Industrial Ecology Foundation - Concept N Theory - ZH-CN - en

Industrial Ecology
Environmental Sciences, Dalian University of T
2017 year 05 month
1
main content
Course description - Introduction
Industrial Ecology foundation - concepts, theories
methods of industrial design for the environment --LCA
methods - material flow analysis, ecology techniques and
Industrial Ecology Practice - green chemistry techniques and
Industrial Ecology Practice - Clean production, eco-industrial park
Industrial Ecology Management and Policy
2
Ecology branch
Ecology
individual Ecology
animal Ecology freshwater Ecology Mathematical Landscape
Population Ecology
insect Ecology ocean Ecology ecology chemical ecology urban
Community Ecology
plant Ecology estuary Ecology ecology, physical ecology
ecosystem Ecology microorganism Ecology land Ecology geography ecology environment ecology social e
global Ecology Humanity Ecology ecology Industrial Ecology
ecophysiological
behavior
Evolutionary Ecology Ecology Ecology Economy
Levels of biological organization

Taxonomic groups
Habitat division Interdisciplinary division Applications division
Divide Divide
3
Fundamentals of Ecology Chapter industries
1. natural ecosystems and Industry Ecosystem
2. Evolution and balanced ecosystem of (evolutionary)
3. Industrial Symbiosis
4. Metabolic industry
4
Industrial Ecology foundation | Natural ecosystems
1, the ecosystem: in a certain space and time, by the Biological components with Abiotic components
An ecological functions or units.
wetlands
Rainforest
• In ecosystems, is formed between species and species Food chains and food webs ,substance
Recycling between producers, consumers and decomposers, without any waste production
Students.
Structure 2, ecosystems: over time and space, a functional unit from the ecological and biological
components of the non-biological chemical composition.
• Abiotic environment: inorganic environment

Non-biological material and energy
• Biological components: Producers,
consumers and decomposers

• Food chains and food webs Producers (Autotrophic) Green plants, photosynthetic bacteria
Grass rabbit fox tiger Consumer primary (Herbivores)
consumers secondary consumers

(Plant-eating herbivorous
Carnivores) (with a small

(Heterotrophic)
Three consumers carnivore that feeds on large
carnivores)
Disintegrator(Heterotrophic) Microorganisms, small animals
Structure ecosystem components

3, functions of ecosystems: biological production, energy flow, material circulation and information
transfer.
• Biological production : Basic functions, green plants convert solar energy into chemical energy, through the activities of
animal life into an animal of energy. - Two primary production and secondary production process.
• Energy flow : Radiation energy is present to, chemical energy, in the form of mechanical energy and biomass. Energy flow
and the number of each relevant trophic levels of the food chain, in part because of respiration is dissipated during the transfer.
Increased delivery levels, the energy dissipated in the environment also increased, and eventually all the waste heat to
dissipate into the environment.
• Material recycling : Flowing material and external material flow inside the ecosystem ecosystems. Mainly on the role of
external geological, meteorological and biological cause - Such as volcanic eruptions.
• Information transfer : Transmission of information in various ways, that each of the contact components integrally
ecosystems, and have a role in regulating the stability of the system.

4, the basic characteristics of ecosystems:
• Ecosystem is a Complex but orderly system . Nature and complexity of the biological diversity
of the relationship determines the complexity of the ecosystem.
• ecosystem Self-regulation . It is relatively stable
• Ecosystem is Open, far from equilibrium thermodynamic system .
• Ecosystem is a Dynamic Systems .
Industry Ecosystem
Industrial Ecology foundation | Industry Ecosystem
1. Industry Ecosystem: In a certain area or range,

from manufacturing enterprises and service enterprises,
and the formation of material circulation and energy flow
interaction, linkages between enterprises through
eco-industrial system, namely the industrial economic
activity as a similar circulation system of natural
ecosystems, the waste produced by one company as a
raw material under a corporate form enterprise
"community" (chain).
• It can be applied ecology, economics, science and
technology system of basic scientific principles and
methods for planning and design of industrial systems,
operation and management of economic activities, and to
promote harmonious industrial ecology, sustainable
development - Learn the principles of natural
eco-systems, people began to explore the possibility of building eco-industrial chain and industrial networks
Complex ecosystem models
Natural
Industrial System
Ecosystems
traditional mindset
The concept of industrial ecology
• Industry Ecosystem
With natural ecological systems,
• Industrial System specific distribution of the system of Industrial

natural
ecosystems
substance, energy and information flow;
• Complete industrial system depends on the
resources and services provided by the biosphere.

