Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
S. M. Chaudhari1, V. W. Khond2
1,2
Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engg. Nagpur-440019
Abstract – Diesel engines exhausting gaseous emission and particulate matter have long been regarded as one of the
major air pollution sources, particularly in metropolitan areas, and have been a source of serious public concern for a
long time. There has been numerous research in the field of reduction of these pollutants since diesel engines came to
major use. Major emissions from a diesel engine are NOx, SOx, CO and particulate matter (PM).amongst these pollutants
CO and Sox and some quantity of particulate matters are reduced by some after treatment devices. Also NOx emissions are
reduced by selective catalytic reduction, exhaust gas recirculation.
In this work, the experiment was carried out on twin cylinder diesel engine fuelled with water emulsified diesel and
fly ash as an additive. The test is carried out at constant speed and varying the load condition and investigate the
performance and emission characteristics of the engine. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by 3.33% and 5.43%.
and NOX emission is reduced by 11.87% and 15% respectively, when addition of 5% and 10% water in diesel. Also with
the addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% and 10% water diesel emulsion. Brake specific fuel consumption is increased by
6.27%, 7.91%, 5.79% and 8.21%, also Co emission was increases by 22.33%, 12.5%, 36.36% and 22.22% respectively
when results comparing with diesel. The Brake thermal efficiency was increased by 4.39% when addition of 10% water in
diesel and also with addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water diesel emulsion there is 3.97% and 1.11%. Brake thermal
efficiency increases as compare to diesel.
Keywords- Twin cylinder diesel engine, fly ash, NOx, brake thermal efficiency
1
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
service profile [3]. The advantage of an emulsion fuel difference between water and diesel. Water contents
are reduction in the emission of nitrogen oxides and ranging from 5% to 45% have been studied.
particulate matters, which both are health hazardous and C. Alan Canfied [4] has worked on effects of diesel
reduction in fuel consumption due to better burning water emulsion on diesel engine and NOx emissions.
efficiency. An important aspect is that diesel emulsion Results also lead to conclude that NOx reduction from
can be used without engine modification. The fuel injection timing delay and improved injector design,
combustion efficiency is improved when water is as demonstrated in, is also probably due to a reduced
emulsified with diesel. This is a consequence of the flame temperature. A trend to lower exhaust temperature
micro emulsions, which facilitate atomization of the fuel and lower NOx emissions with increased timing delay,
[4]. which corresponds to the trend for water added to the
Some metal-based additives are reported to be effective fuel. In general, it was concluded from the reported data
in lowering diesel emissions. They may reduce diesel that fuel—water mixtures are an effective option to
emissions by two ways [5]. First, the metals either react reducing NOx emissions from diesel engines without
with water to produce hydroxyl radicals, which enhance requiring modifications to the engine, if a lower full load
soot oxidation, or react directly with carbon atoms in the is acceptable. By installing larger fuel injectors, the
soot, thereby lowering the oxidation temperature. When diesel engine can attain the original load level.
these additives are used after combustion in the engine, Omar Badran et al. [5] have worked on Impact of
the metal acts as a nucleus for soot deposition. Usually, Emulsified Water/Diesel Mixture on Engine
the additive is added as a metal-organic compound, and Performance and Environment. Emulsified diesel fuels
it is emitted in the particulate phase as oxide, on soot of 0, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 water/Diesel ratios by
particles or forming new nanometre-sized particles by volume, were used in a single cylinder, direct injection
homogeneous nucleation of the additive. Diesel engine, operating between 1000-1600 rpm. The
In this project, the addition of water in diesel and this average increase in the brake thermal efficiency for 30%
emulsified fuel inject in CI Engine and reduce the water emulsion is approximately 5% over the use of
emission characteristics of the engine. And also addition diesel for the engine speed ranges studied. The
of fly-ash in emulsified fuel and improves the particulate matter and NOx emissions decrease as the
performance and reduces the emission characteristics of percentage of water in the emulsion increased to 30%.
