Hear a bird chirp
4. Hear a owl “howl”
5. See an animal (bird, owl, person, dog, frog, ant, chipmunk, fly,
grasshopper, bee, spider, beaver, etc.)
6. See a garden
7. See a shrub
8. See a flower
9. See grass
10.See a seed
11. See the doctor
12.Go on walks
13. Go to Boy Scout summer Camp
14. Go and play in my back yard
15.Am at Biology class
16.Go to the bathroom
…everyday

Generalization

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 Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

Levels of Organisms:

1. Genes, DNA genetics

2. Cell cell biology, molecular biology
3. Organism anatomy, physiology, animal behavior
4. Population population biology, population ecology
5. Community/ ecosystem community biology, ecosystem
biology
6. Biosphere

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LaBranche

Ways to tell others about your scientific results.

1. Presentation other scientists

Non-scientists

2. Book Non-scientists

Other scientists

3. Write a Scientific Paper Other scientists

4. Chatting other scientists

Non-scientists

5. Newspaper Article other scientists

Non-scientists

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LaBranche
6. Magazines other scientists

Non-scientists

7. Web or Video recording other scientists

Non-scientists

Seed Germination Experiment

Data Sheet

We are only going to sprout the mum beans.

I am going to measure the height of my plant.

We are going to have a control and an experimental.

I am going to change the liquid of my experimental. Instead of water I will

have lemon juice.

Tuesday Tuesday Thursday Thursday

Cont Experimental Control Experimental
rol
Length in
millimeters

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LaBranche

Notes and
Observations

Ways we can measure the Mum Beans when they sprout

Length with millimeters (mm.)

Width with millimeters (mm.)

Amount of water absorbed by plant in millimeters (mm.)

Measure rate of growth with millimeters/ day.

Vocabulary:

Quantitative Data: Data represented in numbers

Qualitative Data: Data represented in words

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LaBranche

Description of Mum Beans: These are two green very little objects that weigh
approximately one gram. They are smooth and have a tiny little black
and white dot on one side. They smell like nothing. They are yellow
and cracked in the inside. This object is hard.

They are Mum Beans!

Vocabulary
Germinate: Sprout

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LaBranche

Seed Germination

A plant needs …

1) Water

2) Sunlight

3) Oxygen

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LaBranche

4) Soil

5) Carbon dioxide

6) Nutrition

A plant is prevented from growing when there is…

1) Frost

2) Cold temperature

3) Fire, heat

4) Crushing of seed

5) Drought

6) Absence of sun

Experiment:

Control: grows in water

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LaBranche
I will grow 5 seeds in my control and another 5 in my experimental. This
would be totaling 10 seeds.

They both get the same amount of water and both of them will get direct
sunlight.

When I finished with my experiment my seeds didn’t grow a lot. This is how I
think my seeds will grow better if I do this experiment ever again.

Next time I would

1) Change the water everyday
2) Put lamps right over the seeds so they grow faster and they would both
get exactly the same amount of sunlight.

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LaBranche
Definition of Kingdom: Highest level of classification

How the 5 kingdoms came about:

Before people thought there were only two kingdoms, Animalia and
Plante. They though there were only two kingdoms because they weren’t able to
see other smaller living objects. Then people began to think there are three
kingdoms, Animalia, Plante, and Fungi. After they thought there were four
kingdoms, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante. Now we thing there are five
kingdoms; Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante.

First Animalia and Plante

Then Animalia, Plante, and Fungi

After Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante

Finally Monera, Protists, Fungi, Animalia, and Plante

Robert Whittaker- proposed the 5 kingdoms

Root Words:
Pro: Ancient
Eu: True
Kary: genes

Prokaryotes means has no nucleus

Eukaryotes means has a nucleus

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LaBranche

Basic Parts of a cell; Cell Membrane, Nuclear Membrane, and Nuclear

Membrane

Cell
Membrane

Nuclear
Membrane

Nuclear Membrane

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LaBranche

5 Kingdoms and 3 Domains

5 Kingdoms

Monera Bacteria
Protista Protists
Fungi Fungus
Plante Plants
Animalia Animal

3 Domains

Archaebacteria
Eubacteria
Eukarya

Root word:

Arch: old

Domains

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LaBranche
Kingdoms

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LaBranche

In unit 2 we will talk about cells.

Cell Theory

All organisms are made up of cells

Cells provide the structure and function for an organism

All cells come from other cells

Robert Hooke:
Robert Hooke was the first to describe dead cells and look at them. When he saw
this plant cell he was looking at cell walls. The was looking at cork (dead piece of
wood.) He saw compartments of plant cells in the late 1600s.