Four basic principles of industrial ecology ecosystem
ecosystem Industry Ecosystem
Loop transmission ( Roundput) Transmission loop material recycling;
Material recycling; energy laminated energy laminated
Diversity ( Diversity) Diversity

Biodiversity The diversity of actors (industries, sectors and enterprises)
Species, biological interdependence and interdependence and collaboration industry input - output
collaboration information
Regional ( Locality) Regional

Use of local resources Use of local resources (including waste)
to focus on local focus on limiting factor among local members
characteristics limiting factor of the local characteristics of collaboration
Local dependence; symbiosis
Gradient ( Gradual Change) Gradual change

Use of solar energy Use of waste, renewable energy and
propagation through evolution evolution biodiversity resources system slow development
Cyclical and seasonal cycle time diversity

12
system developed slowly
2, industry ecosystem and natural ecosystems comparison:
Primary producers Primary consumer Secondary consumers Three consumers
Phytoplankton Invertebrates Fish Big Fish
Excavators
Disintegrator Top Consumers
bacterial
bacterial shark
Natural ecosystems
Primary producers Primary consumer Secondary consumers Three consumers
Smelter Wire Manufacturers Cable manufacturer Computer

manufacturer
Diggers Secondary producers Top Consumers
Removal Business
Tongchang Recyclers customer
Ecosystem --- flow of copper in the computer

15
( 1 )Same point
• Both systems There are material recycling and
energy flow.
• Each element in the two systems There is a
symbiotic relationship. Wolves eat rabbit and enterprises to receive the waste -
Both to each other's survival as a condition for their survival.
• The formation of two ecosystems, development
and crashes It is a dynamic evolutionary process - Survival
of the fittest.
Fort Danmaikalun industrial symbiosis ( symbiosis)
( 2 )difference
• Different Stakeholders: Human intervention (thinking)
• Natural ecosystems It has unmatched ecosystem Complexity : Anti-interference ability of the industrial
system is weak, poor system stability. Did not form a "food relationship" or simply
• Different logistics, energy flow way : Internal system small loss - Inter-industry real symbiosis, symbiotic, parasitic
relationship does not develop, this waste a lot of resources and energy can be reused, it is necessary to obtain significant
resources from the outside to maintain system operation.
• The role of different decomposers : Recycling dual role of business
• Natural ecosystems Subject only to the laws of ecology , And even industry ecosystem
Governed by the laws of the market . Ecologically reasonable, economically irrational

18
Evolution and industry ecosystem balance

19
Industrial Ecology foundation | Evolution and balanced ecosystem of (evolutionary)
1, the evolution of the industry ecosystem
Natural ecosystems Over billions of years of evolution, it evolved into a simple state
complex state.
• • Maturity , Ecosystems material and energy

Early Features It is the system Environmental
capacity , And per unit of biomass flows through the plurality of channels form a
materials and the use of relatively network, and realizes all or part of the cycle,
high energy flow; thus neither accumulation nor wasted.
Ecosystem also experienced a long process of evolution. One of the main theories
of industrial ecology explorer BRAllenby evolutionary theory put forward a set of
three ecosystem industrial system.

20
An ecosystem
An integral
Unlimited resources Unlimited waste
part of the ecosystem
An ecosystem linear material flow
Early stages of industrial civilization, the industrial system is not complicated, industry categories, the number of industrial
enterprises, production scale, product type and quantity are all very simple, the production and consumption is largely just a few
interrelated does not occur Material and energy flow linear superposition .
Run an ecosystem is Established under extreme conditions, rich resources , And Without considering resource
utilization efficiency and sustainability . This caused great waste of resources of the earth, triggering a crisis of resources, and no
accumulation of waste of resource utilization has also had a serious environmental problem. twenty one
Two ecosystems
component
Energy and ecosystem Limited
limited resources waste

component component
Material recycling has become very important, and
the amount of resources and waste out of the
constraints of receipt of the amount of resources and env
Ecosystems of two quasi-cyclic material flow
Present in the system for some special departments high value components easily recycled and waste recycling.
twenty two
Three ecosystems component

