Instrumentation Manual

Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad Electrical Engineering
Department
INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS
BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:
Engr. M.idrees Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri

Lecturer (Lab) Electrical, Senior Lab Engineer Electrical, Dean,
Instrumentation and Measurements

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FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad

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Name: ___________________________________________
Registration No: ___________________________________
Roll No: __________________________________________
Semester: ________________________________________
Batch: ___________________________________________

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CONTENTS
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
Exp No Experiment Pages
1 Design, assembly and testing of multistage voltmeter
2 Design, assembly and testing of multistage ammeter
3 Measurement & analysis of the sensitivity and loading effects of

voltmeter
4 Measurement of voltage (Vpp, Vm, Vrms), current, period and

frequency using oscilloscope
5 Design, assembly and testing of Wheatstone Bridge
6 Design, assembly and testing of Kelvin Bridge for measuring low

resistances
7 Design, assembly and testing of Wien Bridge for frequency
measurement
8 Design, assembly and testing of capacitance comparison bridge
9 Design, assembly and testing of inductance comparison bridge
10 Plot of thermistor characteristics
11 Construction of a temperature controlled switch using a thermister
12 Experiments with Photo interrupter, photo coupler and object

detector
13 Experiment with analog Hall sensor
14 Experiment with RTD temperature sensor
EXPERIMENT NO – 01
Design, assembly and testing of multistage voltmeter
THEORY

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Multiplier
Multiplier is a kind of resistor used for widening the range of voltage measurement by connecting to
voltage meter in serial. For example, when you want to measure 100V with the voltage meter
measurable 1V, it can be measured only with voltage divider absorbing 99V voltage and makes 1V
voltage drop in the voltage meter. In Figure 1-1, assume RM is the resistance of multiplier, Rm is the
internal resistance of voltage meter, voltage FS (Full Scale: maximum scale, that is, maximum
measuring limit) is E1. If the voltage you want to measure is N times of FS input voltage, then the
expression of calculation multiplier resistance RM is as follows. At first, voltage Vm, VM flow in Rm
and RM can be expressed as Vm = IRm , VM = IRM. So the voltage of the circuit connecting RM in
serial is N times of the voltage in case of connecting only voltage meter. So:
In this expression, if voltage value to measure is N times of Vm’s, the resistance of multiplier RM
becomes RM = (N - 1) Rm. You can design the multiplier according to the range of voltage measured
by knowing maximum measurement range (or FS sensibility) of meter in this way.
VOLTAGE METER

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Most of voltage meter is made of current meter and the multiplying resistance connected to it in serial
as Figure 1-2. In case of DC voltage meter, the current meter whose own FS(full scale) sensibility is
from 50μA to 1mA is generally used. And the internal resistance of them is approximately
100Ω∼1KΩ. When input voltage is VT, the voltage of voltage meter is V1, the voltage of both sides
of multiplier is V2, then VT = V1 + V2. And if internal resistance of voltage is Rm, resistance value of
multiplier is RM, then V1 and V2 take the expression as follows;
Therefore, if voltage meter indicates V1 value, real measuring voltage can be taken by multiplying
with magnification of measuring range.
PROCEDURE

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1. In the circuit-1 of M-2 Connect 1m and 1n for the meter to the 2a and 2b in circuit-2(Meter)
respectively. Measure the resistance of multiplier when FS is 1mA in each range and enter them
in table 1-1. The FS of meter is 1mA. where, make short 2c-2d in the circuit-2
2. Measure the current when you accept the 1V/ 3V/ 10V/ 12V input voltage toward each range
according to table 1-2 using the circuit in Figure 1-3 and enter it in table 1-2.

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Table 1-1
Range
1.5V 5V 15V 50V
Multiplier
R1 — — —
R1+R2 — — —
R1+R2+R3 — — —
R1+R2+R3+R4
— — —
Remark
Table 1-2
Range CIRCUIT CURRENT IN EACH RANGE
Input voltage 1.5V 5V 15V 50V
2V
4V —
10V — —
12V — —
Remark
DESIGN AND UNDERSTAND THE MEASURING PRINCIPAL OF DC AMPERE-METER
THEORY

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Shunt is a kind of resistor used for widening the range of current measuring by connecting to current
meter in parallel. For example, when you want to magnify measuring range to 100mA, make current
meter flowing 1mA, make shunt flowing rest 99mA. And when you want to enlarge measuring range
using shunt RS in Figure 2-1, assume the internal resistance of current meter is Rm, the current
flowing is Im/IS. When the current to measure is N times of current meters own FS(Full Scale :
maximum scale), the resistance of shunt is calculated as follows;
At first, if Em is the FS input voltage of Meter, the current Im/IS flowing Rm/RS is represented with
Im = Em / Rm, IS = Em / RS. Therefore, the current measurable when it is connected in parallel is N
times higher than the case connected only current meter.
When current value to measure in this expression is N times of Im, the shunt resistance RS is as
follows.
Like this, when you know maximum measuring range (FS sensitivity) and internal resistance, you can
design the shunt according to the range to measure.
CURRENT METER:

