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Keywords: Analytical studies on the dynamic instability analysis of a functionally graded (FG) skew plate subjected to
Dynamic instability uniform and linearly varying in-plane periodic loadings with four different types of boundary conditions are
Rayleigh–Ritz method presented. The total energy functional of the FG skew plate is formulated based on Reddy’s third order shear
BCOPs
deformation theory (TSDT) and this functional is mapped from the physical domain to computational domain
Gram–Schmidt process
using transformation rule. The boundary characteristics orthonormal polynomials (BCOPs) are generated for
TSDT
FG skew plate different boundary conditions using Gram–Schmidt process, which satisfy the essential boundary conditions of
skew plates in the computational domain. The energy functional is converted into a set of ordinary differen-
tial equations (Mathieu–Hill equations) using Rayleigh–Ritz method in conjunction with BCOPs. The solution
of Mathieu–Hill equations describes the dynamic instability behavior of skew plate. The instability regions are
traced using Bolotin method. The effect of skew angles, power-law distributions, span-to-thickness ratios, aspect
ratios, boundary conditions and static load factors on the instability region of FG skew plates are presented. The
result indicates that the width of instability region become narrow with the increase in skew angle. Moreover,
the time history response and corresponding phase plot in the unstable and stable region is studied to identify the
instability behavior such as existence of beats, bounded and unbounded response, and effect of forcing amplitude
and its frequency on the response.
© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction load and pointed out that the FG plate behaves like un-symmetric lam-
inated plate. Since the neutral axis of the FG plate do not pass through
Over the decades, functionally graded materials (FGMs) are increas- the middle plane the plate, it may not possess the bifurcation point,
ingly used in the defence, aerospace, nuclear reactors and other high- the shift of the neutral axis needs to be considered in the analysis of
performance structures [1,2]. The FGM has several advantages over FRP the FGM plate [16]. The effect of various factors such as gradient in-
composite structures based on material characteristics and thus, they dex, temperature, aerodynamic loading on the dynamic instability of a
are used more frequently in high-performance structures. The FGM is FG plate was studied by Lanhe et al. [17] using differential quadrature
made up of ceramic and metal having a smooth variance of material method.
properties throughout the thickness. The uses of functional graded ma- The nonlinear free flexural vibration of functionally graded skew and
terial in aerospace/nuclear industries are well known. Therefore, the rectangular plates was performed by Sundararajan et al. [18] under ther-
static and dynamic instability of FG skew plates is essential for design mal loadings. Ganapathi and Prakash [19] discussed the influence of the
aspects and its performance. Extensive research has been done on the parameters (such as aspect ratio, volume index, skew angle etc.) on the
static [3–6] and dynamic instability [7–11] for the structural element critical buckling load of simply supported FGM skew plate. Pradyumna
made of isotropic and composite type of materials. Recently, Jha et al. and Bandyopadhyay [20] studied the dynamic instability of FGM shell
[12] provided a critical review on the studies of FG plates. under in-plane periodic load and temperature. Torki et al. [21] inves-
The FG skew plate starts deflecting outward under in-plane com- tigated the flutter behavior of a FGM cylindrical shell subjected to dis-
pressive loading because of the extensional-bending coupling like un- tributed axial forces. Asnafi and Abedi [22] studied the dynamic stability
symmetric cross-ply laminated skew plates. Ng et al. [13,14] studied of a FG plates subjected to random lateral loads. Sofiyer and Kuruoglu
the dynamic instability behavior of FG cylindrical thin shells under [23] studied the instability behavior of FG shell structures and sandwich
uniform periodic axial loading. Shen [15] analyzed the bending per- cylindrical shell with FG core under uniform periodic axial loads using
formance of a simply supported FG rectangular plate under transverse the Galerkin’s method.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rajeshiitkgp@iitkgp.ac.in (R. Kumar).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.05.050
Received 3 January 2017; Received in revised form 4 May 2017; Accepted 20 May 2017
Available online 7 June 2017
0020-7403/© 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Fig. 1. (a) FG skew plate geometry and uniform periodic axial compression. (b) The position of mid plane and neutral plane for FG skew plate. (c) Different types of linearly varying
in-plane edge loadings.
The literature on the dynamic instability of FG skew plate is very lim- top surface is ceramic. The FG skew plate of length “a”, width “b” and
ited and required details exploration of design aspects and better perfor- thickness “h” under uniform loading shown in Fig. 1(a).
mance. In the present study, analytical investigation carried out on the The material distribution along the thickness direction of FG plate
dynamic stability of FG skew plates under uniform and linearly in-plane is not symmetric about the middle plane. Therefore, the neutral plane
varying loads using Rayleigh–Ritz Method in conjunction with BCOPs. may not coincide with the middle plane. Fig. 1b shows the position of the
The total energy functional of the FG skew plate is formulated based middle plane and the neutral plane of the skew plate at any cross section.
