According to Biber, 2006; Biber et al.

, 2004, a framework for analyzing the bundles

classified into the three broad foci of research, text and participants, and introduces sub-
categories which specifically reflect the concerns of research writing. The first is research-
oriented. It helps writers to structure their activities and experiences of the real world. This
research-oriented include location, procedure, quantification, description and topic. The second
is text-oriented. It includes transition signal, resultative signal, structuring signal, and framing
signal. The last is participant-oriented which includes the stance features and engagement
features.
Based on the article entitled Cultural Awareness and the Teaching of Discussion in the
Taiwanese University Classroom and written by Guy Matthews from Shih Chien University, the
bundles that were dominated in the article was text-oriented bundles. The text-oriented bundles
heavily used to provide familiar and shorthand ways of engaging with a literature, providing
warrants, connecting ideas, directing readers around the text, and specifying limitations It was
found that 46 text-oriented bundles used in the article by the writer. There were about 3
transition signals, 15 resultative signals, 10 structuring signals and 16 framing signals that can be
found in the article.
The result of this analysis is showed that most of the text-oriented bundle is framing
signals. It situates arguments by specifying limiting conditions such as the idea that, the study
looks at, in a study of. Framing devices comprised a high proportion of text-oriented bundles in
the hard science corpora, there were far more in the applied linguistics and business texts
(Hyland, 2008). While resultative signals, played the second most bundles in the article. It marks
inferential or causative relations between elements such as noted that, have shown that, found
that. Resultative markers can frame an assertive construal of events, boosting the writer’s
position and directing readers to a categorical understanding, but more often they preceded more
conciliatory stance (Hyland,2008). The structuring signal such as was designed to, were asked to
shows the text-reflexive markers which organize stretches of discourse or direct reader elsewhere
in text. The last text-oriented bundle that is revealed in the article is transition signals. It
establishes additive or contrastive links between elements such as this would seems to, this
combined with.