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Generally, current meter consists of meter and the shunt connected to the meter in parallel. In this case,
the sensitivity of meter is 50μA∼1mA(FS) and its internal resistance is approximately 100~1kΩ. (The
smaller Rm is, the better sensitivity is in equal current) And the shunt used for the measuring a large
current (more than 10A) indicates the output voltage of shunt for the connection of meter and the
capacitance of the shunt (A). Understand the principle of operation of current meter as you see Figure
2-2. Assume that input current is IT, current meter is Im, and the current flowing shunt is IS, then IT =
Im + IS. And assume that the internal resistance of current meter is Rm, resistance value of shunt is
RS, then Im and IS have the expression as follows;
So current meter indicates Im, and you can get real measuring current by multiplying the magnification
of range.
PROCEDURE:

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1. At first, after connecting 2a and 2b in the circuit-2(meter) to 3m and 3n the circuit-3 ,using
given circuit in circuit-3 of M-2, Connect the circuit as (a)-(c) in Figure 2-3 according to the
experiment. Connect the circuit (a) to 3d-3h, circuit (b) to 3e-3i, circuit (c) to 3f-3j, then connect
the other current meter between 3a' and 3c. (Make short 2c-2d in circuit-2 and make Rm 1kΩ.)
2. Measure the shunt current (IS) and meter current (A) of each circuit in Figure 2-3, and enter the
current flowing in these circuit value into the blank in table 2-1.
(Note: When you measure IS, you must make the measurement of external current meter as high as
possible. That is, the lower its range is, the higher its internal resistance is, it changes circuit
impedance. So it is impossible to be correct measuring.)
3. After measure the shunt resistance when FS indicates 1mA toward each ranges, record it into
table 2-2. The FS of meter is 1mA. (Hereupon, make short 2c-2d in the circuit-2)
Table 2-1

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Range 10mA 100mA

1mA
Circuit R1=111ohm R2=10.1 ohm
Current Flowing in
shunt[Is]
Current flowing in
1mA
meter[Im]
Measuring current[It] 1mA
Remark
Table 2-2
Range[FS] 1mA 10mA 100mA
Resistance
Value[ohm]
Remark
Measurement & analysis of the sensitivity and loading effects of voltmeter

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THEORY
Voltmeters are always connected in parallel with the component or components

under test, any current through the voltmeter will contribute to the overall current in the
tested circuit, potentially affecting the voltage being measured. A perfect voltmeter has
infinite resistance, so that it draws no current from the circuit under test. However,
perfect voltmeters only exist in the pages of textbooks, not in real life! Take the
following voltage divider circuit as an extreme example of how a realistic voltmeter
might impact the circuit its measuring:
With no voltmeter connected to the circuit, there should be exactly 12 volts across each
250 MΩ resistor in the series circuit, the two equal-value resistors dividing the total
voltage (24 volts) exactly in half. However, if the voltmeter in question has a lead-to-
lead resistance of 10 MΩ (a common amount for a modern digital voltmeter), its
resistance will create a parallel subcircuit with the lower resistor of the divider when
connected:

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This effectively reduces the lower resistance from 250 MΩ to 9.615 MΩ (250 MΩ and 10
MΩ in parallel), drastically altering voltage drops in the circuit. The lower resistor will
now have far less voltage across it than before, and the upper resistor far more.
A voltage divider with resistance values of 250 MΩ and 9.615 MΩ will divide 24 volts into
portions of 23.1111 volts and 0.8889 volts, respectively. Since the voltmeter is part of
that 9.615 MΩ resistance, that is what it will indicate: 0.8889 volts.
Now, the voltmeter can only indicate the voltage its connected across. It has no way of
"knowing" there was a potential of 12 volts dropped across the lower 250 MΩ
resistor before it was connected across it. The very act of connecting the voltmeter to
the circuit makes it part of the circuit, and the voltmeter's own resistance alters the
resistance ratio of the voltage divider circuit, consequently affecting the voltage being
measured.