on Reddy’s TSDT and transformed from physical domain to computa- In the present case the reference plane taken as a neutral plane for the
tional domain using transformation rule. The total energy functional (in analysis of functionally graded skew plate using elementary theory to
computational domain) is then reduced to ordinary differential equa- avoid the coupling between the stretching and bending deformation. In
tions (Mathieu–Hill equations) using Rayleigh–Ritz method in conjunc- order to determine the position of the reference plane from the middle
tion with BCOPs. The BCOPs are generated by orthogonalization to the plane of the functionally graded skew plate for which the first moment
boundary characteristic polynomials (BCPs) via Gram–Schmidt process. of modulus of elasticity with respect to reference plane is equated to
The BCPs are then taken as a product of two-dimensional independent zero [26,27] as follows,
set of polynomials and the basis functions. The basis functions are devel- ℎ∕2
oped by taking the product of boundary equation of skew plate, which 𝐸(𝑧)(𝑧 − 𝐶)𝑑𝑧 = 0 (1)
∫−ℎ∕2
satisfy the essential boundary conditions. The boundaries of instability
regions are plotted using Bolotin method [25]. The effect of different the position of reference plane (neutral plane) from middle plane may
skew angles, various types of linearly varying loadings, static load fac- be defined as
tors, boundary conditions, span-to-thickness ratios and aspect ratio on
ℎ∕2
the instability regions are studied. ∫−ℎ∕2 𝐸(𝑧)𝑧𝑑𝑧
𝐶= (2)
ℎ∕2
∫−ℎ∕2 𝐸(𝑧)𝑑𝑧
2. Mathematical formulation
Therefore, distance (z) of the top surface and the bottom surface
The functionally graded (FG) skew plate is made by mixing of ce- from the reference plane are 𝑧𝑡 (= ℎ2 − 𝐶) and 𝑧𝑏 (= − ℎ2 − 𝐶), respec-
ramic and metal materials in which the bottom surface is metal and the tively. The effective material properties (modulus of elasticity and
42
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
𝑎
density) according to the rule of mixture can be written as ⎛⎛𝑁𝑥 ⎞ ⎛𝑀𝑥 ⎞ ⎛𝑀𝑥 ⎞⎞ ℎ∕2−𝐶 ⎛𝜎𝑥 ⎞
⎜⎜𝑁 ⎟, ⎜𝑀 ⎟, ⎜𝑀 𝑎 ⎟⎟ = ⎜𝜎 ⎟(1, 𝑧, 𝑓 (𝑧))𝑑𝑧 (11)
𝐸(𝑧) = 𝐸𝑚 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) + 𝐸𝑐 𝑉𝑐 (𝑧) ⎜⎜ 𝑦 ⎟ ⎜ 𝑦 ⎟ ⎜ 𝑎 ⎟⎟ ∫−ℎ∕2−𝐶 ⎜ 𝑦 ⎟
𝑦
(3) ⎝⎝𝑁𝑥𝑦 ⎠ ⎝𝑀𝑥𝑦 ⎠ ⎝𝑀𝑥𝑦 ⎠⎠ ⎝𝜏𝑥𝑦 ⎠
𝜌(𝑧) = 𝜌𝑚 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) + 𝜌𝑐 𝑉𝑐 (𝑧)
ℎ∕2−𝐶
where, subscripts m and c represent the metal and ceramic constituents, (𝑄𝑎𝑥 , 𝑄𝑎𝑦 ) = (𝜏𝑥𝑧 , 𝜏𝑦𝑧 )𝑓 ′ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 (12)
∫−ℎ∕2−𝐶
respectively. Here, the volume fraction of the metal and ceramic phase
is described by the following power-law distribution, where Nx , Ny , Nxy and Mx , My , Mxy are the force and moment resul-
( ) tants; 𝑀𝑥𝑎 , 𝑀𝑦𝑎 , 𝑀𝑥𝑦
𝑎 are the additional moment resultants due to ad-
𝑧+𝐶 1 𝑛
𝑉𝑐 = + , 𝑉𝑚 = 1−𝑉𝑐 (4) ditional changes of curvature 𝜙𝑜1,𝑥 𝜙𝑜2,𝑦 𝜙𝑜2,𝑥 + 𝜙𝑜1,𝑦 ; 𝑄𝑎𝑥 , 𝑄𝑎𝑦 are transverse
ℎ 2
shear force resultants. The force, moment, additional moment and shear
The volume fraction varies through the thickness based on the power
resultants are related to strains by [24]
