Future of Mobility in the

light of 5G
İLKE ALTIN
 • Future of Mobility: CASE
• Connected Vehicles
• Autonomous Vehicles
• Shared Vehicles
OUTLINE •
• Electric Vehicles
Connected Mobility and V2X
• V2X Systems
• Cellular V2X
• Cellular V2X in 3GPP
Future of Mobility: Case
CASE

By many automotive experts, the future of

mobility is defined by a four letter acronym:
CASE (ACES).

• Connected Vehicles

• Autonomous Vehicles

• Shared Vehicles

• Electric Vehicles
CASE
The CASE Technologies also affect each other.

• Connectedness is an enabler for Autonomous

Vehicles which is also considered as a NLOS
sensor.

• Connectedness is an enabler for Shared Vehicles

to track vehicle position, and driving data.

• Connectedness is also used to increase the

efficiency of electric vehicles.

• Autonomy is an enabler for Shared Vehicles, as

driverless vehicles are shared easily due to
financial and psychological reasons.

• Shared economy reduces the range people travel

in a day with one vehicle, which reduces the
range anxiety psychological barrier against
electric vehicles.
Connected Vehicles

Connected vehicles concept is comprised of a

very wide range of services and applications.

The idea is creating a vehicle that is connected

to the network and/or its surroundings.

The vehicle can communicate with its

surroundings for safety, efficiency, or comfort
related applications.

The vehicle can communicate with the

network for safety, efficiency, or comfort
related applications.
Connected Vehicles
 Connected Vehicles

Connected vehicle services can be separated in two according to their availability in market.

• Services that are available in the market

• Live maps and route optimization
• Over the air software updates
• Infotainment systems
• eCall

• Services that are in late trial phase and entering the market
• V2V communications for safety
• V2I communication for safety and fuel efficiency
• V2N communication for safety and fuel efficiency
ADAS and Autonomous Vehicles

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) and

Autonomous Vehicles are different levels of the
same idea.

The idea is creating a vehicle that is aware of

its environment that can warn the driver, take
actions before the driver, or even drive without
the driver.

The vehicle can sense its environment and

detect other vehicles, road conditions, traffic
signs etc.

Usually different sensors are employed

together and the data is combined intelligently
by sensor fusion.
Sensors

• LIDAR
‒ Uses light
‒ 360⁰ reliable sensing
‒ Small objects can be detected
‒ Unreliable under heavy rain,
fog

• RADAR
‒ Uses WM waves
‒ Directional
‒ Good for velocity estimation
‒ Exact image is not possible
Sensors

• SONAR (Ultrasonic sensors)

‒ Very short range
‒ Reliable in every condition
‒ Cheap

• Camera
‒ Used with post-processing
‒ Passive system, therefore
ambient dependent
‒ Unreliable since it is ambient
dependent
Autonomy Levels
Shared Vehicles

Shared vehicles concept is the combination of

two widely used services: taxi service and
rental car service.

The idea is a connected and autonomous

vehicle that can transport people and goods.

The vehicle can sense its surroundings for

autonomous driving.

The vehicle can communicate with the

network for vehicle tracking, pricing, and
passenger pick up.
Shared Vehicles
Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles provide a more efficient way

of transport by reducing the energy wasted by
inefficiency of internal combustion engines.

The vehicle can generate electricity while

slowing down by the regenerative braking.

The vehicle wastes no power during stop and

go traffic.

The powertrain efficiency can be optimized if

the horizon traffic and road information is
available.

The electric motor has a higher efficiency

than internal combustion engines.
Electric Vehicles
Connected Mobility and V2X
 Connected Mobility and V2X

Connected mobility and V2X (Vehicle to everything) technology combines and utilizes
the information from the connected vehicles for the following goals.

• Safe mobility: Transportation is safer, since the connected vehicles are aware of
their surroundings for any kind of hazards.

• Green mobility : Transportation is more efficient, since the connected vehicles

are aware of the traffic flow of the possible routes.

• Comfortable mobility: Transportation is more comfortable, as the drivers need to

do less, the passengers are better informed, and the mobile broadband enables
plentiful infotainment options.
 What are V2X types?
Vehicle to Everything (V2X)
• Vehicle to Infrastucture (V2I)
‒ Traffic lights and signs
‒ Closeby road hazards
• Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P)
‒ NLOS pedestrian detection
‒ Pedestrian warning
• Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
‒ Vehicle state information
‒ Collision detection
• Vehicle to Network (V2N)
‒ Far away on route road hazards
‒ Real time route (time/fuel)
optimization
‒ Telematics
 Added Values by V2X

V2X system is also considered as a complementary system to the existing systems, and
sensors for ADAS and Autonomous Driving.

Wireless Sensor 3D Maps

• 360⁰ NLOS sensing (V2V, • Live roads/traffic info
V2P) (V2N)
• Extended range sensing Precise positioning
(V2I) • GNSS satellites (V2N)
Telematics
• Infotainment systems
• OTA Software Updates
 V2X Systems

There are three main types of V2X systems.

• Telematics
• LTE/4G or other legacy cellular based connection

• DSRC based V2X

• Wi-Fi based communication (802.11p)

• Cellular V2X (C-V2X) or LTE-Vehicular (LTE-V)

• 4G or 5G based connection
 V2X Systems: Telematics

Telematics system is used for large amount of data that is sent occassionally using
LTE/4G or legacy cellular systems. The transferred data is infotainment, vehicle part
states to OEM, route planning, eCall, etc.