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This effect is called loading, and it is present to some degree in every instance of
voltmeter usage. The scenario shown here is worst-case, with a voltmeter resistance
substantially lower than the resistances of the divider resistors. But there always will be
some degree of loading, causing the meter to indicate less than the true voltage with no
meter connected. Obviously, the higher the voltmeter resistance, the less loading of the
circuit under test, and that is why an ideal voltmeter has infinite internal resistance.
Sensitivity "ohms per volt" means is how many ohms of lead-to-lead resistance for
every volt of range setting on the selector switch. Let's take our example voltmeter from
the last section as an example:
On the 1000 volt scale, the total resistance is 1 MΩ (999.5 kΩ + 500Ω), giving
1,000,000 Ω per 1000 volts of range, or 1000 ohms per volt (1 kΩ/V). This ohms-per-
volt "sensitivity" rating remains constant for any range of this meter:

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The astute observer will notice that the ohms-per-volt rating of any meter is determined
by a single factor: the full-scale current of the movement, in this case 1 mA. "Ohms per
volt" is the mathematical reciprocal of "volts per ohm," which is defined by Ohm's Law as
current (I=E/R). Consequently, the full-scale current of the movement dictates the
Ω/volt sensitivity of the meter, regardless of what ranges the designer equips it with
through multiplier resistors. In this case, the meter movement's full-scale current rating
of 1 mA gives it a voltmeter sensitivity of 1000 Ω/V regardless of how we range it with
multiplier resistors.
To minimize the loading of a voltmeter on any circuit, the designer must seek to
minimize the current draw of its movement. This can be accomplished by re-designing
the movement itself for maximum sensitivity (less current required for full-scale
deflection), but the tradeoff here is typically ruggedness: a more sensitive movement
tends to be more fragile.
PROCEDURE;
Fallow procedure to complete circuit, according to above diagrams and verified
above results.

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Measurement of voltage (Vpp, Vm, Vrms), current, period and frequency using
oscilloscope
THEORY
The trace on an oscilloscope screen is a graph of voltage against time. The shape of this
graph is determined by the nature of the input signal.
In addition to the properties labeled on the graph, there is frequency which is the
number of cycles per second.
The diagram shows a sine wave but these properties apply to any signal with a constant
shape.
Amplitude is the maximum voltage reached by the signal.

It is measured in volts, V.
Peak voltage is another name for amplitude.
Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an

oscilloscope trace it is usual to measure peak-peak voltage.
Time period is the time taken for the signal to complete one cycle.
It is measured in seconds (s), but time periods tend to be short so milliseconds
(ms) and microseconds (µs) are often used. 1ms = 0.001s and 1µs = 0.000001s.
Frequency is the number of cycles per second.

It is measured in hertz (Hz), but frequencies tend to be high so kilohertz
(kHz) and megahertz (MHz) are often used. 1kHz = 1000Hz and 1MHz = 1000000Hz.

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1 1
frequency = and time period =
time period frequency
The trace of an AC signal
Example measurements:
peak-peak voltage = 8.4V

amplitude voltage = 4.2V
time period = 20ms

frequency = 50Hz
Voltage
Voltage is shown on the vertical y-axis and the scale is determined by the Y AMPLIFIER
(VOLTS/CM) control. Usually peak-peak voltage is measured because it can be read

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correctly even if the position of 0V is not known. The amplitude is half the peak-peak
voltage.
If you wish to read the amplitude voltage directly you must check the position of 0V
(normally halfway up the screen): move the AC/GND/DC switch to GND (0V) and use Y-
SHIFT (up/down) to adjust the position of the trace if necessary, switch back to DC
afterwards so you can see the signal again.
Voltage = distance in cm × volts/cm

Example: peak-peak voltage = 4.2cm × 2V/cm = 8.4V
amplitude (peak voltage) = ½ × peak-peak voltage = 4.2V
Time period
Time is shown on the horizontal x-axis and the scale is determined by the TIMEBASE
(TIME/CM) control. The time period (often just called period) is the time for one cycle of
the signal. The frequency is the number of cycles per second, frequency = 1/time period
PROCEDURE;
Setting up an oscilloscope
Oscilloscopes are complex instruments with many controls and they require some
care to set up and use successfully. It is quite easy to 'lose' the trace off the screen
if controls are set wrongly!
This is what you should see

after setting up, when there
is no input signal connected
There is some variation in the arrangement and labelling of the many controls so
the following instuctions may need to be adapted for your instrument.

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1. Switch on the oscilloscope to warm up (it takes a minute or two).

2. Do not connect the input lead at this stage.
3. Set the AC/GND/DC switch (by the Y INPUT) to DC.
4. Set the SWP/X-Y switch to SWP (sweep).
5. Set Trigger Level to AUTO.
6. Set Trigger Source to INT (internal, the y input).
7. Set the Y AMPLIFIER to 5V/cm (a moderate value).
8. Set the TIMEBASE to 10ms/cm (a moderate speed).
9. Turn the time base VARIABLE control to 1 or CAL.
10. Adjust Y SHIFT (up/down) and X SHIFT (left/right) to give a trace across the middle of
the screen, like the picture.
11.Adjust INTENSITY (brightness) and FOCUS to give a bright, sharp trace.
12. The oscilloscope is now ready to use!
Connecting the input lead is described in the next section.