index n. In the present investigation, the Poisson’s ratio (𝜈) is assumed
to be constant across the thickness. ⎧𝑁 ⎫ ⎡𝐴 𝐴12 𝐴16 ⎤⎧𝜀𝑜𝑥 ⎫ ⎡𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵16 ⎤⎧−𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑥 ⎫
The linearly varying in-plane edge loading may be expressed as ⎪ 𝑥 ⎪ ⎢ 11 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨𝑁𝑦 ⎬ = ⎢𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴26 ⎥⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬ + ⎢𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 ⎥⎨−𝑤𝑜,𝑦𝑦 ⎬
𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁0 (1 − 𝜆( 𝜂𝑏 )). In this expressions four different values of𝜆 yield ⎪𝑁𝑥𝑦 ⎪ ⎣𝐴16 ⎥⎪ 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎭ 𝐴26 𝐴66 ⎦⎩𝛾𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 ⎦⎩−2𝑤𝑜𝑥𝑦 ⎪
⎭
different in-plane loadings distribution like a uniform (𝜆 = 0), trape-
zoidal (𝜆 = 0.5), triangular (𝜆 = 1), partial tension (𝜆 = 1.5) and in-plane 𝑜
⎡𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶16 ⎤⎧ 𝜙1,𝑥 ⎫
bending (𝜆 = 2). Different types of linearly varying in-plane edge load- ⎪ ⎪
+ ⎢𝐶12 𝐶22 ⎥
𝐶26 ⎨ 𝜙2,𝑦𝑜
⎬
ings are shown in Fig. 1c. ⎢ ⎥⎪ 𝑜
⎣𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶66 ⎦⎩𝜙1,𝑦 + 𝜙𝑜2,𝑥 ⎪
⎭
The total energy of FG skew plate is formulated based on the third-
order shear deformation theory [24]. In this theory no shear correction ⎧𝑀 ⎫ ⎡𝐵 𝐵12 𝐵16 ⎤⎧𝜀𝑜𝑥 ⎫ ⎡𝐷11 𝐷12 𝐷16 ⎤⎧−𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑥 ⎫
⎪ 𝑥 ⎪ ⎢ 11 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
factors is required because of the parabolic distribution of the transverse
⎨𝑀𝑦 ⎬ = ⎢𝐵12 𝐵22 𝐵26 ⎥⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬ + ⎢𝐷12 𝐷22 𝐷26 ⎥⎨−𝑤𝑜,𝑦𝑦 ⎬
shear stress and satisfy the zeros stress conditions at the bottom and top ⎪𝑀𝑥𝑦 ⎪ ⎣𝐵16 ⎥⎪ 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪
⎩ ⎭ 𝐵26 𝐵66 ⎦⎩𝛾𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐷16 𝐷26 𝐷66 ⎦⎩−2𝑤𝑥𝑦 ⎪
𝑜
⎭
surface of plate. The displacement components u, v and w in the x, y
𝑜
and z directions, respectively, at a distance ‘z’ away from the reference ⎡𝐸11 𝐸12 𝐸16 ⎤⎧ 𝜙1,𝑥 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
plane (i.e. mid plane) can be defined as [24], + ⎢𝐸12 𝐸22 𝐸26 ⎥⎨ 𝜙𝑜2,𝑦 ⎬
⎢ ⎥⎪ 𝑜
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 + 𝑧𝜑1 + 𝑧3 (4∕3ℎ2 )[−𝜑1 − 𝑤𝑜,𝑥 ] ⎣𝐸16 𝐸26 𝐸66 ⎦⎩𝜙1,𝑦 + 𝜙2,𝑥 ⎪
𝑜
⎭
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑧𝜑2 + 𝑧3 (4∕3ℎ2 )[−𝜑2 − 𝑤𝑜,𝑦 ] ⎧𝑀 𝑎 ⎫ ⎡𝐶 𝐶16 ⎤⎧𝜀𝑜𝑥 ⎫ ⎡𝐸11 𝐸16 ⎤⎧−𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑥 ⎫
(5)
𝐶12 𝐸12
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑜 ⎪ 𝑥𝑎 ⎪ ⎢ 11 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨𝑀𝑦 ⎬ = ⎢𝐶12 𝐶22 𝐶26 ⎥⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬ + ⎢𝐸12 𝐸22 𝐸26 ⎥⎨−𝑤𝑜,𝑦𝑦 ⎬
⎪𝑀 𝑎 ⎪ ⎣𝐶16 ⎥⎪ 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎪
⎩ 𝑥𝑦 ⎭ 𝐶26 𝐶66 ⎦⎩𝛾𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐸16 𝐸26 𝐸66 ⎦⎩−2𝑤𝑥𝑦 ⎪
𝑜
⎭
Here u0 , v0 and w0 are displacement component on a reference plane.