component
energy ecosystem
ecosystem
component component
System flow of matter and energy complex and active, but the component component
whole system driven by solar energy, a substance derived from
the system itself, but also in the digestive system itself, is fully
utilized without waste.
Three ecosystems circulating material flow
▪ Three ecosystems Is truly sustainable ecosystems, evolution of natural ecosystems will eventually run a full cycle way. In
this form, Resources and waste no real difference . A biological metabolic waste is a resource for other organisms. The entire
ecosystem of contact with the outside only lessons outside of solar energy. - As early as the pre-industrial civilization, natural
ecosystems has formed a three ecosystems. And the establishment of sustainable systems within the Earth system industry is
twenty three
not a sustainable system.
The current industrial development model systems
To a large extent Belonging to a

transition to a two ecosystems
ecosystem models : (A) Industrial
System use Matter and energy Finitude ;
(B) the material and energy flows
Simple Network ;
Waste (c) industrial systems rarely
recycling - There is no universal
"decomposers" -
Closed cycle has not yet formed,
such a system is not sustainable twenty four
Resources
Processors
miners
Limited
limited
waste
resources
Waste
consumer
handlers
Earth absorbs
Mode ideal industrial ecosystem
Ideal industrial ecosystem models have not been expressed for the three ecosystem models. For industrial systems, the development
of three ecosystem models It is not To achieve sustainable development And the only way to have conditions . Human development is
unsustainable because human activities have seriously undermined the compatibility between Earth as a special member of the Earth.
Therefore, to reverse this situation, it is fundamentally Restore the earth's compatibility with human activities . Industrial ecology point
of view, Ideal industrial system should be as close to the three ecosystems and the Earth's natural ecosystems compatible with
25
the larger three ecosystems.
balance
Industrial Ecology foundation | Evolution and ecosystem balance (equilibrium)
2, the balance of the ecosystem
Ecosystem is an open system, rather than a closed system, so that the balance does not have to be internal, external as long
as possible within the overall balance, the system can be coordinated development.
( 1 ) Internal and External Balance: Open systems, open balance - If the internal balance can not be achieved, in interaction with the outside of
the balance can be obtained are possible. But the ecological chain ecosystem must be continuous, or can not self development. Therefore,
we must To establish an orderly ecological chain The producer-oriented enterprises, respect decomposers enterprise, consumer-oriented
enterprises of scale, quantity and quality of products like coupling relationship, in order to obtain industrial symbiosis network and
self-coordinated development of dynamic, self-driven connotation of ecosystem development.
( 2 ) EIC balanced and unbalanced cycle: Balance is dynamic, development . Break the original balance, both could mean an imbalance of the
industrial chain, it could mean a leap in development. The development needs of external forces, to break the old balance, which means a
new balance is established, which in itself is a Since harmony, self-organization and self-development the process of.
( 3 ) Relationship balance, stability and development: Balance and stability is the condition, development is the ultimate goal . Only
maintain balance and stability in the system of ecological industrial chain and industrial symbiosis network, industry ecosystem industrial
symbiosis network in order to achieve sustainable development.
Industrial Symbiosis 26
27
Industrial Ecology foundation | Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis (symbiosis)
• Symbiosis: The relationship between the two species, one of which might be beneficial
(commensalism) or mutually beneficial (symbiotic). Symbiotic usually involves a long-term
co-evolution.
• Industrial Symbiosis: It refers to the different companies through cooperation, mutual use of
waste or by-products generated by each, in order to achieve a win-win economic and
environmental. Industrial symbiosis can be both spontaneously under certain conditions, it
may Formed by planning .
• Industrial symbiosis of different industries, sectors, coupled together, to improve the efficiency
of resource use through co-production.