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Design, assembly and testing of Wheatstone Bridge
The Bridge circuit is widely used for measuring R, L, C or frequency. Figure 1-11 shows the Bridge
circuit. The galvanometer is most frequently used as detector in the serial Wheatstone bridge who’s
each Arm is forward resistance. When the current flowing D is “0”, this is called as “balanced”. In
balanced state, the potential difference between both sides of D becomes “0”, and there is no current
between b point and c point in Figure 1-11. The voltage drop from connecting point ‘a’ to ‘b’ must be
equal to that from ‘a’ to ‘c’ in voltage drop, scale and phase. That is, it satisfies with the condition as
follows:
You can get the relation between each impedance from above expression as follows:

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This is the Bridge’s ‘condition of balance’. If there are some currents detected in D(Unbalancing), it
implies that external power is added to the circuit. This function can be applied to establishing
detection circuit.
PROCEDURE:

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1. Make short 5n-5p in the circuit-5 of M-1, connect the current meter to both sides of 5i-5j/ 5d-5e,
and then connect voltage meter to both sides of 5p-5q/ 5f-5g as Figure 1-12.
2. Connect 10V to DC input after connecting galvanometer to Ga, switching off to make safety
resistance connected. (Before connect galvanometer, confirm “0” point of meter is adjusted
correctly.)
3. After adjusting RB value to make the indicator of galvanometer to be “0”, adjust precisely again
in the state “switch on”. That is, make it balanced state. (At this time, make “GAIN” its
clockwise maximum value.) Then measure current and voltage and enter it into the blank of
circuit-1 in table 1.
4. After removing power supply connected to 5a-5b and galvanometer connected to 5r-5f’ and
opening both sides of 5n-5p, measure RB(5f-5g) value with resistance meter and enter it into the
5. Calculate R x value and enter it into the circuit-1 in table 1.

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6. Connect the power supply removed in process 4 and galvanometer again and make short both
sides of 5n-5p.
7. Now, connect current meter A-1 to both sides of 5k-5ℓ and repeat process 3~5. Then enter it into
the blank of circuit-2 in table 1.
8. After making function generator’s output sine wave 1000 Hz/10 Vp-p, connect it to 5a-5b
instead of D.C. And establish the circuit by making short both sides of 5i-5j/ 5n-5p/ 5d-5e.
9. Connect earphone instead of galvanometer. And adjust RB not to make a noise. That is, make
balanced state.
10. Measure each voltage value and enter them into circuit-1 in table 2.
11. After opening both sides of 5i-5j and making short 5k-5ℓ, record the voltage value into the
Table 1
Measurements Ammeter Voltmeter RB RX
Measured – Calculated –
A1 A2 V1 V2
Experiment Value Value
EXPERIMENT-1
R2
CONNECTION
EXPERIMENT-2
R2
CONNECTION
Remarks:
Table 2
Measurements
Va Vb Vc Vd
Experiment
EXPERIMENT-1
R2

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CONNECTION
EXPERIMENT-2
R2
CONNECTION
Remarks:
Experiment No:-06
Design, assembly and testing of Kelvin Bridge for measuring low resistances
Aim: - Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin Double bridge method.
Apparatus: -
Regulated dc supply-1no
Standard resistance coil-1no
Kelvin’s double bridge
Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch codes.
Circuit Diagram: -

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Theory:-
Kelvin’s bridge is a modification of whetstone’s bridge and always used in

measurement of low resistance. It uses two sets of ratio arms and the four terminal
resistances for the low resistance consider the ckt. As shown in fig. The first set of ratio P
and Q. The second set of ratio arms are p and q is used to connected to galvanometer to a
pt d at an Approx. potential between points m and n to eliminate the effects of connecting
lead of resistance r between the known std. resistance ‘s’ and unknown resistance R.
The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. under balanced condition there is no current flowing

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through galvanometer which means voltage drop between a and b, Eab equal to the
voltage drop between a and c, Eamd.
Now
Ead=P/P+Q ; Eab=I[R+S+[(p+q)r/p+q+r]] --------------

(1)
Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]] ---------------------------
(2)
For zero deflection->
Eac=Ead
[ P/P+Q]I[R+S+{(p+q)r/p+q+r}]=I[R+pr/p+q+r] ----
(3)
Now, if
P/Q=p/q
Then equa… (3) becomes
R=P/Q=S -
(4)
Equation (4) is the usual working equation. For the Kelvin’s Double Bridge .It indicates
the resistance of connecting lead r. It has no effect on measurement provided that the two
sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. Equation (3) is useful however as it shows the error
that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It indicates that it is desirable to
keep r as small as possible in order to minimize the error in case there is a diff. between
the ratio P/Q and p/q.
R=P/QS
Observation Table: -
P (ratio arm Standard Q (ratio arm R measured R actual
resistor) resistor resistor) value
S
Procedure: -
1) The circuit configuration on the panel is studied.

