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UNIT V
PART A
1. Define refrigeration.
It is a science of providing and maintaining the temperature below that of the surrounding
temperature.
Ton of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be extracted to produce one ton of ice
at 0o C, within 24 hours when the initial condition of water is also at 0oC. In SI units 1 TR is
equivalent to 210 kJ/in or 3.5 kW.
Coefficient of performance is defined as the ratio between the quantity of heat extracted to
Work done by the system.
(i) Low boiling point, low freezing point, high latent heat of evaporation.
(ii) Low specific heat and low viscosity.
(iii) Refrigerants should be easy to liquefy.
(iv) Chemical stability
(v) Non flammable.
6. Differentiate between vapour compression refrigeration and vapour absorption
refrigeration system.
8. Define the following. (i) Dry air (ii) Moist air (iii) Dry bulb temperature (iv) Wet bulb
temperature.
The central air conditioning system is adopted for large buildings, hotels, hospitals,
cinema theatres etc. This sytem is used only for heavy loads of about 20 tons or more.
Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. It may be pressed into various sizes and shapes, blocks, or slabs.
As it absorbs heat, it changes directly from a solid to a vapor. It does not go through the liquid
state. This change from solid to vapor is called sublimation. At atmospheric pressure, solid
carbon dioxide vaporizes at -109'F (-78°C).
PART B
1. With a neat layout briefly explain the construction and working principle of a vapour
compression refrigeration system.
Working :
1. The low pressure refrigerant vapour coming out of the evaporator flows into
the compressor.
2. The compressor is driven by a prime mover.
3. In the compressor the refrigerant vapour is compressed.
4. The high pressure refrigerant vapour from the compressor is then passed
through the condenser.
5. The refrigerant gives out the heat it had taken in the evaporator (N)
6. The heat equivalent of work done on it (w) on the compressor.
7. This heat is carried by condenser medium which may be air or water.
8. The high pressure liquid refrigerant then enters the expansion valve.
9. This valve allows the high pressure liquid refrigerant to flow at a controlled
rate into the evaporator.
10. While passing though this valve the liquid partially evaporates.
11. Most of the refrigerant is vapourised only in the evaporator, at a low pressure.
12. In the evaporator the liquid refrigerant absorbs its latent heat of
vapourisation from the material which is to be cooled.
13. Thus the refrigerating effect (N) is obtained.
14. Then the low pressure refrigerant enters the compressor and the cycle is repeated
2. With a neat layout, briefly explain about the construction and working principle of a
vapour absorption refrigeration system.
Construction :
Working :
Dry ammonia vapour at low pressure passes in to the absorber from the evaporator.
In the absorber the dry ammonia vapour is dissolved in cold water and strong solution of
ammonia is formed. Heat evolved during the absorption of ammonia is removed by circulating
cold water through the coils kept in the absorber. The highly concentrated ammonia (known as
Aqua Ammonia) is then pumped by a pump to generator through a heat exchanger. In the heat
exchanger the strong ammonia solution is heated by the hot weak solution returning from the
generator to the absorber. In the generator the warm solution is further heated by steam coils,
gas or electricity and the ammonia vapour is driven out of solution. The boiling point of
ammonia is less than that of water.
Hence the vapours leaving the generator are mainly of ammonia. The weak ammonia solution
is left in the generator is called weak aqua. This weak solution is returned to the absorber
through the heat exchanger. Ammonia vapours leaving the generator may contain some water
vapour. If this water vapour is allowed to the condenser and expansion valve, it may freeze
resulting in chocked flow. Analyser and rectifiers are incorporated in the system before
condenser.
The ammonia vapour from the generator passes through a series of trays in the analyser and
ammonia is separated from water vapour. The separated water vapour returned to generator.
Then the ammonia vapour passes through a rectifier. The rectifier resembles a condenser and
water vapour still present in ammonia vapour condenses and the condensate is returned to
analyser. The virtually pure ammonia vapour then passes through the condenser.
The latent heat of ammonia vapour is rejected to the cooling water circulated through the
condenser and the ammonia vapour is condensed to liquid ammonia. The high pressure liquid
ammonia is throttled by an expansion valve or throttle valve. This reduces the high temperature
of the liquid ammonia to a low value and liquid ammonia partly evaporates. Then this is led to
the evaporator.