𝜙1 and 𝜙2 are rotations of the cross sections initially perpendicular to 𝑜
⎡𝐹11 𝐹12 𝐹16 ⎤⎧ 𝜙1,𝑥 ⎫
the x and y axes, respectively. Upon the rearrangement of displacement ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ 𝑜 ⎪
+ 𝐹12 𝐹22 𝐹26 ⎨ 𝜙2,𝑦 ⎬
components [28], ⎢ ⎥⎪ 𝑜
⎣𝐹16 𝐹26 𝐹66 ⎦⎩𝜙1,𝑦 + 𝜙𝑜2,𝑥 ⎪
⎭
𝑢 = 𝑢𝑜 − 𝑧𝑤𝑜,𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙1 𝑜 { 𝑎} [ ]{ 𝑜 }
𝑄𝑦 𝐻44 𝐻45 𝜙2
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 − 𝑧𝑤𝑜,𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙2 𝑜 (6) = (13a–d)
𝑄𝑎𝑥 𝐻45 𝐻55 𝜙𝑜1
𝑤 = 𝑤𝑜
𝜙01 = 𝜑1 + 𝑤0,𝑥 ; 𝜙02 = 𝜑2 + 𝑤0,𝑦 Now, the various components of strain energy of FG skew plate are
(7)
𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝑧[1 − (4∕3)(𝑧∕ℎ)2 ] expressed as,
𝑇
The strain–displacement relations at a distance ‘z’ away from the ⎛⎧𝑁 ⎫ ⎧𝜀𝑜 ⎫⎞
𝑎 𝑏
reference plane of a plate can be written as, 1 𝑚 ⎜⎪ 𝑥 ⎪ ⎪ 𝑥𝑜 ⎪⎟
Membrane energy (𝑈 ) =
2 ∫0 ∫0 ⎜⎨𝑁𝑦 ⎬ ⎨𝜀𝑦 ⎬⎟𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 (14)
⎜⎪𝑁𝑥𝑦 ⎪ ⎪𝛾 𝑜 ⎪⎟
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑜𝑥 − 𝑧𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑥 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙1 𝑜,𝑥 ⎝⎩ ⎭ ⎩ 𝑥𝑦 ⎭⎠
𝜀𝑦 = 𝜀𝑜𝑦 − 𝑧𝑤𝑜,𝑦𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙2 𝑜,𝑦 After substituting the stress resultants (Nx , Ny , Nxy ) expression
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜀𝑜𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑧𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙1 𝑜,𝑦 + 𝑓 (𝑧)𝜙2 𝑜,𝑥 (8) (Eq. (13a)) in Eq. (14) then membrane energy can be expressed as,
𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝑢,𝑧 + 𝑤,𝑥 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑧)𝜙1 𝑜 𝑇
⎛ ⎧𝜀 𝑜 ⎫ ⎡𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴16 ⎤⎧𝜀𝑜𝑥 ⎫
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝑣,𝑧 + 𝑤,𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑧)𝜙2 𝑜 1
𝑎 𝑏
⎜⎪ 𝑥𝑜 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
𝑈 𝑚
= ⎜ ⎨𝜀 𝑦 ⎬ ⎢𝐴 𝐴22 𝐴26 ⎥⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬
and 𝜀𝑜𝑥 , 𝜀𝑜𝑦 and 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑜 are reference surface strains and are defined as, 2 ∫0 ∫0 ⎜ ⎪𝛾 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ 12 ⎥⎪ 𝑜 ⎪
⎝⎩ 𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐴16 𝐴26 𝐴66 ⎦⎩𝛾𝑥𝑦 ⎭
𝜀𝑜𝑦 = 𝑣𝑜,𝑦 , 𝜀𝑜𝑥 = 𝑢𝑜,𝑥 , 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝑜
= 𝑢𝑜,𝑦 + 𝑣𝑜,𝑥 (9) 𝑇
⎧𝜀𝑜 ⎫ ⎡𝐵11 𝐵12 𝐵16 ⎤⎧−𝑤𝑜,𝑥𝑥 ⎫
⎪ 𝑥⎪ ⎢𝐵 ⎪ ⎪
+ ⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬ 𝐵22 𝐵26 ⎥⎨−𝑤𝑜,𝑦𝑦 ⎬
2.1. Contitutive relation ⎪𝛾 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ 12 ⎥⎪
⎩ 𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐵16 𝐵26 𝐵66 ⎦⎩−2𝑤𝑥𝑦 ⎪
𝑜
⎭
A plane stress constitutive law is used in the present study. The stress 𝑇
⎧𝜀𝑜 ⎫ 𝑜
⎡𝐶11 𝐶12 𝐶16 ⎤⎧ 𝜙1,𝑥 ⎫⎞
and strain are related as, ⎪ 𝑥⎪ ⎢𝐶 ⎪ ⎪⎟
+ ⎨𝜀𝑜𝑦 ⎬ 𝐶22 𝐶26 ⎥⎨ 𝜙𝑜2,𝑦 ⎬⎟𝑑 𝑥𝑑 𝑦 (15)
⎪𝛾 𝑜 ⎪ ⎢ 12 ⎥⎪ 𝑜
{𝜎} = [𝑄]{𝜀} (10)
⎩ 𝑥𝑦 ⎭ ⎣𝐶16 𝐶26 𝐶66 ⎦⎩𝜙1,𝑦 + 𝜙2,𝑥 ⎪
𝑜
⎭⎠
⎟
43
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
In the strain energy expressions, FG plate stiffness’s Aij , Bij , Cij , Dij , The domain of the skew plate in the x–y plane is transformed into
Eij , Fij and Hij are defined as, unit square plate domain in the 𝜉–𝜂 plane (see Fig. 2) by the transfor-
mation rule, which is given in Eq. (29).
