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Bases 2
Alkali
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Alkali
1. Bases are compounds which react with acid to form a salt
and water as only products.
Base 2. Bases that soluble in water are called alkalis.
Bases are compounds which react
with acid to form a salt and water as
only products.
Alkalis
Alkalis are chemical substance that
ionize in water to produce hydroxide
ions
Example: Example:
Example
sodium hydroxide NaOH gives Na+(aq) and OH-(aq) ions,
NaOH Na+ + OH
calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 gives Ca2+(aq) and 2OH-(aq) ions.
Ca(OH)2 Ca2+ + 2OH
Ammonia give NH4+ and OH
NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-
[Note: an alkali is a base soluble in water.]
Ammonium Salt + Alkali Salt + Acid + Alkali Salt + Water
Ammonia + Water
Example: Example:
Ammonium Chloride + Sodium Hydroxide Potassium hydroxide + Nitric Acid
Sodium chloride + Water + Ammonia Potassium Nitrate + Water
NH4Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O + NH3 KOH + HNO3 KNO3 + H2O
Ammonia
1. By nature, ammonia is a covalent compound.
2. Ammonia exists as gas at room temperature.
3. Ammonia gas is soluble in water.
4. Physical properties of ammonia:
Pungent smell
Colourless
Turn litmus from red to blue
KOH
H2 O
K OH
NaOH
H2 O
Na OH
NH4 OH
NH3 H2 O
3. Without the presence of water, there are no free-moving
hydroxide ions. Therefore, in the absence of, alkalis do not
show alkalinity
pH Scale
1. pH scale is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. It is numbered
between 0 and 14.
2. Neutral substance has pH of 7.
3. A solution of pH less than 7 is acidic The lower the pH, the
more acidic the solution or the higher the concentration of H+
ions in the solution.
4. A solution of pH above 7 is alkaline. The higher the pH, the
more alkaline the solution or higher concentration of OH- ions
presence in the solution.
5. The pH of a solution can be measured by using the Universal
indicator, pH paper or with a pH-meter.
colour in alkali
Indicator colour in acid pH<7 colour in neutral pH=7
pH >7
litmus red 'purple' blue
phenolphthalein* colourless colourless pink
methyl orange* pinky red orange about pH 6 yellow
methyl red* red orange yellow
bromothymol blue* yellow green blue