In the evaporator the liquid fully vaporizes. The latent heat of evaporation is obtained from the
brine or other body which is being cooled. The low pressure ammonia vapour leaving the
evaporator again enters the absorber and the cycle is completed. This cycle is repeated again to
provide the refrigerating effect.
3. Differentiate between vapour compression refrigeration system and vapour absorption
refrigeration system.
4. Draw the neat diagram of a window air conditioner and explain its working.
Working :
The low pressure vapour refigerant from the evaporator is sucked by
compressor through the open inlet valve.
The compressor compresses the vapour refrigerant.
The high pressure and high temperature vapour refrigerant then flows to
the condenser through the open outlet valve.
In the condenser, the outside atmospheric temperature in summer being
around 42o C, air is circulated by fan.
After condensation, the high pressure liquid refrigerant formed passes through
an expansion valve which reduces its pressure
The low pressure refrigerant then enters the evaporator and evaporates,
thus absorbing latent heat of vapourisation from the room air.
The equipment which is used for evaporating the refrigerant is called evaporator.
After evaporation, the refrigerant becomes vapour.
The low pressure vapour is again passed to the compressor. Thus the cycle is
repeated.
A partition separates high temperature side of condenser, compressor and
low temperature side of evaporator
The quantity of air circulated can be controlled by the dampers.
The moisture in the air passing over the evaporator coil is dehumidified
and drips into the trays.
The unit automatically stops when the required temperature is reached in
the room. This is accomplished by the thermostat and control panel.
Merits :
A separate temperature control is provided in each room.
Ducts are not required for distribution.
Cost is less.
Skilled technician is required for installation.
Demerits:
It makes noise.
Large hole is made in the external wall or a large opening to be created in the
window panel. This leads to insecurity to inmates.
Air quantity cannot be varied.
6. Draw the neat sketch, briefly explain the function of indoor unit and outdoor unit of a
split type air conditioner.
In split air type air conditioner noise making components like compressor and condenser
are mounted outside or away from room. Split type air conditioning system has two main
components.
Merits :
It is compact
Upto four indoor AHU’s may be connected to one outdoor unit.
It is energy and money saving.
Duct is not used.
Easier to install.
It is noiseless, because rotary air compressor used is, kept outside.
It is more efficient and powerful.
It has the flexibility for zoning.
Demerits :
Initial cost is higher than window air conditioner
Skilled technician is required for installation.
Each zone or room requires thermostat to control the air cooling
8. Write briefly about comfort air conditioning.
Due to the natural phenomenon of body heat disposal by evaporation of moisture from the
human body and inflow of moisture from other sources, the humidity inside the room
increases. The increased humidity causes difficulty in disposing of body heat. Also, the room
temperature rises due to the heat dissipated from the human body and heat gains from light
source and any other equipments. When the room temperature is high, it causes human
discomfort.
It has been found that for human comfort we need a dry bulb temperature of 20 o C and 25o C
and relative humidity of 60 percent in the room. Any air conditioning system should primarily
be able to achieve the above conditions inside the room.
References:
K. Venugopal, Dr. V. Prabhu raja, G. Sreekanjana, Basic civil and Mechanical
Engineering, Anuradha publications, 2009.
K. V. Natarajan, Dr. M. Kantababu, N. Venkatesan, N. Vasudevan, Basic civil and
Mechanical Engineering, Dhanalakshmi Publications, 2011.
G. Shanmugam, M.S. Palanichamy, Basic Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Tata
McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, 2010.
Rangasamy and Sundaramoorthy E, Applied Thermodynamics, Narayana
Publications, 2010.
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E. Sundaramoorthy and Rangasamy, Applied Thermodynamics, Narayana publications, 2007.
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Shanmugam G and Palanichamy M S, “Basic Civil and Mechanical
Engineering”,Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi, (1996).
Prepared by
P. Balamurugan, M.TECH. (ECM.,)
Assistant Professor/Electrical & Mechanical
Mahath Amma Institute of Engineering and Technology
Email : balawinenergy@yandex.com