ℎ∕2−𝐶
(𝐴𝑖𝑗 , 𝐵𝑖𝑗 , 𝐷𝑖𝑗 ) = ∫−ℎ∕2−𝐶 𝑄𝑖𝑗 (1, 𝑧, 𝑧2 )𝑑𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6)
𝑥 = 𝑎𝜉 + 𝑏𝜂 sin 𝜓; 𝑦 = 𝑏𝜂 cos 𝜓 (29)
ℎ∕2−𝐶
(𝐶𝑖𝑗 , 𝐸𝑖𝑗 , 𝐹𝑖𝑗 ) = ∫−ℎ∕2−𝐶 𝑄𝑖𝑗 (1, 𝑧, 𝑓 (𝑧))𝑓 (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6) (22)
The relation between first order derivative in the physical domain
ℎ∕2−𝐶
and first order derivative computational domain are given by
𝐻𝑖𝑗 = ∫−ℎ∕2−𝐶 𝑄𝑖𝑗 𝑓 ′ (𝑧)𝑓 ′ (𝑧)𝑑𝑧 (𝑖, 𝑗 = 4, 5)
⎡ 𝜕 ⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤⎡ 𝜕 ⎤
⎢ 𝜕𝑥 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑎 0 ⎥⎢ ⎥
where, 𝜕𝜉
⎢ 𝜕 ⎥ = ⎢ tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓
⎥⎢ 𝜕 ⎥ (30)
⎡1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢− ⎥⎢ ⎥
𝜈 0 ⎤ ⎣ 𝜕𝑦 ⎦ ⎣ 𝑎 𝑏 ⎦⎣ 𝜕𝜂 ⎦
𝐸(𝑧) ⎢𝜈 1 0 ⎥
𝑄= ⎢ ⎥ (𝑖, 𝑗 = 1, 2, 6) (23)
1 − 𝜈2 ⎢ 1−𝜈⎥ The relation between second order derivative in the physical domain
⎣0 0
2 ⎦ and second order derivative computational domain are given by
44
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Fig. 2. Mapping of the skew plate domain into a unit square plate domain.
⎡ 𝜕 ⎤ ⎡ 1
2 𝜕2 where, N∗ is the total number of terms and Uj , Vj , Wj , Kj and Lj are
0 0 ⎤⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ 𝜕 𝑥2 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑎2 ⎥ 𝜉 ⎥
⎢ 𝜕 ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ tan2 𝜓 unknown constants. 𝛼𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝛽𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝛾𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) are
⎢ 𝜕 ⎥=⎢ sec2 𝜓 2 tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 ⎥⎢⎢ 𝜕 2 ⎥⎥
⎢ 𝜕 𝑦2 ⎥ ⎢ 𝑎2
−
𝑎𝑏 ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ (31) boundary characteristics orthonormal polynomials (BCOPs), which are
𝑏2 ⎥⎢ 𝜕 𝜂 ⎥
⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 generated by orthogonalization of boundary characteristic polynomials
⎢ 𝜕 ⎥ ⎣− 2 0 ⎥⎢ 𝜕 2 ⎥
⎣ 𝜕 𝑥𝜕 𝑦 ⎦ 𝑎 𝑎𝑏 ⎦⎣ via Gram–Schmidt process [29]. The boundary characteristics polyno-
𝜕 𝜉𝜕 𝜂 ⎦
mial (Fj (𝜉,𝜂)) over the domain 0 ≤ 𝜉 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ 𝜂 ≤ 1 are generated by
The transformation rule and derivative relation in Eqs. (29)–(31) are taking the product of the basis functions and two-dimensional indepen-
used to transform the strain energy in Eqs. (14)–(21), potential energy dent set of polynomials follows as,
in Eq. (26) and kinetic energy in Eq. (27) from x–y plane to 𝜉–𝜂 plane
and given by 𝐹𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) = Θ(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠) ∗ 𝑓𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝑗 = 1, 2, 3..., 𝑁 ∗ (39)
1 1 where,
1
𝑈 ∗𝑚 = ℜ1 (𝑢𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑢𝑜,𝜂 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜂 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (32)
2 ∫0 ∫0
Θ(𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟, 𝑠) = 𝜉 𝑝 (1 − 𝜉)𝑞 𝜂 𝑟 (1 − 𝜂)𝑠 (40)
1 1
1
𝑈 ∗𝑏 = ℜ2 (𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜂 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (33) and,
2 ∫0 ∫0 { }
𝑓𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) = 1, 𝜉, 𝜂, 𝜉 2 , 𝜉𝜂, 𝜂 2 , 𝜉 3 , 𝜉 2 𝜂, 𝜉𝜂 2 , 𝜂 3 , ... (41)
1 1
∗𝑎𝑏 1
𝑈 = ℜ3 (𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜂 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (34) In Eq. (40), the value of p, q, r and s depends on the boundary condi-
2 ∫0 ∫0
tions. In particular, the value of p = 0, 1 and 2 assigned for free, simply
1
1 1 supported and clamped boundary, respectively. The Gram–Schmidt pro-
𝑈 ∗𝑠 = ℜ4 (𝜙𝑜1 , 𝜙𝑜2 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (35) cess for generating BCOPs are as follows
2 ∫0 ∫0
𝑗−1
∑
1 1
𝑉∗ =−
1