• Telematics advantages:
‒ Already functional
‒ High data is supported

• Telematics disadvantages:
‒ Very high latency
‒ Not suitable for safety critical systems
 V2X Systems: DSRC based

DSRC is used for small amount of safety critical data that is sent frequently. The
transferred data is vehicle state vector, collision alert, etc. Implementation on vehicles
(OBU) for V2V, and infrastructure (RSU) for V2I is needed.

• DSRC advantages:
‒ Already functional
‒ Low latency
‒ Field tests are completed

• DSRC disadvantages:
‒ Asynchronous
‒ No resource guarantee
‒ Quite an investment is needed for RSUs
‒ High data demanding functions are not supported
‒ Range is limited
 V2X Systems: Cellular V2X

Cellular V2X is designed to combine the best parts of DSRC and Telematics. This is
supported by two different kinds of communication methods.

• LTE Broadcast and Unicast:

‒ LTE Uu air interface (standard interface between eNB and UE) (exp: 3.5 GHz)
‒ V2N applications
‒ Telemeatics and beyond (real time maps, far away warnings).

• LTE Direct (D2D):

‒ LTE PC5 interface (deployed at ITS frequency: 5.9GHz)
‒ V2I, V2V, and V2P applications
‒ DSRC and beyond (extended range).
 V2X Systems: Cellular V2X

There are two possible methods to work with LTE Direct in the standard. The complexity
of eNB control comes from handover scenarios, switching between MNOS, and coverage
problems.

• LTE Direct with eNB Control: • LTE Direct without eNB Control:
‒ Optimum solution ‒ Increased reliability
‒ Complex ‒ Low complexity
‒ Less efficient
 V2X Systems: Cellular V2X

LTE Direct without eNB control is selected in C-V2X system to guarantee that there is no
coverage issue or lack of resource.

Using the ad-hoc mode of LTE Direct, C-V2X handles the communication with a method
that similar capabilities to DSRC.

• C-V2X nodes function without eNB control at ITS frequency.

• C-V2X nodes select resource autonomously by listening the channels.
• C-V2X nodes use GNSS time synchronization that enables more efficient resorce
allocation.
 Cellular V2X vs. DSRC V2X

Cellular V2X supports V2N, which leads to a wider connected mobility concept than of
DSRC, which doesn’t support V2N.

Cellular V2X supports time synchronized resource allocation, which is more efficient than
DSRC, which uses contention based schemes.

Cellular V2X is known to have a longer range than DSRC due to following reasons:

• C-V2X is SC-FDMA which has better PAPR than OFDM that DSRC uses.
• C-V2X uses FDM which leads to longer energy accumulation than TDM used by DSRC.
• C-V2X uses Turbo coding which works in lower SNR values that convolutional codes
used in DSRC communication.
Cellular V2X Evolution

• Basic Safety: 802.11p (DSRC) or C-V2X R14

‒ Establishment
‒ Small amount of data exchange

• Enhanced Safety: C-V2X R15

‒ Enhanced range and reliability

• Advanced Safety: C-V2X R16

‒ Higher throughput
‒ Lower latency
‒ Wideband positioning
‒ Large amount of data exchange
‒ Co-exists with 802.11p and C-V2X
R14
Cellular V2X Products

• Qualcomm C-V2X 9150

‒ Main improvement is LTE D2D @ 5.9 GHz
‒ Not available in the market
‒ Showcased with Audi, PSA, and Continental
‒ Communication chipset only

• Intel Go
‒ Main improvement is LTE mmWave @ 28 GHz
‒ Not available in the market
‒ Showcased with BMW
‒ Complete solution with Mobileye sensing

• Datang
‒ TDD-LTE based OBU and RSU are known to be
tested
‒ Showcased with SAIC and Huawei
 Cellular V2X 3GPP Standards

V2X Requirements in Release 14 V2X Requirements in Release 15

Latency Latency
1000 ms for V2N application services. 100 ms for extended data sharing V2X services.
100 ms for general V2X services. 20 ms for general V2X services.
20 ms for time critical V2X services. 3 ms for time critical V2X services.

Range Range
4 second response time (@250 km/h speed 1 second response time (@250 km/h speed
corresponds to 280 metres) corresponds to 70 metres)

Message Size Message Size

Largest message is 1200 Bytes Largest message is 12 KBytes
 Cellular V2X 3GPP Use Cases

Platooning
Group of vehicles traveling together with small distance to increase fuel efficiency.

Advanced Driving
Using sensory and communicatory information for collision avoidance and improved traffic efficiency.

Extended Sensors
Using sensor information from other vehicles, pedestrians, and infrastructure.

Remote Driving
Operating vehicle without driver in predictable areas.
 References

[1] Leading the world to 5G Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything (C-V2X) Technologies, White

paper, QUALCOMM, 2016
[2] Is there LTE in V2V?, GLOBECOM TWIF-4: Opportunities and Challenges with Vehicular
Networks, James Misener, QUALCOMM, 2015
[3] V2X Cellular Solutions, White paper, 5G Americas, 2016
[4] 4G LTE Global Telematics System, Tech Sheet, Visteon, 2014
[5] Accelerating C-V2X commercialization, Presentation, QUALCOMM, 2016
[6] Tesla & Google Disagree About LIDAR — Which Is Right?, Michael Bernard, 2016
[7] Radar Versus LiDAR, Mark Lapedus, Semiconductor Enginnering, 2017
[8] The Road to 5G: Drivers, Applications, Requirements and Technical Development, GSA,
2015
[9] THE REIMAGINED CAR: Shared, Autonomous, and Electric, BCG, 2017