DuPont

E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, commonly referred to as DuPont, is an

E. I. du Pont de Nemours
American conglomerate that was founded in July 1802 as a gunpowder mill by
and Company
French-American chemist and industrialistÉleuthère Irénée du Pont.

In the 20th century, DuPont developed many polymers such as Vespel, neoprene,
nylon, Corian, Teflon, Mylar, Kapton, Kevlar, Zemdrain, M5 fiber, Nomex, Tyvek,
Sorona, Corfam, and Lycra. DuPont developed Freon (chlorofluorocarbons) for the
refrigerant industry, and later more environmentally friendly refrigerants. It also Type Subsidiary
developed synthetic pigments and paints including ChromaFlair. Traded as NYSE: DD
In 2014, DuPont was the world's fourth largest chemical company based on market Industry Conglomerate
capitalization[3] and eighth based on revenue.[4] On August 31, 2017 it merged with Successor DowDuPont
The Dow Chemical Company to create DowDuPont Inc., the world's largest
Founded 1802
chemical company in terms of sales. Its stock price is a component of the Dow Jones
Founder Éleuthère Irénée du
Industrial Average.
Pont
Headquarters Wilmington,
Delaware, United
States
Contents Area served 90 countries[1]
History Key people Edward D. Breen
Establishment: 1802
(Chair and CEO)
Expansion: 1902 to 1912
Automotive investments: 1914 Products Products list

Major breakthroughs: 1920s–1930s Revenue US$25.268 billion

Second World War: 1941–1945 (2015)[2]
Space Age developments: 1950 to 1970
Operating US$2.350 billion
Conoco holdings: 1981 to 1999 income (2015)[2]
Activities, 2000–present Net income US$1.953 billion
Chemours
(2015)[2]
Merger with Dow
Total assets US$41.166 billion
Locations
(2015)[2]
Corporate governance
Total equity US$9.993 billion
Office of the Chief Executive
(2015)[2]
Current board of directors
Number of 52,000 (2015)[2]
Environmental record employees
Recognition
Parent DowDuPont
Controversies
Genetically modified foods Subsidiaries Subsidiaries list

Chlorofluorocarbons Website www.dupont.com

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8)
Imprelis
Price fixing
NASCAR sponsorship
See also
References
Further reading
 External links

History

Establishment: 1802
DuPont was founded in 1802 by Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, using capital raised in
France and gunpowder machinery imported from France. The company was started
at the Eleutherian Mills, on the Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware, two
years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution and
religious persecutions against Huguenot Protestants. The company began as a
manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont noticed that the industry in North America Original DuPont powder wagon
was lagging behind Europe. The company grew quickly, and by the mid-19th
century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the United States military,
supplying half the powder used by the Union Army during the American Civil War.
The Eleutherian Mills site is now a museum and aNational Historic Landmark.

Expansion: 1902 to 1912

DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of dynamite and smokeless
powder. In 1902, DuPont's president, Eugene du Pont, died, and the surviving
partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. Charles Working powder mills onBrandywine
Creek, about 1905
Lee Reese was appointed as director and the company began centralizing their
research departments.[5] The company subsequently purchased several smaller
chemical companies, and in 1912 these actions gave rise to government scrutiny under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The courts
declared that the company's dominance of the explosives business constituted a monopoly and ordered divestment. The court ruling
resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (later Hercules Inc. and now part of Ashland Inc.) and the Atlas Powder
Company (purchased by Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) and now part of AkzoNobel).[6] At the time of divestment, DuPont
retained the single base nitrocellulose powders, while Hercules held the double base powders combining nitrocellulose and
nitroglycerine. DuPont subsequently developed theImproved Military Rifle (IMR)line of smokeless powders.[7]

In 1910, DuPont published a brochure entitled "Farming with Dynamite". The pamphlet was instructional, outlining the benefits to
using their dynamite products on stumps and various other obstacles that would be easier to remove with dynamite as opposed to
other more conventional and inefficient means.[8]

DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began the work on cellulose
chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. DuPont Central Research was established at the DuPont Experimental Station,
across the Brandywine Creek from the original powder mills.