ℜ5 (𝑛𝑥𝑥 , 𝑛𝑥𝑦 , 𝑛𝑦𝑦 , 𝑢𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑢𝑜,𝜂 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜂 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜂 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (36) 𝜒1 (𝜉, 𝜂) = 𝐹1 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) = 𝐹𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) − 𝛼𝑗𝑖 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂), (42)
2 ∫0 ∫0 𝑖=1
1
1 1 < 𝐹𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂) >
𝑇∗ = ℜ6 (𝑢𝑜 , 𝑣𝑜 , 𝑤𝑜 , 𝜙𝑜1 , 𝜙𝑜2 )𝑐 𝑜𝑠𝜓𝑑𝜉𝑑𝜂 (37) 𝛼𝑗𝑖 = , 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, ..., (𝑗 − 1), 𝑗 = 2, 3, 4,...,𝑁 ∗ (43)
𝐸 2 ∫0 ∫0 < 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂) >
The details of ℜi (i = 1,2,…6) are given in Appendix A The inner product of the functions 𝜑i (𝜉,𝜂) and 𝜑j (𝜉,𝜂) can be defined
as
2.4. Derivation of orthogonal polynomial 1 1
< 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) >= 𝜒𝑖 (𝜉, 𝜂)𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)𝑑 𝜉𝑑 𝜂 (44)
∫0 ∫0
The following displacement fields are considered to satisfying the
essential boundary conditions in computational domain and can be ex- The norm of the function 𝜒 j (𝜉,𝜂) is given by
pressed as,
[ ]1∕2
1 1
𝑁
∑
∗
‖ ‖
∧ ‖𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)‖ =< 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂), 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)> =
1∕2
𝜒 (𝜉, 𝜂)𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)𝑑 𝜉𝑑 𝜂
𝑢𝑜 (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑡) = 𝑈𝑗 𝛼𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) cos (𝜔𝑡) ‖ ‖ ∫0 ∫0 𝑗
𝑗=1
(45)
𝑁
∑
∗
∧
𝑜
𝑣 (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑡) = 𝑉𝑗 𝛽𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) cos (𝜔𝑡) The normalization has been done by
𝑗=1
∧ 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)
𝑁
∑
∗
𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) = (46)
𝑤𝑜 (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑡) =
∧
𝑊𝑗 𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) cos (𝜔𝑡) ‖ ‖
‖𝜒𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂)‖
𝑗=1
‖ ‖
𝑁 ∗ Substituting Eqs. ((38)–(46)) to Eqs. ((32)–(37)), then total energy
∑ ∧
𝜙1 𝑜 (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑡) = 𝐾𝑗 𝛾𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) cos (𝜔𝑡) functional П (U +V +TE ) are expressed in terms of unknown constants
𝑗=1 (Uj , Vj , Wj , Kj and Lj ). These constants are determined by minimizing
𝑁
∑
∗
∧ the total energy functional using Rayleigh–Ritz method and procedure
𝜙2 𝑜 (𝜉, 𝜂, 𝑡) = 𝐿𝑗 𝛿𝑗 (𝜉, 𝜂) cos (𝜔𝑡) (38) are defined as,
𝑗=1
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R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
⎧{𝑈 } ⎫
⎪{𝑉 } ⎪ |𝐾 ∗ −0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 || |0 0 ||
| |
∑ ⎪ ⎪ | | − 𝑝21 | |=0 (55)
[𝐾 − 𝜆𝑀 ]⎨{𝑊 }⎬ = 0 |−𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 𝐾∗ | |0 𝑀 ||
(47) | | |
⎪{𝐾 } ⎪
⎪ ⎪ The secondary instability region with second-order approximation
⎩{𝐿} ⎭ is,
|𝐾 ∗ −0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 || |𝑀 0||
| |
⎧𝑈1 ⎫ ⎧𝑉 1 ⎫ ⎧𝑊 1 ⎫ ⎧𝐾 1 ⎫ | | − 𝑝22 | |=0 (56)
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ |−0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 𝐾 − 4𝑀𝑝1 ||
∗ 2 |0 0||
𝑈 𝑉 𝑊 | |
⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪ 2 ⎪ ⎪𝐾 2 ⎪
⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ |𝐾 ∗ − 0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 | |0 0 ||
{𝑈 } = ⎨ ⎬, {𝑉 } = ⎨. ⎬, {𝑊 } = ⎨. ⎬, {𝐾 } = ⎨. ⎬, | 0 | | 0
. | | | |
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ |−𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 𝐾 ∗ − 0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 || − 𝑝22 |0 𝑀 0|| = 0 (57)
| |
⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ ⎪. ⎪ | | |0
⎪𝑈 ∗ ⎪ ⎪𝑉 ∗ ⎪ ⎪𝑊 ∗ ⎪ ⎪𝐾 ∗ ⎪ | 0 − 0.5𝛽𝑁𝑐𝑟 𝐾𝐺 𝐾 − 4𝑀𝑝1 ||
∗ 2
| 0 0 ||
⎩ 𝑁 ⎭ ⎩ 𝑁 ⎭ ⎩ 𝑁 ⎭ ⎩ 𝑁 ⎭ |
46
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Table 1
The critical buckling loads (k1 ) for a simply supported FG square plate.
