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TD-LTE peak throughput calculations

June 2010
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History

Changes Date Author Reviewed By

Wei Xuan
Ed 1.0 – 1st Release June 2010 ND-CC

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CONTENTS

1. SCOPE ............................................................................................................. 5
2. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 5
3. PRINCIPLES ....................................................................................................... 5
6. PEAK THROUGHPUT CALCULATION PROCESS ................................................................ 9

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1. SCOPE

The purpose of this document is to introduce the LTE-TDD peak throughput principles,
related key factors and high level design calculation methods.

2. INTRODUCTION

Peak throughput is referred to maximum theoretical data rates which is closely related to
the channel capacity of the related system, and is the maximum possible quantity of data
that can be transmitted under ideal circumstances. In some cases this number is reported
as equal to the channel capacity. Maximum theoretical throughput is more accurately
reported to take into account format and specification overhead with best case
assumptions. This number, like the closely related term 'maximum achievable throughput'
below, is primarily used as a rough calculated value, such as for determining bounds on
possible performance early in a system design phase. Through peak throughput’s
performance, designers and customers would not only know the system’s data rate’s
limitation in the best radio environments, but also would compare its capability with other
systems.

Cell’s peak throughput is the key factor in each radio communication system and
determined by BS physical layer’s design which composed of several types of channels to
maintain air interface running normally (E.g. Control channel, share channel, reference
signal and so on). Among those channel, only the share channel are used for UE data
transmutation by DL and UL scheduler in LTE system. For this reason, LTE-TDD DL and UL
share channel’s peak throughput is signification to reflect system capability and design
quality in cell level. Undoubtedly, it will be the main research target in this paper.

3. PRINCIPLES

As the 4th generation radio communication system, LTE which based on several new
technologies (E.g. the OFDM, multiple-antenna technology, widen bandwidth supported and
so on) would have higher the spectral efficiency and data rates than previous
communication system.

3.1 OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a multi-carrier transmission technique

that has been adopted as the DL transmission scheme for the 3GPP Long-Term Evolution
(LTE) and is also used for several other radio technologies, e.g. WiMAX and the DVB
broadcast technologies.

It is characterized by a tight frequency-domain packing of the subcarriers with a subcarrier

spacing Δf . OFDM transmission is block-based. During each OFDM symbol interval, N
modulation symbols are transmitted in parallel. The modulation symbols can be from any
modulation alphabet, such as QPSK, 16QAM, or 64QAM.

In LTE, Subcarrier is sub band is divided by 15 kHz or 7.5 kHz (used in MBMS). On the other
hand, the number of subcarriers depends on the transmission bandwidth, with in the order

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of 600 subcarriers in case of operation in a 10MHz spectrum allocation and correspondingly

fewer/more subcarriers in case of smaller/larger overall transmission bandwidths.

The physical resource in case of OFDM transmission is often illustrated as a time–frequency

grid where a column corresponds to one OFDM symbol (time) and a row corresponds to one
OFDM subcarrier, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: OFDM physical resource mapping

3.2 Multiple-antenna system technology

MIMO technology has attracted attention in wireless communications, because it

offers significant increases in data throughput and link range without additional
bandwidth or transmit power. It achieves this by higher spectral efficiency (more
bits per second per hertz of bandwidth) and link reliability or diversity (reduced
fading).

In DL, ALU LTE TDD products support 3 schemes at the present time. They are SM
(Spatial Multiplexing), Transmit Diversity and MU-MIMO.SM used different antenna
transport different data to one UE in the same time and frequency. It would
increase system data rates. For Transmit diversity, it used different antenna
transmit same data by STBC or SFBC.

In UL, Rx Diversity is used in eNodeB side to improve data transmission reliability.

For MU-MIMO, The service eNodeB would receive different data stream from
different UE in the same time and frequency resource. By this way, for cell, UL
data rates also would be improved.

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Figure 2: MIMO schemes

3.3 Widen Bandwidth Support

According to Shannon channel capacity rule, it is clearly more bandwidth means more data
rates. LTE transmission bandwidth would support 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz profiting
from improving speed of digital signal processing.

3.4 Frame Structure

As 3GPP defined, LTE is based on OFDM in the DL and on SC-FDMA in the UL and
transmissions are organized into radio frames with Tf = 307200 ⋅ T s = 10ms duration.
Therefore, it need a correspond structure in order to resource allocation and details of
related define are in the following figure:

Figure 3 : Frame Structure & Resource mapping

Radio frame: LTE defines 10 ms as a radio frame and includes 10 sub frame.

Sub frame: It will occupy 1 ms in time domain which is min unit for DL& UL schedule.

Resource elements (RE): It is minimum unit to bear modulated symbol and occupies 1 OFDM symbol in time domain and 1
sub carrier in frequency domain.

Physical resource block (PRB): It refer to 12 sub carriers in 1ms (14 OFDM symbols)

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4 Time Division duplex

There are two types radio duplex 3GPP defined for LTE system:

Type 1, applicable to Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Type 2, applicable to Time Division Duplex (TDD)

Compared with FDD, TDD has a strong advantage in the case where the asymmetry of the
UL and DL data speed is variable. As the amount of UL data increases, more bandwidth can
dynamically be allocated to that and as it shrinks it can be taken away. Another advantage
is that the UL and DL radio paths are likely to be very similar in the case of a slow moving
system. This means that techniques such as beamforming work well with TDD systems.

In LTE, FDD and TDD duplex system have the same peak rate in such a subframe; however,
the peak throughput is defined in radio frame level, therefore, frame configuration plays
an important role to implement the UL and DL asymmetry transmission.