2) Supply is switched on and increased upto 5v.

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3) The unknown resistance is connected as shown .

4) The value of P,Q was selected such that
a. P/Q=p/q
5) S was adjusted for proper balance and balance value of s was balanced.
6) The value of known resistance was calculated.
Precautions-
1) Check all the connections before turning ON the power supply.
2) Do not exceed the value of 5v.
3) Note the readings accurately.
Result- The observed value of unknown resistance is
Experiment No:-07
Design, assembly and testing of Wien Bridge for frequency measurement
Apparatus: -
Regulated dc supply-1no
Wien bridge Capacitor, variable resisters, resistors
Digital multimeter-1no,
Patch codes
Theory:-
Measure frequency of the voltage source using series RC in one arm and parallel RC in the adjoining
arm.

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Procedure:

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1. Complete circuit according to diagram.

2. verify all results of wien bridge.
Experiment No:-08
Design, assembly and testing of capacitance comparison bridge
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown capacitance sharing bridge method.
Apparatus:-
Sharing bridge ;Inductor, resisters, capacitor
digital multimeter,
patch cords,
Circuit Diagram:-

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Theory:-
The schering bridge one of the most important ac bridge is used the extensively for the
measurement of capacitors.
In the schering bridge the arm 1 now contains a parallel combination of the
resistor and the capacitor and standard arm contain only one capacitor. The standard
capacitor is usually a standard high quality mica capacitor.
in the balance condition of the bridge the sum of the phase angles of the arms 1
and 4 is equal the sum of the phase angle of arms 2 and 3.at the balance in condition there
is no current flow in the galvanometer.
The balance equation is derived in the usual manner, and by substituting the
corresponding impendence and the admittance the value of the unknown capacitor and
the resister is find as given below.
Cx=C3(R1/R2).
Rx=R2(C1/C2)
Procedure: -
1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel on the kit.
2) Connect the unknown capacitance of the position given.

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3) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting the variable

4) Calculate the value of unknown capacitance by formula given
Result: -The values of unknown capacitance is measured by shearing bridge
Experiment No:-09
Design, assembly and testing of inductance Comparison Bridge
Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using Hay’s bridge method.
Apparatus:- Multimeter
LCR meter
Hay’s bridge : Inductor, resisters, capacitor
Patch cords.
Circuit Diagram:-

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Theory:-
The hays bridge is the modification of the Maxwell Bridge. This bridge uses a resistance
in series with the standard capacitor. The bridge has four resistive arms in which the arms
one is consists of the resister R1, Lx .The arm 2 is consists of the variable resistance
R3.The low value of the resistance is obtain by the low resistive arms of the bridge. The
value of R4 and C4 is the standard value of the capacitor and resistance.
By using the unknown inductance having a resistanceR1. R2, R3,R4-is the known
non-inductive resistance and C4 is standard value of the capacitor. The unknown value of
inductance and Quality factor of the Bridge is obtained by formula.
Lx = (R2R3C4) /(1+w^2*R4^2*C4^2)_
Quality factor (Q)=(1/w2R42C42)
Basic AC bridges consist of four arms, source excitation and a balanced detector.
Commonly used detectors for AC bridges are:
(1) Head phones
(2) Vibration galvanometers
(3) Tunable amplifier detectors
Vibration galvanometer is extremely useful at power and low audio
frequency ranges. Vibration galvanometers are manufactured to work at various
frequency ranging from 5 KHZ to 1 KHZ. But one most commonly used between

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200HZ.
Advantage-1) This Bridge gives very simple expression for unknown for High Q coil.
2) This bridge also gives a simple expression for Q factor.
Disadvantage-1)The hays bridge is suited for the measurement of the High Q inductor.
2)It is used to find the inductor having the q value of the smaller then 10.
.
Procedure:-
1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit.

2) Connect unknown inductance LX1 in the circuit. Make all connections to
complete the bridge.
3) Put the supply ON
4) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting variable resistance R3.
5) Note value of R2, R3, and C4 by removing connection by patch cords.
6) Calculate theoretical value of LX1 using L=R2R3C4
7) Measure value of LX2 by LCR meter and compare it.
8) Repeat process for LX2.
Result:- The unknown inductance is measured using Hay’s bridge and is found to
be___

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TO UNDERSTAND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A THERMISTOR
OBJECTIVES:
1. To understand the characteristics of a Thermistor.

2. To measure the resistance of a Thermistor at different temperatures.
DISCUSSION:
Resistive temperature-sensiting sensors can be classified into two groups: one group called
semistor that posses a positive temperature coefficient of resistance, and another group called
thermistor that posses a negative temperature coefficient of resistance.