the engine. Because fly-ash contain various types of K. Kannan et al. [6] have worked on NOx and HC
metal additives. So fly-ash use as combustion improver emission control using single cylinder engine. This paper
and emission reduction additives to increase the reports on the effects of water emulsified diesel fuel
efficiency and decrease the NOx emission of the CI combustion on the brake thermal efficiency, brake
Engine. specific fuel consumption and NOx and unburnt
hydrocarbon emissions in a diesel engine. Experiments
II-LITERATURE REVIEW were conducted on a single cylinder four stroke cycle
direct injection diesel engine running at a constant speed
The addition of water to diesel fuel has been proven to with a fuel injection pressure of 200 bars. Tests were
significantly reduce NOx and PM emissions. These done using commercial diesel fuel and emulsified diesel
benefits have been observed both with and without fuel with 10% and 20% water by volume.
modifications to the test engine. It was discovered that R. Venkatesh Babu and Dr. S.Sendilvelan, [7]
the effectiveness in lowering the peak combustion investigate the effect of addition of water-fuel
temperature is dependent on the engine timing and emulsions in diesel engines is a notable reduction in
decreases as engine timing is advanced. Greater NOx emissions. The added water acts as a diluents,
reductions in both PM and NOx can also be attained with which lowers the combustion temperature and
the combined use of emulsions and after treatment suppresses NOx formation. The water emulsification
technologies such as PM traps and oxidation catalysts. decrease overall particulate emissions. Diesel water
Anna Lif et al. [3] have worked on reduction of water emulsification may require additional cetane enhancing
and PM in diesel engines. The water content affects the additives. NOx can roughly be lowered on one- percent
combustion under on two accounts. The first is the reduction of for every percent of water added to the
reduced peak temperature in the cylinder, resulting in a fuel, depending on engine design and service profile.
lower levels of NOx formation. The second is the micro This reduction is achieved by lowering the peak
explosion phenomenon, which is due to the volatility combustion temperature in the engine cylinders.
2
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
The various types of metal additives use in a Diesel V.W.Khond and Swapnil M.Kondawar [13] investigated
Engine and investigate the that, Fly-ash contains silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide,
Performance and emission characteristics of the engine iron or calcium oxide and carbon content. Ash also
V. Arul Mozhi Selvan. et al. [8] an experimental contains smaller amount of magnesium oxide, sodium
investigation is carried out to establish the performance oxide and potassium oxide. Fly ash is typically finer than
and emission characteristics of a compression ignition Portland cement and lime. Fly ash consists of silt-sized
engine while using cerium oxide nanoparticles as particles which are generally spherical, typically ranging
additive in neat diesel and diesel-biodiesel-ethanol in size between 10 and 100 micron (Figure 1)
blends. The cerium oxide acts as an oxygen donating
catalyst and provides oxygen for the oxidation of CO or
absorbs oxygen for the reduction of NOx. The
activation energy of cerium oxide acts to burn off
carbon deposits within the engine cylinder at the wall
temperature and prevents the deposition of non-polar
compounds on the cylinder wall results reduction in HC
emissions. The tests revealed that cerium oxide
nanoparticles can be used as additive in diesel and
diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blend to improve complete
combustion of the fuel and reduce the exhaust
emissions significantly.
G.R.Kannan et. al [9] have found that the biodiesel Fig 1: Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification, SEM
fuelled engines emit less carbon monoxide, total
hydrocarbon, and particulate matter (PM) as compared Table 1 : Metal Content in Fly-Ash
to diesel but there is a slight increase in nitric oxide
(NO) emission. Reduction of NO can be attained while Contents Percentage
using biodiesel can be achieved by improving the diesel Si02 70.70%
engine design and combustion chamber [10]. The
reduction rates achieved have not been adequate to meet Al203 20.70%
the emission standards. Further reduction in emission Fe203 3.90%
and improvement in engine efficiency can be achieved
by use of fuel additives. Metal based additives have been CaO 1.13%
employed as combustion catalyst to promote the K20 1.09%
combustion and to reduce fuel consumption and
Ti02 0.92%
emission for hydrocarbon fuels.