Three elements of industrial symbiosis
• Symbiosis unit - basis --enterprise Inherently

difficult to
• Symbiotic environment - F - market, social

change
• Symbiosis Mode - The essential - partnership Ease of regulation
• The most important features Is the formation of relatively stable

ownership, formal or informal contract (contract), etc. Symbiotic media
Characteristics of Industrial symbiosis
• Community characteristics of industrial symbiosis: A certain area, the association effect
• The complexity of the internal system: Than the traditional industry gathering mode. Dynamic A
• On the downstream business association: First the food chain to reduce waste upstream business
• Cyclical use of resources:
• Value-added production results: Reduce pollution, conserve resources, protect the environment - a win-win
52 member companies in 12 industries
(chemicals, light industry, building
materials, electricity, etc.)
31
Symbiotic relationship Lubei industry ecosystem (PSC)
product air
coal
1 Ammonia
Ammonium phosphate production Ammonia production power plants
3 Phosphogypsum coal
4 Slag
2 sulfuric acid
from
liquid SO 2 5 SO 2
Sulfuric acid production Cement production Hydrogen
Bromine
product product plaster
1 , Ammonia plant - ammonium phosphate plant (benefit) 4 , Ammonia plant - cement plant (benefit)
2 , Sulfuric acid plant - ammonium phosphate plant (benefit) 5 , Cement - sulfuric acid plant (benefit)
3 , Ammonium phosphate plant - cement plant (benefit)
Five symbiotic relationship

Development model of industrial symbiosis
• Based on mutual interests between the industrial relations system and symbiotic unit,
symbiotic mode can be divided into the following five types. (1) symbiotic, mutually
beneficial symbiosis industries (2) Parasitic industrial symbiosis (3) Dominance type
industrial symbiosis
(4) epiphytic (gluconeogenesis type) industrial symbiosis
(5) mixed industrial symbiosis
- This system is called symbiosis Eco-Industrial Park

Mixed industrial symbiosis
Liquid manure sulfur Gas

Station Refinery Solids recycling companies
steam Gas Wastewater

Cooling
Water
steam
Kalundborg City central heating
Shui Asnaes Thermal power plant Gyproc

Tiss lake
desulfurization sludge Wall Material Factory
steam
heat flue gas fish culture

Whey
Novo Nordisk
Treated sludge
Pharmaceutical Factory Fly ash waste
farmland Cement, road construction
Yeast
Recovery of nickel and vanadium
Fort Danmaikalun industrial symbiosis

(1) symbiotic, mutually beneficial symbiosis industries
Basic Features:
electricity
• Links between industry relatively stable;
• industry Equality, co-existence ,Indispensable;

Thermal Refinery
power plant
• System, there is no obvious active and passive industry points;
Cooling water, waste water,

• Substances in this symbiotic relationship Approximately closed loop
Gas steam,
Reuse
(2) parasitic symbiosis industries

power plant
Cement Gypsum
Factory plant
Basic Features: thermal
Heater
• Obvious host industry and parasitic industry, Unequal status heating
Central
• general No new value-added activities But to change the
hot ashes
Steam
existing value or redistribute material; a one-way flow of value or
substance. plaster
heat
• Host industry providing a more stable raw materials, the
Factory Pharmaceutical
parasitic relationship more stable. It has obvious advantages in
farming
the use of resources, production technology, process design, Greenhouses
product design.
(3) Partial profit industries symbiosis
Main features:
• Commensalism generate new value, but this new value generally transferred
to the symbiotic relationship of a business, or an industry to get the full value.
• Partial two-way material flow, information flow and value of activities between
enterprises benefit symbiosis.
Kalundborg City central heating
Asnaes Thermal power plant

(4) epiphytic (gluconeogenesis type) industrial symbiosis

Main features:
• System various shapes, have linear, cyclic, radial pattern;
• System more fragile, leading to high cost of symbiosis, industrial symbiosis system efficiency drops;
• Epiphytic industry Symbiotic relationship is relatively unstable, between the middle and downstream
industry and supporting industries in the technical and management level should be compatible, adversely
affect the business too much difference will the situation of the whole industry chain
steam fertilizer Park feed

Thermal power plant Pharmaceutical Plantation Culture
39
Industrial Ecology foundation | Metabolic industry
1. Industry metabolic
• In 1989 the US Environmental ecologist RAFrosch for the first time by proposing the concept of "industry metabolic" analogue
recycling process biological metabolic processes and ecosystems; thereafter NEGallopoulos, who proposed the concept of
"industrial ecosystem".
• American ecologist environment RAFrosch put forward: Industrial metabolism can be understood as
systems for material transformation with distinct metabolic pathways that evolve over time. It has been used
as a paradigm to describe the exchange of materials among industrial operations in a way analogous to the
description of material and energy balances in natural ecological systems.
• Metabolic analysis is the industry A system for simulation of biological and metabolic functions of the natural ecosystem . Similar
to natural ecosystems, ecosystem also includes four basic components, i.e., producers, consumers, and reproduction by the
external environment, by a change in system configuration analysis, functional analysis and simulation of industrial streams
metabolism Industry Ecosystem and a function control method. Complete set, in essence, is the industry metabolic energy and
raw materials and labor into final products and wastes in one (more or less) steady-state conditions of all physical processes.
A core of industrial ecology is the study of the industrial metabolism