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PROCEDURE:
1. Set the module KL-13010 on the main unit KL-21001, and locate the block b.
2. Located the terminals of the Thermistor RT shown in Fig.
3. Measure and record the resistance of RT at room temperature. RT = _____________Ω
4. Hold RT by your thumb and the index finger and observe the change of resistance indicated
by the ohmmeter. Is the resistance of RT decreased? Yes /No __________________
5. Warm up RT with a soldering iron of 25W~35W and observe the change indicated by the
ohmmeter. Is the resistance of RT decreased Yes /No __________________
6. Keep warming up RT until the resistance reaches a constant value and take away the
soldering iron from RT. Measure the resistance of RT. R = __________________ Ω

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CONSTRUCTION OF A TEMPERATURE CONTROLLED SWITCH USING A

THERMISTOR
DISCUSSION:
An application of the characteristics of a Thermistor is shown in Fig. -1. The temperature-controlled

switch circuit is composed of the resistive bridge, SCR and lamps. The resistive bridge circuit is
constituted by a Thermistor and resistors VR2, R3, R4, and R5. Its output between A and B provides
the triggering voltage VAB to the gate of SCR. Two lamps are controlled by the SCR.
As mentioned before, if the equation RT/(VR2+R3) = R4/R5 is true, the bridge circuit will be balanced
and its output voltage VAB is zero. This will turn off the SCR and lamps. When an increase in
temperature decreases the resistance of RT, the bridge circuit is unbalanced and the positive output
voltage +VAB turning on SCR. Then the ac currents flow through SCR and both lamps. The D1 acts as
a protection diode to pass the negative VAB. The VR2 is used balance the resistive bridge at a specific
temperature, such as at room temperature.
Figure-1
PROCEDURE:
1. Set the module KL-13010 on the main unit KL-210041, and locate the block b.
2. According to Fig. -1 and Fig.-2, complete the experiment circuit with short-circuit clips

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Figure-2
3. Apply the AC power source 9V-0-9V to terminals AC 9V, 0, AC 9V.
4. Apply +5V to V+.
5. Turn VR2 to the point that the lighted lamps L1 and L2 are just turned off. At this time, SCR is
turned ___________________ (on or off).
6. Approach a heated soldering iron to RT and observe the states of lamps. Record the results in
Table and identify the state of SCR.
7. Take away the soldering iron from RT and observe the states of lamps. Record the results in
Table and identify the state of SCR.
Table
L1 State L2 State SCR State

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PHOTO INTERRUPTOR / PHOTO COUPLER / OBJECT DETECTOR

DISCRIPTION:
Figure shows an object detector using a fixed-distance photo coupler. In normal situation, the detector
receives light signal from LED and the output voltage Vo is low. If an object passes through the window and
blocks the light beam, the collector current Ic decreases and the output Vo rises to a high potential. The two
inverters act as a wave shaper.
Figure Object detector
PROCEDURE:
1. Complete the circuit of Figure on KL-64001 and KL-62001 breadboard
2. Connect the Vo2 to KL-62001 STATUS DISPLAY & DCV INPUT + and the - to GND. Connect the
output CK to COUNTER input or Oscilloscope input.

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3. Complete the following connections on KL-62001.
SECTION AREA SIGNAL TO SECTION AREA SIGNAL

SELECT MANUAL/SINGLE MANUAL ® SELECT MANUAL/SINGLE GND
CHIP CHIP
4. Switch power ON and the display should be ON.
5. Set STATUS DISPLAY & DCV MODE switch to DCV position and RANGE to 20V.
6. In the absence of object between emitter and detector, measure and record the output voltage Vo2 =
__________ V.
7. In the presence of object between emitter and detector, measure and record the output voltage Vo2 =
__________ V.
8. Cut a sheet of paper to a pulse shape and move it between emitter and detector, and record the output
waveform.

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ANALOG HALL SENSOR
DESCRIPTION:
The Hall sensor in Figure 1 is an analog element and the equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 2
Since the bridge arms are not balance, the 13K resistor is for the compensation. The VR 10K in
Figure 1 acts as an adjuster for the offset of differential amplifier.
Figure 1 Analog Hall sensor circuit.
Figure 2 equivalent circuit of analog Hall sensor.

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Fig 1 Analog Hall IC shows a Hall detector using an analog Hall IC LT110. The output of this
Hall element is directly proportional to the distance from the magnetic field. The analog signal is
amplified by the differential amplifier U3.
PROCEDURE:
A.
1. Complete the circuit of Figure on KL-64001 and KL-62001 breadboard.
2. Connect the Vo4 to KL-62001 STATUS DISPLAY & DCV INPUT +.
3. Complete the following connections on KL-62001.