3GPP define 10 sub frame in a radio frame and 7 types of frame configuration as shown in
figure 4 below:

Figure 4 : LTE-TDD Frame Configurations

4.1 Special sub frame configuration

From above figure, every frame configuration has a special subframe which marked
with “s” at least. Each special subframe has 3 parts: DwPTS, Gap and UpPTS. They
are used to DL -> UL’s switch and cell’s max coverage distance.

Special subframe configurations are given by following table:

Figure 5 LTE-TDD Special Sub frame Configuration

Attention: Only if DwPTS occupies more than 3 OFDM symbols can contribute to the throughput.

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5 UE Category

In 3GPP Specification, LTE UE is classified to 5 types to represent different service process

capability. This feature determines
ƒ the maximum TBS size
ƒ the maximum spatial multiplexing layers
ƒ the max modulation order
N PRB, MCS and TBS

N PRB is the number of PRB for given system bandwidth.

Modulation & Coding Scheme (MCS) influences the Modulation Order that can be selected
which in turn drives the Transport Block Size (TBS) for a given number of resource blocks

TBS is throughputs according to current MCS and NPRB. Those values are got from simulation
by 3GPP and would be in following table.

Table 1 Bandwidth Table Table 2 MCS Table

Table 3 TBS Table

6. PEAK THROUGHPUT CALCULATION PROCESS

The key calculation process of is following:

Phase 1: Calculate the peak bits rate of each subframe in a frame

z Assume the highest MCS index and related restricted condition.
z Calculate the number of PRB and REs which will be used for share channel by
considering overhead.
z Calculate the number of bits share channel would be bear (TBS) according to the TBS
table 3GPP defined.
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z Through adjust MCS index in order to close to the channel efficiency coding rate which
is the key factor
z Select the share channel bits rates according to the adjusted MSC index as the peak
throughput of current subframe.
Phase 2: Calculate the peak bits rate of a frame
z Using the above method to calculate others sub frame’s peak throughput.
z Calculating the peak throughput of a frame (10ms) and convert to the cell peak
throughput.
For the DL and UL peak throughputs calculation, the process is very similar, but the
different MIMO schemes and resource schedule would be considered.

Figure 5 : Flow chart of Peak of throughput calculation process

Here is a Example：

Assumption：
z BW=20MHz
z Frame Configuration = 1
z Special Subframe Configuration = 7
z UE Category = 4
z # RB = 100 (According to table1 and given BW)
z # subframe for DL = 6
z # subframe for UL = 4 (According to figure 4 and given Frame Configuration)
z # OFDM Symbols for PDCCH = 1
z MCS = 28
z MIMO_DL scheme = MIMO 2*2
z MIMO_UL scheme = Receive diversity

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6.1 Peak bits rate calculation of a DL sub frame

According to given MIMO_DL scheme

#MIMO_DL Layer = 2

According to following table2, MCS and modulation order

Modulation bits = 6

According to following table2 and MCS

TBS Index = 26

According to products schedule strategic factor

Max scheduled # RB = #RB = 100

According to the following table3, TBS index and Max scheduled # RB

TBS for 1_layer = 75376 bits

TBS = TBS for 1 layer * #MIMO_DL Layer = 150752 bits

# RE for PDSCH = Total REs in a subframe – Reference signal – other physical channel occupied.

Coded Bits = # RE for PDSCH * Modulation bits * #MIMO_DL Layer =168768 bits

Efficiency Coding rate = TBS/ Coded Bits <= Highest Turbo coding rate (3GPP recommend value
is 0.93, specially 0.75 for MU-MIMO)

If it is large than 0.93, the MSC index should be adjusted to reduce the efficiency coding rate to close
0.93.

Use above methods to calculation rest subframes. For this instance, The Coding rate is less than 0.93;
the TBS is the peak bits rate of current subframe.

DL Data rate per second = (TBS_subframe0+ TBS_subframe1 + TBS_subframe4+

TBS_subframe5+…)/duration of Frame=823.2 Mbits/10ms=82.32Mbps

6.2 Peak bits rate calculation of UL sub frame

According to given MIMO_UL scheme

#MIMO_UL Layer = 1

According to following table2, MCS and modulation order

Modulation bits = 4

According to following table2 and MCS

TBS Index = 22

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According to products schedule strategic factor

Min #RB reserved for PUCCH/PRACH = 4

Max scheduled #RB = #RB - Min #RB reserved for PUCCH/PRACH = 100-4=96

TBS for 1 layer =45352 bits

TBS = TBS for 1 layer * #MIMO_UL Layer = 45352 bits

# RE for PUSCH = Total REs in a subframe – Reference signal – other physical channel occupied.

Coded Bits = # RE for PDSCH * Modulation bits * #MIMO_DL Layer = 50688 bits

Efficiency Coding rate = TBS/ Coded Bits <= Highest Turbo coding rate (3GPP recommend value
is 0.93, specially 0.75 for MU-MIMO)

If it is large than 0.93, the MSC index should be adjusted to reduce the efficiency coding rate to close
0.93.

Use above methods to calculation rest sub frames. For this instance, The Coding rate is less than 0.93;
the TBS is the peak bits rate of current sub frame.

UL Data rate per second = (TBS_subframe2+ TBS_subframe3 + TBS_subframe7+

TBS_subframe8)/duration of Frame= 178.4 mbits/10ms=17.84Mbps

End of DOCUMENT

RELATED DOCUMENTS :
- PEAK THROUGHPUT CALCULATION IN FDD
- DIMENSIONING GUIDELINES

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