2, industry research metabolism
• Research purposes It is the analysis of matter and energy between the material basis, internal systems, and industry and
environment of our society exchange. The current industry metabolic cause resource depletion, and the environment had a
tremendous pressure. So how can we make sustainable development? usually think, the most effective way Through material
recycling, optimized energy use, improve material utilization efficiency and other means Minimize its environmental system
and material exchange In order to achieve sustainable development of the industrial system.
• What research industry metabolism is it?
• Example: Germany is the world's countries with the highest per capita consumption of orange juice, the annual per capita
consumption of 21 liters of orange juice. The main raw juice is water and oil production. Required to produce 1 ton 8.1 kg orange
oil, 22 cups of water. If refrigerated transport and comprising inner, juice Approximately 100 kg per tonne of oil.
• Can make light of both the production and consumption of orange juice is more "ecological": First, producers should seek to
reduce the consumption of materials, such as allowing the enrichment process more efficient; another point of view, it seems
difficult to achieve, and that is to reduce the consumption of orange juice . Ecological footprint --21L orange juice is equivalent to 24m 2
• For society - environment system Material Flow Analysis Can re-examine our economic activities, and guide the
economic system in the material and energy flows to developing a more sustainable direction. Recent research also shows that
the study of the metabolism of the industry should be based on an analysis of economic and environmental systems in material
flow, so experts and scholars have the research focus to the analysis of material flow, and has achieved some results.
2, industry research metabolism
① Tracking of certain contaminants in a limited region: Such as centralized industrial area for river basin
, High population density and serious environmental pollution characteristics that can be metabolized by
the industry analysis to track the migration characteristics of pollutants, transforming
② Analysis of a group of substances , Particularly certain heavy metals. Because potential toxicity, heavy
The preferred metal should be included in the study. Also it includes synthetic organics such as PCBs or
dioxins.
③ Some specific research material components : Metabolic Research industry can also be limited to a certain substan
Points, to determine its characteristics and different forms of interaction with the natural biogeochemical
cycles. For example: analysis of sulfur, carbon and other industrial metabolism.
3, the industry's metabolic type
① Metabolic analysis resources (resource analysis): Research on some specific material balance
Metabolic analysis tools situations. The chemical form of substance carried on several different levels,
including metabolic resources for analyzing the atomic or molecular form, or molecular analysis to
determine the chemical composition of the alloy, as well as between a range of different natural or artificial
reservoir and flow analysis of different chemical forms of the resources for - determining a boundary of the
key is
name English abbreviations
Flow Analysis Elemental flow analysis EFA
Molecular flow analysis molecular flow analysis MoFA
substance flow analysis SFA

Material Flow Analysis
material flow analysis MFA
② Or regional metabolism assays (OMA or RMA) For an industrial organization (such as factories
) Or substance flow analysis in a particular area and its boundaries carried out
(1) Flow Analysis: analyte is a single element.
• If certain elements are very scarce or have toxicity, there is a need for elemental analysis
• Analysis of the object It does not affect the analysis of the existing state
• Advantages: data is very clear, can be carried out on any scale
• In 1993 the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, the first time elementary stream analysis
method to study the metabolism of heavy metals in the range of watershed: the Rhine basin-wide analysis
of the object as cadmium, lead, zinc and nitrogen, sulfur, lindane. (1) identification of the chemical
containing one or more elements of air, water, soil discharge and settlement at every stage of its life cycle;
and (2) Construction of contamination pattern a whole basin; (3) Evaluation of environmental impact and
the proposed emissions reduction policy