MANUAL/SINGLE MANUAL/SINGLE
SELECT MANUAL ® SELECT GND
CHIP CHIP
4. Switch power ON and the display should be ON.
5. Set STATUS DISPLAY & DCV MODE switch to DCV position and RANGE to 20V.
6. In the absence of magnetic field, adjust the VR 10K to make the output voltage Vo=0V.

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7. Move the magnet toward Hall sensor, observe and record the side of Hall having no
reaction.
8. Move the magnet toward Hall sensor, observe and record the distance between magnet and
Hall if a change occurs at the output.
9. Change the poles of magnet and repeat Steps 7 and 8.\
Analog hall IC
1. Set the Module KL-64001 on the Trainer KL-62001.

2. Connect the Vo4 in HALL-EFFECT Analog SENSOR area to the DCV INPUT + and switch
power ON.
3. Move the magnet toward the Hall IC and try to find out which side the Hall has non response.
4. Record the distance between magnet and Hall if the change occurs at output.
5. Change the polarities of magnet and record the output variation of Hall IC.

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EXPERIMENT NO. 14
TEMPERATURE SENSOR (RTD)
DESCRIPTION
From equation, the resistance Rt is
Rt = RO (1 + aT)
= 100 (1 + 0.00392 T)
If a constant current I of 2.55mA flow through the PT-100, the voltage drop across PT-100 is:
VA = 1 ´ Rt
= 2.55 ´ 100(1 + 0.00392 T)
= (255 + T) mV
Therefore, the voltage VA is proportional to the temperature T. In other words, VA can be obtained by
adding the product of T multiplied by 1 mV to the offset of 255mV.
A PT-100 transduction circuit is shown in Figure 1. It has a transduction ratio of 100mV/¢J.

The constant-current circuit consists of components CR1, CR2, Q1, R1, R2, and R3 to provide a
2.55mA current through the PT-100. This current is expressed by:
IC = Ie = (VCR1 + VCR2 - VBE) / (R2 + R3)
If VCR1 = VBE, then
IC = VCR2 / (R2 + R3)
In this equation, the constant current Ic can be set by adjusting the resistance of R2.
OP AMP U1 is a non-inverting amplifier with an output voltage of VB = 10VA = (2550+10T)mV.
U2 is a differential amplifier. By adjusting R14, Vf1, the output voltage of U3, can be set to 2550mV.
As a result, output voltage of the transducer circuit is 10(VB ¡V Vf1) = 10(2550 + 10T-2550)mV =
100TmV, and the conversion ratio is 100 mV/¢J.
In Figure 1, we take the output voltage from U2 in order to eliminate the effect caused by the
offset voltage (2.55mA through PT-100). The zener voltage V CR3 is applied to the voltage divider (R13,
R14 and R15), whose output is then buffered by the voltage follower so as to neglect the offset.

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Figure 1. PT-100 transducer circuit

The circuit of Figure 2 is a fire alarm. The potentiometer VR is used for reference temperature
setting. If the temperature sensed by the PT-100 is lower than the reference temperature, the
comparator output will be-Vsat which will turn off both Q201 and buzzer. Inversely, when the
reference temperature is exceeded, the comparator output is +Vsat which will turn on the buzzer.
Figure 2. Fire alarm

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A digital thermometer can be constructed by combining the Pt-100 transducer module and the
A/D converter, as shown in Figure 3. Since the transduction ratio of Pt-100 is 100mV/ºC, full-scale
voltage of the A/D converter must be set to 20V. If the temperature of 100ºC is sensed, the transducer
output will be 10V. Therefore, "1000" on the display indicates the temperature of 100ºC.
Figure 3. Digital thermometer
PROCEDURE
A. R vs. T Characteristic of PT-100
1. The resistance of the PT-100 is proportional to the temperature.

Rt = RO (1 + aT) = 100 (1 + 0.00392T)
2. using the equation in Step 1 calculate and record the resistance Rt for each temperature setting on
Table 1.
3. Compare the data in Table 1 with those in Table 2.
Transduction circuit
1. Place module KL-64012 on KL-62001.
2. Connect the PT-100 to module KL-64012 and turn on power.
3. Connect DMM probes between A and GND to measure the current of PT-100. Set the
current to 2.55mA DC by adjusting the potentiometer R2.
4. Adjust the output voltage at Vf1 to 2.55V DC by adjusting the potentiometer R14.
5. Insert the PT-100 into Thermostatic container.
6. Measure and record the output voltage of PT-100 at Vo27 for each temperature set-ting on
Table 3.
7. Plot a V vs. T characteristic curve of the PT-100 transducer using datum from Table 3.
8. Observe the curve in Step 6, calculate and record the transduction ratio.

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9. _______________ mV/ºC
B. Fire alarm
1. Place module KL-64012 on KL-62001.