Automotive investments: 1914

In 1914, Pierre S. du Pont invested in the fledgling automobile industry, buying stock in General Motors (GM). The following year
he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company
would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was
elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world.
However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest
its shares of General Motors.
Major breakthroughs: 1920s–1930s
In the 1920s, DuPont continued its emphasis on materials science, hiring Wallace Carothers to
work on polymers in 1928. Carothers invented neoprene, a synthetic rubber;[9] the first
polyester superpolymer; and, in 1935, nylon. The invention of Teflon followed a few years
later. DuPont introduced phenothiazine as an insecticide in 1935.[10]

Second World War: 1941–1945

DuPont ranked 15th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production
contracts.[11] As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw
materials for parachutes, powder bags,[12] and tires.[13]

DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and A marker outside DuPont's
operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant in Hanford, Washington. In 1950 DuPont Belle Plant in Dupont City,
West Virginia, where
also agreed to build theSavannah River Plant in South Carolina as part of the effort to create a
ammonia was first
hydrogen bomb.
synthesized for commercial
use.

Space Age developments: 1950 to 1970

After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing Mylar,
Dacron, Orlon, and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam, and
Corian in the 1960s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo
Project of the United States space program.

DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armor.
In the Second World War DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain's Royal Air
Force to make flak jackets. With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont DuPont's Orlon plant in Camden,
began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead South Carolina, c. 1930–1945
to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the
industrialized world.

Conoco holdings: 1981 to 1999

In 1981, DuPont acquired Conoco Inc., a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum
feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fiber and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the
top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant distillery Seagram
Company Ltd., which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. On April 6, 1995,
after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer Edgar Bronfman Jr., DuPont announced a deal in which the company
would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram.[14]

In 1999, DuPont sold all of its shares of Conoco, which merged with Phillips Petroleum Company, and acquired the Pioneer Hi-Bred
agricultural seed company.

Activities, 2000–present
DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of
product offerings.[1] The company ranks 86th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $36 billion in revenues, $4.848 billion in
profits in 2013.[16] In April 2014, Forbes ranked DuPont 171st on its Global 2000, the listing of the world's top public companies.
[17]

DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication
Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color eTchnologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition.
The agriculture division, DuPont Pioneer makes and sells hybrid seed and genetically modified seed,
Pre-tax U.S. Profit
some of which goes on to become genetically modified food. Genes engineered into their products by Year, in
include LibertyLink, which provides resistance to Bayer's Ignite Herbicide/Liberty herbicides; the US$1,000,000[15]
Herculex I Insect Protection gene which provides protection against various insects; the Herculex RW 2010 949
insect protection trait which provides protection against other insects; the YieldGard Corn Borer gene,
2009 171
which provides resistance to another set of insects; and the Roundup Ready Corn 2 trait that provides
2008 992
crop resistance against glyphosate herbicides.[18] In 2010, DuPont Pioneer received approval to start
marketing Plenish soybeans, which contain "the highest oleic acid content of any commercial soybean 2007 1,652
product, at more than 75 percent. Plenish provides a product with no trans fat, 20 percent less saturated 2006 1,947
fat than regular soybean oil, and more stabile oil with greater flexibility in food and industrial
2005 2,795
applications."[19] Plenish is genetically engineered to "block the formation of enzymes that continue the
2004 −714
cascade downstream from oleic acid (that produces saturated fats), resulting in an accumulation of the
desirable monounsaturated acid."[20] 2003 −428
2002 1,227
In October 2001, the company sold its pharmaceutical business to Bristol Myers Squibb for $7.798
2001 6,131
billion.[21]

In 2002, the company sold the Clysar(R)business toBemis Company for $143 million.[22][23]

In 2004, the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra (Spandex), Dacron
polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries.

In 2011, DuPont was the largest producer of titanium dioxide in the world, primarily provided as a white pigment used in the paper
industry.[24]

DuPont has 150 research and development facilities located in China, Brazil, India, Germany, and Switzerland with an average
investment of $2 billion annually in a diverse range of technologies for many markets including agriculture, genetic traits, biofuels,
automotive, construction, electronics, chemicals, and industrial materials. DuPont employs more than 10,000 scientists and engineers
around the world.[1]

On January 9, 2011, DuPont announced that it had reached an agreement to buy Danish company Danisco for US$6.3 billion.[25] On
May 16, 2011, DuPont announced that its tender offer for Danisco had been successful and that it would proceed to redeem the
remaining shares and delist the company.[26]

On May 1, 2012, DuPont announced that it had acquired from Bunge full ownership of the Solae joint venture, a soy-based
[27]
ingredients company. DuPont previously owned 72 percent of the joint venture while Bunge owned the remaining 28 percent.