Cell
Walls

Van Leeuwenhoek:

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Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see and describe live cells in the early1700s.

There are 2 types of cells; Plant Cells and Animal Cells.

Plant Cells Animal Cells

Have nuclei Have nuclei
Have chloroplasts Have plasma Membrane
Have cell walls
Have plasma membranes

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LaBranche

Plant Cell

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LaBranche

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LaBranche

Root Words

Elles: Small
Cyto: Cell

Ribosomes:

Ribosomes are suspended in the cytoplasm.

Ribosomes are the site of protein production.

Cytoplasm:

A gelatinous substance between the Plasma Membrane and the Nuclear

Envelope.
Where organelles are suspended.

Membranes Function:

A membranes function is to regulate the movement of substances in and

out of whatever it surrounds.

Plasma Membrane:

Regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Nuclear Envelope:

Double Membrane that surrounds a cell nucleus.

Vocabulary:

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LaBranche

Eurakyotic: Nucleus Size 10- 100 ug

Prokaryotic: No Nucleus 1-10 ug

Plant and Animal Organelles

1) Nucleus
2) Golgi Apparatus
3) Ribosomes
4) Endoplasmic Reticulum
5) Nucleolus

Plant Organelles

Chloroplast

Nucleus:

The nucleus of a cell is bound by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)

and regulates movement inside and outside the cell.

Nucleolus:

The dense region of the nucleus; contains the parts that make up the
ribosomes.

Chromatin:

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Thread like proteins with DNA attached to it.

Cell Wall:

Outer part of a plant cell; provides structure for cell/ organism.

Cellulose:

Strong substance that can’t be eaten.

Ribosomes found in two places of the cytoplasm.

Some float in the cytoplasm- procedure the proteins that remain in the
cell.
Some are attached- procedure proteins that are exported out of the cell
and proteins that are part of the plasma Membrane.

Proteins

Big dots are ribosomes. The ribosomes provide the surface so the proteins (small
dots) can stick together.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (Abbreviation ER):

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LaBranche

Two types of ER; Rough and Smooth.

Rough ER attached ribosomes

The attached ribosomes produce proteins that go into membranes and that are
exported by the cell.

Smooth ER no ribosomes

Site of protein production of lipids.

Interesting Fact: Cows have 4 stomachs

Endoplasmic Reticulum:

Network of membranes that are the center of manufacturing and transport

of molecules.

Golgi Apparatus:

Series of flattened sacs; process and transports molecules.

Cell Cycle

Cell Cycle:

An orderly sequence of changes in a cell from a starting point (right after

formation of the cell by division) to the point at which the cell divides.

Two types of cell cycle

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LaBranche

Interphase:

Cell carries outs it functions- metabolizes.

1) G1 Phase- Cell Grows

2) S Phase- DNA synthesis- DNA duplicates itself
3) G2 Phase- Cell prepares to divide

G= Gap
S= Synthesis

Mitotic Phase:

Made of two parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis.

Mitosis- Division of the nuclear material –

The DNA- equally divides between the “daughter ” cells.

Cytokinesis- Division of cytoplasm.

Cell Cycle

Mitosis
PMAT

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase Centromere

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Sister Chromatids
 Rajat Goyal, 7B Biology Notes Teacher:

LaBranche

Prophase

Chromatin condenses
Nucleolus disappears
Ribosomes production stops
Near end- nuclear envelope breaks down
Mitotic spindle appears
Microtubules attach to sister chromatids and begin to move to center of cell.

Before: Then

Spindle

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LaBranche

After:

Finally:

Metaphase:

Sister Chromatids are lined up at the center of the cell (equator.)

Spindle finishes forming.

Anaphase:

Sister chromatids separate and are then called daughter chromosomes.

Proteins of the centimeres help pull the daughter chromosomes along the
microtubules of the spindle.

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LaBranche
Daughter chromosomes are pulled towards the poles by the shortening
microtubules.

Microtubules that aren’t attached to the chromosomes get longer causing the
cell to elongate.

Before:

After:

Finally:

Telophase:

Chromosomes reach poles of the spindle.

Chromosomes “disappear” as the chromatin winds.
Spindle appears
Nuclear envelops reform
Nucleoli reappear

Cytokinesis:

Cytoplasm divides and the plasma Membrane pinches off to form separate cell.

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LaBranche

Meiosis:

Division that results four cells. Each cell has only half of the genetic
information(DNA..)

Games:

Sex cells(sperm for male and eggs for female.)

Humans have 46 chromosomes

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LaBranche
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes

# of chromosomes = n
2n = 46
n= 23

Male

Female

Compare

Mitosis Meiosis

2n 2n

2n 2n n n

n n n
n

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