Kelso [11], investigated the effect of platinum based MgO 0.77%
additive on diesel engine. These metal additive acts as a
Na20 0.26%
fuel borne catalyst and increase the combustion rate. and
the result revealed that the use of platinum based P205 0.15%
additive improved BSFC and reduced CO and UHC
MnO 0.05%
emission. It was found that Metal based additives have
been employed as combustion catalyst to promote the
combustion and to reduce fuel consumption and
emission for hydrocarbon fuels. They investigate the effect of water emulsified diesel
Yang HH, Miyamoto N. et al. [12] has experimentally fuel inject in a CI Engine and improve the performance
studied the reduction of emission while using metal characteristics and reduce the emission characteristics
based additive may be either due to the fact that the also they have add various types of metal based additive
metal react with water vapour to produce hydroxyl in a Diesel and investigate the performance and emission
radicals or serve as an oxidation catalyst thereby characteristics of the CI Engine.
reducing the oxidation temperature that results in So according to their investigation we add Fly-
increased particle burnout. Due to this phenomenon the Ash in a water diesel emulsified fuel because Fly-Ash
rate of combustion increases. contains various type of metal additives and emulsified
fuel is fuelled with Twin cylinder Diesel Engine test rig
3
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
4
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
Experimental Setup
5
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
6
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
7
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
Carbon dioxide comes as exhaust as a result of complete Smoke opacity is increases with increase in Brake Mean
combustion of carbon particles in the fuel and the Effective Pressure. The smoke decreases with diesel and
combustion of CO inside the cylinder. For diesel it water emulsion when comparing with diesel. Also the
increases linearly with increase in load. For the addition of Fly-ash in diesel decreases the smoke further.
emulsions too it increases linearly with some variations The use of emulsified fuel improve better combustion is
at some loads. CO2 emission increases when we add the cause for the smoke reduction.
water to diesel. With increase in the percentage of water
in diesel CO2 emission increases. The Smoke Opacity emission is decreased by 6.25%
The CO2 emission is decreased by 0.46% when when addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the
addition of 5% water in diesel and also with the variation variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water
of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 5% water diesel diesel emulsion there is 6.25% and 12.5% Smoke
emulsion there is 0.69% and 1.15% CO2 emission Opacity emission decreases as compare to diesel.
decreases as compare to diesel.
The CO2 emission is decreased by 0.69% when The Smoke Opacity emission is decreased by 12.25%
addition of 10% water in diesel and also with the when addition of 10% water in diesel and also with the
variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water variation of addition of 3% and 6% fly-ash in 10% water
diesel emulsion there is 0.92% and 1.36% CO2 emission diesel emulsion there is 18.75% and 18.75% Smoke
decreases as compare to diesel. Opacity emission decreases as compare to diesel.
V-CONCLUSION
8
International Journal of Engineering and Creative Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2018
www.ijecs.net
4. The addition of metal additive decreases the HC charging from a heavy-duty diesel engine”, Environ int
emission when comparing with diesel. The use 1998;24(4):389-403.
of metal additive promotes complete [13] V.W.Khond and Swapnil M.Kondawar, “Fly Ash
combustion is cause for the hydrocarbon Utilization Technologies and use as Thermal
emission reduction. Composite Insulation”, Vol. 2, Issue III/April:12,
5. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions Indian Streams Research Journal.
increase with increase in water percentage in
the fuel. This is due to the fact that most of the
hydrocarbons are burnt at lower loads.
6. Smoke opacity is increases with increase in
brake mean effective pressure. The smoke
decreases with diesel and water emulsion when
comparing with diesel. Also the addition of fly-
ash in diesel decreases the smoke further.
REFERENCES