(2) Analysis of molecular flow:
• The first two cases of molecular flow analysis is carried out jointly by researchers at the University of
California study on chlorofluorocarbons atmospheric circulation, and won the Nobel Prize. The detection
in the atmosphere to make the industry used chlorofluorocarbon refrigerant, which is inferred in the
atmosphere will eventually decompose energetic solar radiation effect decomposition product thereof in
turn is reacted with ozone, the ozone depletion in the stratosphere. - Antarctic ozone hole proved their analysis
• For both Natural sources There Anthropogenic sources The resource analysis is very useful.
• Some scholars have studied the methane molecules in the atmosphere. Natural Source: wetlands, termites,
marine, hydrate; anthropogenic sources: natural gas, coal mining, rice, ruminants, solid waste disposal, and
other biomass combustion. Any kind of artificial sources of emissions are not dominant in the total
emissions of methane, but the entire artificial emissions and more than natural emissions.
(3) MFA: main material flow pattern, the influence on the environment.
Depending on the study, divided into two categories.
① The first material flow analysis focused on those substances can cause specific environmental impact or
Raw material, commonly referred to SFA. The main route of the main substance releases to the
environment, associated with the process, material flow and storage systems within the industry, as well
as the final concentration of these substances in the environment. Including heavy metals, nutrients,
carbon and energy source, plastics, wood, biomass and so on.
② The second type of material flow analysis focuses on the number of material flow in specific economic sectors or re
Whether the amount and structure of sustainable, commonly referred to as MFA. Such as the study of the
flow of raw materials or construction of; City Hall on the national level economic systems research
material portion of total demand for material flow and so on. - You can get pressure on the environment.

Industrial Ecology Foundation - Concept N Theory - ZH-CN - en

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Industrial Ecology Foundation - Concept N Theory - ZH-CN - en

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Industrial Ecology

Environmental Sciences, Dalian University of T

2017 year 05 month

Course description - Introduction

Industrial Ecology foundation - concepts, theories

methods of industrial design for the environment --LCA

methods - material flow analysis, ecology techniques and

Industrial Ecology Practice - green chemistry techniques and

Industrial Ecology Practice - Clean production, eco-industrial park

Industrial Ecology Management and Policy

Evolutionary Ecology Ecology Ecology Economy

Levels of biological organization

1. natural ecosystems and Industry Ecosystem

2. Evolution and balanced ecosystem of (evolutionary)

An ecological functions or units.

components of the non-biological chemical composition.

• Abiotic environment: inorganic environment

consumers and decomposers

Grass rabbit fox tiger Consumer primary (Herbivores)

consumers secondary consumers

Carnivores) (with a small

Disintegrator(Heterotrophic) Microorganisms, small animals

Structure ecosystem components

dissipate into the environment.

external geological, meteorological and biological cause - Such as volcanic eruptions.

ecosystems, and have a role in regulating the stability of the system.

4, the basic characteristics of ecosystems:

of the relationship determines the complexity of the ecosystem.

• ecosystem Self-regulation . It is relatively stable

• Ecosystem is Open, far from equilibrium thermodynamic system .

• Ecosystem is a Dynamic Systems .

1. Industry Ecosystem: In a certain area or range,

and the formation of material circulation and energy flow

interaction, linkages between enterprises through

eco-industrial system, namely the industrial economic

activity as a similar circulation system of natural

ecosystems, the waste produced by one company as a

raw material under a corporate form enterprise

• It can be applied ecology, economics, science and

technology system of basic scientific principles and

methods for planning and design of industrial systems,

operation and management of economic activities, and to

promote harmonious industrial ecology, sustainable

development - Learn the principles of natural

With natural ecological systems,

• Industrial System specific distribution of the system of Industrial

• Complete industrial system depends on the

resources and services provided by the biosphere.

Four basic principles of industrial ecology ecosystem

ecosystem Industry Ecosystem

Loop transmission ( Roundput) Transmission loop material recycling;

Material recycling; energy laminated energy laminated

Diversity ( Diversity) Diversity

Regional ( Locality) Regional

to focus on local focus on limiting factor among local members

characteristics limiting factor of the local characteristics of collaboration

Local dependence; symbiosis

Gradient ( Gradual Change) Gradual change

propagation through evolution evolution biodiversity resources system slow development

Cyclical and seasonal cycle time diversity

2, industry ecosystem and natural ecosystems comparison:

Primary producers Primary consumer Secondary consumers Three consumers

Phytoplankton Invertebrates Fish Big Fish