Present Thai and Choi [30] Present Thai and Choi [30]
k1 = Nxcr /Em h3 .
Table 2
The critical buckling loads (k2 ) for simply supported FG skew plates (a/h =
100, a/b = 1) for different skew angles (𝜓) under uniform in-plane loading.
k2 = Nxcr b2 /𝜋 2 Dc . Fig. 4. The effect of higher order of approximation on the different instability zones of
FG skew plate.
Fig. 3. First and second order approximation to the principal instability zones of FG
square plate.
Fig. 5. Effect of skew angle on the principal instability zones of FG plates.
47
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Fig. 8. Effect of aspect ratio on the principal instability zones of FG skew plates.
Fig. 6. Effect of shear deformation on the principal instability zones of FG skew plates.
3.5. Effect of different type of linearly varying loadings 3.8. Effect of boundary conditions
Fig. 7 shows the principal instability zone of a simply supported Fig. 10 shows that the effect of edge restraint on the principal insta-
FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼 = 0.25) under bility zone of a FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼
different types of linearly varying in-plane periodic loadings. Differ- = 0) under uniform in-plane periodic loading. Four different boundary
ent types of linearly varying loads are obtained by considering differ- conditions, e.g. all edges simply supported (SSSS), all edges clamped
ent values of 𝜆 in the loading expressions 𝑁𝑥𝑥 = 𝑁0 (1 − 𝜆( 𝜂𝑏 )). Here, (CCCC), simply supported on the loaded edge and the other two edges
48
R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Fig. 9. Effect of power law on the principal instability zones of FG skew plates. Fig. 11. Effect of static load factor on the principal instability zones of FG skew plates.
Fig. 10. Effect of edge restraint on the principal instability zones of FG skew plates.
Fig. 12. The principal instability zone with constant and varying Poisson’s ratio across
the thickness of FG skew plate.
clamped (SCSC), clamped on the loaded edges and the other two edges
are simply supported (CSCS) has been considered in this present study.
It is observed that the edge restraint has a significant effect on the prin- 3.10. Effect of Poisson’s ratio
cipal instability zone of FG skew plate. The frequency of FG skew plate
increase in the following order SSSS<CSCS<SCSC<CCCC at the same In the following section, the effect of the Poisson’s ratio on the dy-
dynamic load factor (𝛽 = 𝑁𝑡 ∕𝑁𝑐𝑟 of SSSS FG skew plate). The width of namic instability zones of FG plate is studied. The Poisson’s ratios for
instability zone of CCCC skew plate is the lowest among all bound- metal 𝜈 m = 0.33 and for ceramic 𝜈 c = 0.26 are considered. The Poisson’s
ary conditions due to its higher stiffness. For a particular dynamic load ratio (𝜈) varies across the thickness according to the rule of mixture are
√ (𝛽 = 0.9), the
factor √widths of the√principal instability√ zones (Δp) are given by
3.28 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 , 3.42 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 , 4.89 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 and 4.98 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 for dif-
ferent boundary conditions CCCC, SCSC, CSCS and SSSS respectively. 𝜈(𝑧) = 𝜈𝑚 𝑉𝑚 (𝑧) + 𝜈𝑐 𝑉𝑐 (𝑧) (54)
3.9. Effect of static load factor where, subscripts m and c represents the metal and ceramic constituents,
respectively. Here, the volume fraction of the metal and ceramic phase
Influence of static load factor on the principal instability zone of a is described by the power-law distribution (see, Eq. (4)). The volume
simply supported FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1) fraction varies through the thickness based on the power index n. The
under uniform in-plane periodic loading is shown in Fig. 11. It is clear principal instability zone of a simply supported FG skew plate (a/b = 1,
from the figure the width of the primary instability zone is increasing as a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼 = 0) with constant and varying Poisson’s
the static load factor (𝛼) increases due to the decrease in the stiffness of ratio across the thickness under uniform in-plane periodic loading are
the plate. For a particular dynamic load √ factor (𝛽 = 0.4),√the widths of shown in Fig. 12. It is observed from the figure that the width of the
principal
√ instability zones (Δp) are 2.65 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 , 2.90 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 and principal instability zone with a varying Poisson’s ratio across the thick-
3.57 𝐸𝑐 ℎ2 ∕𝜌𝑐 for different static load factor (𝛼) 0.0, 0.25 and 0.5, ness is almost the same as the width of the principal instability zone
respectively. with constant Poisson’s ratio across the thickness.
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R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
Fig. 13. Time history response and corresponding phase plot of a simply supported FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 0.3) under uniform periodic axial
compression with excitation frequency parameter (Ωa = 11.42 i.e. Ωl < Ωa < Ωu ) from unstable regions.
Fig. 14. Time history response and corresponding phase plot of a simply supported four layered FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 0.3) under uniform periodic
axial compression with dimensionless excitation frequency parameter (Ωb = 10.27 i.e. Ωb < Ωl ) from lower stability region.
