“YEAR OF DIALOGUE AND NATIONAL RECONCILIATION”

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SAN MARTÍN

REPORT

TOPIC: MINOR LINGUISTIC UNITS

TEACHER: Lic. Kity Karen Solano De La Cruz

STUDENTS:

 Jose William Diaz Vera

 Jhosseanie Abigail Avalos Lolo
 Heidy Teresa Morales Mondragón

TARAPOTO-PERÚ

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

The language is a system like Saussure described it , this system use signs that
we use all time to comunicate us , is important its studies of those signs , in the
brief report we can show the MINOR LINGUISTIC UNITS , those are very
necessary for us , so We have to study them.

II. MINOR LINGUISTIC UNITS

PHONEMES
MINOR
UNITS
WITHOUT
MEANING
WHAT ARE THE MINOR
LINGUISTIC UNITS ?
They are the smallest parts
of a language that we use GRAPHEMES
when we communicate

MINOR
UNIT WITH
MONEMES MEANING

III. MINOR UNITS WITHOUT MEANING

1. PHONEME

It´s a unit of linguistic analysis that is based on the sounds of a lenguage,is

abstract,ideal

In Spanish language there are 27 phonemes divided into 2 groups:

CONSONANTAL PHONEMES

They are letters that, as the name says, they need a letter cash to be able to form
words.

/B /C/D/F/G/H/J/K/L/M/N/Ñ/P/Q/R/S/T/V/W/X/Y/Z/
a. VOWEL PHONEMES

They are letters which can be used alone and which can constitute syllables
without the support of the consonant.

/A/ E/ I/ O/ U/.

c. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PHONEME :

 Is indivisible
 It has not meaning of its own
 The sound of a phoneme is allophone
 They are represented in square brackets

2. GRAPHEME:
Graphemes (also called letters) are the smallest units of writing within a language
that can not be divided. It is the graphic representation of the language.
Ex: "b", "c", "i", etc.
It allows to distinguish two words written in a language (and, with it, two meanings).
Terms like "shovel", "pass", "for" and "leg", for example, are differentiated in each
case by a grapheme (a letter, in this specific context).
A tilde is also a grapheme used to recognize the difference between two words. A
"pulpit" is not the same as a "pulpit". The grapheme <'> is the differentiating element.
A phoneme usually corresponds to a grapheme. In Spanish, the graphemes <c> and
<h> come together to represent a single phoneme: ch. The union of two letters for
the representation of a unique sound is known as a digraph.

GRAPHEMES FORMS THE ALPHABET OF A LANGUAGE AND CAN HAVE

DIFFERENT FORMS:

 Graphemes of the Latin alphabet: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, o, p, q, r ...

 Graphemes of the Greek alphabet: α, β, γ, δ, ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ, ν, ξ, ο, π, ρ ...
 Graphemes of the Chinese alphabet: 阿, 贝, 色, 车, 德, 俄, 俄 非, 黑, 阿 车, 伊, 厚
塔
 Graphemes of the Arabic alphabet: ‫ب‬, ‫ت‬, ‫ث‬, ‫ح‬, ‫ج‬, ‫خ‬, ‫س‬, ‫ش‬, ‫ص‬, ‫ض‬, ‫ط‬, ‫ع‬, ‫ ظ‬...
PHONES AND GRAPHICS
1. Phonemes that can be represented by different letters.
EXAMPLE
PHONEMES LETTERS PHONEMES LETTERS EXAMPLES
S
Walter
Sol /sol/
/gualter/
Cielo
W, gu (ante Guiso
/s/ S,c,z /sielo/ /g/
e, i), g /giso/
Zapato
Gusano
/sapato/
/gusano/
Casa
Buzón
/kasa/
/buson/
/k/ K,c,q Kilo /kilo/ /b/ B,v
Vidrio
Queso
/bidrio/
/keso/
Juego
/juego/
J, g (ante Girar Isla /isla/
/j/ /i/ I,y
e, i) /jirar/ Yo /io/
Gente
/jente/

2. Different phonemes that are represented by the same letter.

EXAMP
PHONEMES LETTERS
LES
Girasol
/jirasol/
/j/, /g/ g
Gurí
/guri/
Cara
/kara/
/k/, /s/ c
Cien
/sien/
Yo /yo/
/y/, /i/ y Ana y
José /i/
Caro
/caro/
/r/ /Í/ r
Rato
/Íato/

3. Simple phonemes represented by the union of two letters, called

graphematic groups.

PHONEMAS LETTERS EXAMPLES

/k + s/ Examen /eksamen/
4. Sum of two phonemes to represent a single letter, called a phonemic
group.
PHONEMAS LETTERS EXAMPLES
Chancho
/ç/ Ch
/çanço/
/Í/ Rr Carro /caÍo/
Shirley /yirlei/
/y/ Sh, ll
Lluvia /yubia/
Querosén
/k/ Qu
/kerosen/
/g/ Gu Higuera /igera/

5. The “h” is not represented by any phoneme, instead a hole remains.

PHONEMAS LETTERS EXAMPLES
h Hacer /aser/
NOTE:
 Dígrafo - any combination of two graphemes that represent a single sound. Ex:
"ch", "ll", "rr"
 The grapheme "h" does not correspond to any phoneme because it is always
silent. Ex: Hilo / ilo /

 IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.

A grapheme can be a single letter, or it could be a sequence of letters, such as ai,
sh, igh, tch, etc. So, when a child says the sound / t / this is a phoneme, but when he
writes the letter 't' this is a grapheme
These are all phonemes in the English language (and some of the graphemes used
to represent them):
3. MINOR LINGUISTIC UNIT WITH MEANING:

3.1. MONEME

A moneme is the smallest unit of the language with meaning. We distinguish

2 types of monemes:

LEXEME AND MORPHEME

 LEXEME OR ROOT: is the part of the word that does not vary and that
contains its meaning.
zapato, zapatería, zapatero
The lexeme is classified as:
 INDEPENDENT LEXEME: When he goes alone, without being
accompanied by a morpheme.
árbol, pared, lápiz

 DEPENDENT LEXEME: When accompanied by one or more

morphemes (we underline the lexeme).
perro, sobrino, bailar
 MORPHEME: is the part of the word that varies. It allows to complete its
meaning (indicating gender and number, if it is a verb, also indicating person,
time and mode) or form new words (derivative words) from the primitive word
(we underline the morpheme).
niños, zapatería, zapatero
The morpheme is classified as:

 FLEXIVE MORPHEME: is that which indicates the gender (male or

female), number (singular or plural), and in the case of the verb also
the person, time and mode.
niño, niña, niños, corría, correremos
 DERIVATIVE MORPHEME: is one that allows you to form
derivative words from a primitive word. If it goes before the root it is
called a prefix, if it goes behind it it is called a suffix.
Examples of suffixes:
Sobrinito, mamita, gentuza
Among the suffixes we should point out the following:
• Diminutive (,ita ,ito,illo,ino): casita
• Aumentatives (ota,aza, azo,ote): casota
• Derogatory (uza,ucha,ucho): casucha

Examples of prefixes:
Rehacer, subcontratar ,anormal, amorfo