2. Repeat Steps 2, 3 from section B.
3. Construct the circuit shown in Figure 2.
4. Review Table 3, the output voltage of PT-100 transducer is ___________ V at 80ºC.
5. Adjust the potentiometer VR so that the voltage at Vo27 is equal to that of Step4.
6. Adjust the thermostat to increase the temperature. Observe and record the temperature at which
the buzzer turn on._____________ ºC.
7. Does the actual temperature equal to the reference temperature setting?
8. Try other temperature settings to see whether the buzzer work properly at various temperature
settings.
D. Digital thermometer
1. Place module KL-64012 on the KL-62001.

2. Connect the Vo27 on KL-64012, to the DCV INPUT + on KL-62001 and turn power on.
3. Repeat Steps 2, 3 and from section B.
4. Set the MODE at SENSOR position, and RANGE at ºC position. Connect MANUAL on
SELECT area to GND.
5. Insert PT-100 into Thermostatic container.
6. Observe and record the readout for each temperature setting on Table 4.
7. Compare the settings with the actual readouts.
C. Computer interface
Complete the following connections:

SINGLE
CHIP & OUT CONTROL 1 ® AMPLIFIER ALARM AMPLIFIER SIN IN
EPROM

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Vo27 ® A/D
KL-64012 CONTROL A/D IN
CONVERTER
GND ® A/D
KL-64012 CONTROL GND
CONVERTER
1. Place module KL-64012 on the KL-62001.

2. Repeat Steps 2, 3 from section B.
3. Turn on power.
4. Complete Table 5.
5. When the actual temperature exceeds the reference temperature, is the potential at OUT
CONTROL pin4 "LOW"? Does the buzzer turn on?
6. Steps 1 through 6 are used to display the temperature values and to send an alarm signal to cut
off the heater power supply in case reference temperature is exceeded.
7. Connect SINGLE CHIP & EPROM OUT CONTROL CTRL to GND, data from PT-100 will be
monitored by the PC through the RS-232C interface.
8. Follow the steps in section temperature(AD590) compter control to perform the RS-232
interface experiment.
9. NOTE : 1V = 10ºC
RESULTS
Table 1
T(¢J) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
RT(W)
Table 2
Temperature ¢J 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PT-100
Table 3
Temperature (¢J) 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

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Vo27(V)
Table 4
Temperature ¢J 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Readout
Table 5
0819 1638 2457 3276 4095
DIP-switch settings
(10¢J) (20¢J) (30¢J) (40¢J) (50¢J)
KL-62001 readout
Temperature (¢J)
OUT CONTROL pin1
OUT CONTROL pin4
KL-64012 Vo27 volts

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Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology Islamabad Electrical Engineering

INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENTS

BASIC ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS LAB

Prepared By: Checked By: Approved By:

Engr. M.idrees Engr. M.Nasim Khan Dr.Noman Jafri

Instrumentation and Measurements

FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad FUUAST-Islamabad

Instrumentation and Measurements

Registration No: ___________________________________

Roll No: __________________________________________

Instrumentation and Measurements

Exp No Experiment Pages

1 Design, assembly and testing of multistage voltmeter

2 Design, assembly and testing of multistage ammeter

3 Measurement & analysis of the sensitivity and loading effects of

4 Measurement of voltage (Vpp, Vm, Vrms), current, period and

5 Design, assembly and testing of Wheatstone Bridge

6 Design, assembly and testing of Kelvin Bridge for measuring low

9 Design, assembly and testing of inductance comparison bridge

10 Plot of thermistor characteristics

11 Construction of a temperature controlled switch using a thermister

12 Experiments with Photo interrupter, photo coupler and object

14 Experiment with RTD temperature sensor

Design, assembly and testing of multistage voltmeter

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Range CIRCUIT CURRENT IN EACH RANGE

Input voltage 1.5V 5V 15V 50V

DESIGN AND UNDERSTAND THE MEASURING PRINCIPAL OF DC AMPERE-METER

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Range 10mA 100mA

Measuring current[It] 1mA

Range[FS] 1mA 10mA 100mA

Instrumentation and Measurements

Voltmeters are always connected in parallel with the component or components

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Amplitude is the maximum voltage reached by the signal.

Peak voltage is another name for amplitude.

Peak-peak voltage is twice the peak voltage (amplitude). When reading an

Frequency is the number of cycles per second.

Instrumentation and Measurements

The trace of an AC signal

peak-peak voltage = 8.4V

time period = 20ms

Instrumentation and Measurements

Voltage = distance in cm × volts/cm

This is what you should see

Instrumentation and Measurements

1. Switch on the oscilloscope to warm up (it takes a minute or two).

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

5. Calculate R x value and enter it into the circuit-1 in table 1.

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements

Instrumentation and Measurements