3.11. Time history response and corresponding phase plot ing has been studied. The width of the principal instability zone is more
than other different instability zones. Hence, the studies of the principal
The characteristic features of the instability regions are studied in instability zone have greater practical importance. As the skew angle
terms of time history response plots. Dynamic instability regions of the increases the width of the instability region becomes smaller. Accord-
FG skew plate are shown in Fig. 4. Fig. 13 shows the time history re- ing to the power law distribution, the width of instability zone increases
sponse and corresponding phase plot of a simply supported FG skew with the decrease of the power law. The width of instability region is the
plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°, n = 1, 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 0.3) under uni- lowest when all edges are clamped compared to all other different com-
form periodic axial compression with the dimensionless excitation fre- binations of boundary conditions. Keeping the same intensity of loading,
quencies from unstable regions (Ωa = 11.42). The initial condition are the width of instability zone is more for uniform loading compared to
w(0) = 0.1 h and 𝑤̇ (0) = 0. It is observed from the figures that the all other linearly varying loading. In the unstable region, the time his-
time history response grows exponentially (i.e. unbounded) and FG skew tory response grows exponentially in a very short duration and FG skew
plate becomes dynamically unstable. The same behavior is observed in plate become dynamically unstable. But in the stable region, the time
phase plots (dw/dt verses w/h) which are spirals with exponentially in- history response becomes bounded and also beats is observed.
creasing amplitude indicating instability.
Fig. 14 shows the time history response and corresponding phase Appendix A
plot of a simply supported FG skew plate (a/b = 1, a/h = 100, 𝜓 = 30°,
n = 1, 𝛼 = 0, 𝛽 = 0.3) under uniform periodic axial compression with 1 2
the dimensionless excitation frequencies from lower stability region ℜ1 (𝑢𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑢𝑜,𝜂 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 , 𝑣𝑜,𝜂 ) =
(𝐴11 + 𝐴66 tan2 𝜓 )(𝑢𝑜,𝜉 )2 − 𝐴66 tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 𝑢𝑜,𝜉 𝑢𝑜,𝜂
𝑎2 𝑎𝑏
(Ωb = 10.27). The initial condition are w(0) = 0.1 h and 𝑤̇ (0) = 0. It is ob- 1 2 2
+ 𝐴66 sec2 𝜓 (𝑢𝑜,𝜂 )2 − (𝐴11 + 𝐴66 ) tan 𝜓 𝑢𝑜,𝜉 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 + 𝐴12 sec 𝜓 𝑢𝑜,𝜉 𝑣𝑜,𝜂
served from the figure that the time history response becomes bounded 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏
and also beats is observed. The maximum displacement of FG skew plate 2 1 2
+ 𝐴66 sec 𝜓 𝑢𝑜,𝜂 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 + (𝐴22 tan2 𝜓 + 𝐴66 )(𝑣𝑜,𝜉 )2 − 𝐴22 tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 𝑣𝑜,𝜉 𝑣𝑜,𝜂
obtained is same as the initial displacement amplitude. From the phase 𝑎𝑏 𝑎2 𝑎𝑏
plot, it is observed that the skew plate center starts from initial condi- 1
+ 𝐴22 sec2 𝜓 (𝑣𝑜,𝜂 )2 (A.1)
tions (w(0)/h= 0.1, 𝑤̇ (0) = 0) and spirals in till the amplitude reaches 𝑏2
the minimum value. Again, it moves towards the initial condition as the
1
beats are observed in the response. ℜ2 (𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂 , 𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜1,𝜂 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜉 , 𝜙𝑜2,𝜂 )= (𝐷11 + 2𝐷12 tan2 𝜓 + 4𝐷66 tan2 𝜓
𝑎4
4. Conclusion 4
+𝐷22 tan4 𝜓)(𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 )2 − (𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 + 𝐷22 tan2 𝜓 ) tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂
𝑎3 𝑏
In this paper, the dynamic instability of functionally graded skew 2 4
+ (𝐷12 +𝐷22 tan2 𝜓 )sec2 𝜓 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 + (𝐷66 +𝐷22 tan2 𝜓 )sec2 𝜓 (𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂 )2
plate subjected to uniform and linearly varying in-plane periodic load- 𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
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R. Kumar et al. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 130 (2017) 41–51
4 1 1
− 𝐷22 tan 𝜓 sec3 𝜓 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜂 𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 + 𝐷22 sec4 𝜓 (𝑤𝑜,𝜂𝜂 )2 − (𝐸11 + 𝐸12 tan2 𝜓 [3] Birman V. Buckling of functionally graded hybrid composite plates. In: Proceedings
𝑎𝑏3 𝑏4 𝑎3 of 10th conference on engineering mechanics, 2; 1995. p. 1199–202.
[4] Feldman E, Aboudi J. Buckling analysis of functionally graded plates subjected to
2 1
+2𝐸66 tan2 𝜓 )𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 𝜙𝑜1,𝜉 + 𝐸66 tan 𝜓 sec 𝜓 𝑤𝑜,𝜉𝜉 𝜙𝑜1,𝜂 + (𝐸12 + 2𝐸66 uniaxial loading. Compos Struct 1997;38(1):29–36.
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