In February 2013, DuPont Performance Coatings was sold to theCarlyle Group and rebranded as Axalta Coating Systems.[28]

In October 2015, DuPont sold the Neoprene chloroprene rubber business to Denka Performance Elastomers, a joint venture of Denka
and Mitsui.[29]

Chemours
In October 2013, DuPont announced that it was planning to spin off its Performance Chemicals business into a new publicly traded
company in mid-2015.[30] The company filed its initial Form 10 with the SEC in December 2014 and announced that the new
company would be called The Chemours Company.[31] The spin-off to DuPont shareholders was completed on July 1, 2015, and
ork Stock Exchange on the same date.[32]
Chemours stock began trading on the New Y

DuPont will focus on production of GMO seeds, materials for solar panels, and alternatives to fossil fuels. Chemours becomes
[33]
responsible for the cleanup of 171 former DuPont sites, which DuPont says will cost between $295 million and $945 million.
Merger with Dow
On December 11, 2015, DuPont announced that it would merge with the Dow Chemical Company, in an all-stock deal. The
combined company, which will be known as DowDuPont, will have an estimated value of $130 billion, be equally held by the
shareholders of both companies, and maintain their headquarters in Delaware and Michigan respectively. Within two years of the
merger's closure, expected in the first quarter of 2017 and subject to regulatory approval, DowDuPont will be split into three separate
public companies, focusing on the agricultural chemicals, materials science, and specialty product industries.[34][35] Commentators
have questioned the economic viability of this plan because, of the three companies, only the specialty products industry has
prospects for high growth.[35] The outlook on the profitability of the other two proposed companies has been questioned due to
reduced crop prices and lower margins on plastics such as polyethylene.[35] They have also noted that the deal is likely to face
antitrust scrutiny in several countries.[36] This eventually became the case, with two delays taking place due to regulatory approvals.
The merger closed on August 31, 2017.[37]

Locations
The company's corporate headquarters are located in Wilmington, Delaware. The
company’s manufacturing, processing, marketing, and research and development
facilities, as well as regional purchasing offices and distribution centers are located
throughout the world.[38] Major manufacturing sites include the Spruance plant near
Richmond, Virginia, (currently the company's largest plant), the Washington Works
site in Washington, West Virginia, the Mobile Manufacturing Center (MMC) in Entrance to Washington Works in
Axis, Alabama, the Bayport plant near Houston, Texas, the Mechelen site in Washington, West Virginia formerly
Belgium, and the Changshu site in China.[39] Other locations include the Yerkes owned by DuPont, now owned by
Plant on the Niagara River at Tonawanda, New York, the Sabine River Works Plant Chemours.
in Orange, Texas, and the Parlin Site in Sayreville, New Jersey. The facilities in
Vadodara, Gujarat and Hyderabad, Telangana in India constitute the DuPont
Services Center and DuPont Knowledge Center respectively
.

Corporate governance

Office of the Chief Executive

Edward D. Breen, Chair of the Board and Chief
Executive Officer[40]
Benito Cachinero-Sánchez, Senior Vice President –
Human Resources
James C. Collins, Jr., Executive Vice President
(Europe, Middle East and Africa)
Nicholas C. Fanandakis, Executive Vice President and
Chief Financial Officer
Douglas W. Muzyka, Senior Vice President and Chief
Science and Technology Officer
Stacy Fox, Senior Vice President and General
Counsel

Current board of directors

Lamberto Andreotti James L. Gallogly
Edward D. Breen Marillyn Hewson
Robert A. Brown Lois D. Juliber
Bertrand P. Collomb Ulf M. “Mark” Schneider
Alexander M. Cutler Lee M. Thomas
Eleuthère I. du Pont Patrick J. Ward[41]
On October 5, 2015, DuPont announced that Ellen Kullman would retire as chair and CEO on October 16, 2015.[42] Breen was
[43][44][45]
appointed CEO in November 2015 replacing Kullman.
Environmental record
In the 1990s, DuPont was a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development with then DuPont CEO
Chad Holliday as chairman of the WBCSD from 2000 to 2001.[46] The organization has developed guidelines for measuring
sustainability cited by the Natural Resources Defense Council[47] and the Environmental Defense Fund,[48] and its Vision 2050
The Guardian.[49]
blueprint for slowing and reversing environmental damage has been highlighted by

In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their
carbon gas emissions. DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65 percent from the 1990 levels while using 7
percent less energy and producing 30 percent more product.[50][51]

In May 2007 the $2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on
the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware was opened to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will
[52][53]
be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC).

In 2010, researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst ranked DuPont as the
fourth-largest corporate source of air pollution in the United States.[54] DuPont released a statement that 2012 total releases and
transfers were 13% lower than 2011 levels, and 70% lower than 1987 levels.[55] Data from the EPA’s Toxic Release Inventory
database included in the Political Economy Research Institute studies likewise show a reduction in DuPont’s emissions from 12.4
million lbs of air releases and 22.4 million lbs of toxic incinerator transfers in 2006[56] to 10.94 million lbs and 22.0 million pounds
respectively in 2010. Over the same period, the Political Economy Research Institutes Toxic score for DuPont increased from
122,426 to 7,086,303.[57]

One of DuPont's facilities was listed No. 4 on the Mother Jones top 20 polluters of 2010, legally discharging over 5,000,000 pounds
(2,300,000 kg) of toxic chemicals into New Jersey and Delaware waterways.[58] In 2016, Carneys Point Township, New Jersey,
where the facility is located, initiated a $1.1 billion lawsuit against the corporation, accusing it of divesting an unprofitable company
.[59]
without first remediating the property as required by law

In 2012 DuPont was named to the Carbon Disclosure Project Global 500 Leadership Index. Inclusion is based on company
performance on sustainability metrics, emissions reduction goals, and environmental performance transparency.[60] In 2014 DuPont
was the top scoring company in the chemical sector according to CDP, with a score of "A" or "B" in every evaluation area except for
supply chain management.[61]

Between 2007 and 2014 there were 34 accidents resulting in toxic releases at DuPont plants across the U.S., with no fewer than 8
fatalities.[62] Four employees died of suffocation in a Houston, Texas, accident involving leakage of nearly 24,000 pounds
(11,000 kg) of methyl mercaptan.[63] As a result, the company became the largest of the 450 businesses placed into the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration's "severe violator program" in July 2015. The program was established for companies OSHA says
[45][64]
have repeatedly failed to address safety infractions.

[65]
DuPont was part of Global Climate Coalition, a group that lobbied against taking action on climate change.

Recognition
DuPont has been awarded the National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-
made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and
engineering plastics"; the second in 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of
chlorofluorocarbons". DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylurea
herbicides. In 1996, DuPont scientistStephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development ofKevlar.

On the company's 200th anniversary in 2002, it was presented with the Honor Award by the National Building Museum in
."[66]
recognition of DuPont's "products that directly influence the construction and design process in the building industry
Controversies

Genetically modified foods

Pioneer Hi-Bred, a DuPont subsidiary, manufactures genetically modified seeds, other tools, and agricultural technologies used to
increase crop yield.

Chlorofluorocarbons
Dupont, along with Frigidaire and General Motors, was a part of a collaborative effort to find a replacement for toxic refrigerants in
the 1920s, resulting in the invention of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) by Thomas Midgley in 1928.[67] CFCs are ozone-depleting
chemicals that were used primarily in aerosol sprays and refrigerants. DuPont was the largest CFC producer in the world with a 25
[68]
percent market share in the 1980s, totaling $600 million in annual sales.

In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs,[69] DuPont promised to stop production of CFCs should they be
proven to be harmful to the ozone layer.

In February 1988, United States SenatorMax Baucus, along with two other Senators, wrote to DuPont reminding the company of its
pledge. The Los Angeles Times reported that the letter was "generally regarded as an embarrassment for DuPont, which prides itself
on its reputation as an environmentally conscious company."[68] The company responded with a strongly worded letter that the
available evidence did not support a need to dramatically reduce CFC production and calling the proposal "unwarranted and
counterproductive".[70]

On March 14 of the same year, scientists from the National Aeronautics and Space Agency announced the results of a study
demonstrating a 2.3% decline in mid-latitude ozone levels between 1969 and 1986, along with evidence tying the decline to CFCs in
the upper atmosphere.[71] On March 24, DuPont reversed its position, calling the NASA results "important new information" and
announcing that it would phase out CFC production. The company further called for worldwide controls on CFC production and for
additional countries to ratify the Montreal Protocol. DuPont's change of policy was widely praised by environmentalists.[72] In 2003,
[73]
DuPont was awarded theNational Medal of Technology, recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements.

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; C8)

DuPont has faced fines from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and litigation over releases of the Teflon-processing aid
perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) from their works in Washington, West Virginia[74] PFOA-contaminated drinking
water led to increased levels of the compound in the bodies of residents who lived in the surrounding area. A court-appointed C8
Science Panel investigated "whether or not there is a probable link between C8 exposure and disease in the community."[75] They
eventually concluded that there is a probable link between PFOA and kidney cancer, testicular cancer, thyroid disease, high
cholesterol, pre-eclampsia and ulcerative colitis.[76] Water contamination in the Netherlands and links to cancer are also being
investigated.[77] PFOA water contamination interactive maps have been published by ewg.or
g.[78]

DuPont agreed to sharply reduce its output of PFOA,[79] and was one of eight companies to sign on with the USEPA's 2010/2015
PFOA Stewardship Program. The agreement called for the reduction of "facility emissions and product content of PFOA and related
chemicals on a global basis by 95 percent by 2010 and to work toward eliminating emissions and product content of these chemicals
by 2015."[80] DuPont phased out PFOA entirely in 2013.

Unlike other persistent organic pollutants, perfluorooctanoic acid persists indefinitely and is completely resistant to bio-degradation,
remaining toxic. The only way to reduce levels in the body is by physical elimination rather than degradation.[81] In 2014, the
International Agency for Research on Cancer designated PFOA as "possibly carcinogenic" in humans.[82] One Ohio resident was
awarded $1.6 million when a jury in 2015 found that her kidney cancer was caused by PFOA in drinking water
. In December 2016 $2
million was awarded when a jury found it caused the plaintiff’s testicular cancer and awarded punitive damages in the amount of
$10.5 million.[83] This was the third case where a jury found DuPont liable for injuries resulting from exposure to PFOA in drinking
water sources. There were 3,500 similar cases awaiting trial c. 2015. According to the co-lead counselor, internal documents revealed
during trial showed DuPont had known of a link between PFOA and cancers since 1997. DuPont maintains it has always handled
PFOA "reasonably and responsibly" based on the information they, and industry regulators, had available during its use. However,
[84]
the jury concluded that DuPont did not act to prevent harm or inform the public, despite the information available.

Imprelis
In October 2010 DuPont began marketing a herbicide called Imprelis, for control of certain plants in turf areas. DuPont voluntarily
pulled Imprelis from the market in August 2011 before the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a mandatory stop-sale
order on Imprelis after being alerted of numerous reports from golf courses to nurseries that the product was suspected of injuring
and, in some cases, killing trees. Norway spruce, white pines and honey locust proved to be among the species of trees that were
susceptible.[85][86]

Price fixing
In 2005, the company pleaded guilty to fixing prices of chemicals and products that used neoprene, a synthetic rubber, resulting in an
$84 million fine.[87]

NASCAR sponsorship
DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of former four-time NASCAR Sprint
Cup Series champion Jeff Gordon and his Hendrick Motorsports No. 24 Chevrolet
SS. DuPont sponsored him since he began in Sprint Cup (then Winston Cup) in
1992. DuPont said this about their sponsorship:

Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and

products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the
DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable
Jeff Gordon's car with the DuPont
growth.[88]
Cromax Pro sponsorship

The partnership lasted 18 seasons before DuPont was replaced by AARP Drive to
End Hunger as the No. 24 team's primary sponsor. DuPont continued as associate sponsor with a 12-race deal,[89] and the deal was
extended to 14 races after DuPont sold its performance coatings business, now known as "Axalta Coating Systems", to The Carlyle
Group[28] in a deal worth $4.9 billion.[90]

In addition to Gordon, DuPont sponsored Scott Lagasse in the SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman during the 1995 season
(including a one-off ride for Terry Labonte in the Skoal Bandit Copper World Classic, the inaugural Truck race).[91] In the Busch
Series, the company sponsoredRicky Craven's RC Racing team in the early 1990s.[92]

See also
Du Pont family
DuPont v. Kolon Industries
Hagley Museum and Library
Longwood Gardens
Krebs Pigments and Chemical Company

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Further reading
Arora, Ashish; Ralph Landau andNathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth:
Insights from the Chemical Industry.
Cerveaux, Augustin. (2013) “Taming the Microworld: DuPont and the Interwar Rise of Fundamental Industrial
Research,” Technology and Culture, 54 (April 2013), 262–88.
Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation .
Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise
.
du Pont, B.G. (1920). E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802–1902 . Boston and New York:
Houghton Mifflin Company.
Grams, Martin. The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont . (Morris Publishing, 1999). ISBN 0-
7392-0138-7
Haynes, Williams (1983).American chemical industry
Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902–
1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
Kinnane, Adrian (2002).DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science . Wilmington: E.I. du Pont
de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3.
Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007).Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America
Zilg, Gerard Colby. DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain(Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages,ISBN 0-13-221077-0
 Zilg, Gerard Colby. Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain. (Secaucus NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1984). 968 pages,
ISBN 0-8184-0352-7

External links
Official website
Corporate History as presented by the company
Business data for DuPont:Google Finance · Yahoo! Finance · Reuters · SEC filings
DuPont/MIT Alliance
Works by DuPont at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Original Dupont FM-200®

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