Formulae you should know for TN2421 (2018)

Wave Optics Strength of a lens Rayleigh-Sommerfeld diffraction integral

Maxwell’s equations for time-harmonic fields 1/f [diopter] eikr
ZZ
1
U (x, y, z) ∝ U0 (x0 , y 0 ) dx0 Dy 0 ,
Let E and B be complex time-harmonic electromagnetic with f in meter. λ r
fields with frequency ω inside a medium with dielectric p
with r = (x − x0 )2 + (y − y 0 )2 + z 2 . (We neglected here
permittivity  and magnetic permeability µ0 . In a region Polarisation the factor z/r).
without sources we have: Jones Vectors for circular polarised light:
Fresnel diffraction integral (upto phase factors)
∇×E = iωB, 
1

J= 1 n ik 02 02
o x y 
∇×B = −iωµ0 E, ±i U (x, y, z) ∝ F U0 (x0 , y 0 )e 2z (x +y ) ,
λz λz λz
∇ · (E) = 0, Rotation matrice over angle θ counter clockwise Fraunhofer diffraction integral
∇·B = 0 
cos(θ) − sin(θ)

1   x y 
Rθ = . U (x, y, z) ∝ F U0 (x0 , y 0 ) ,
Complex notation time harmonic fields: sin(θ) cos(θ) λz λz λz
Coherence & Interference Direction of diffraction orders of a periodic structure
h i
U(r) = Re U (r)e−iωt .
Self coherence function with period p
Time-harmonic radiating spherical wave λ

A i(kr−ωt)
 Γ(τ ) =< U (t)∗ U (t + τ ) > θm = m
U(r, t) = Re e . p
r Complex degreee of self coherence
Γ(τ )
Angular width of the diffracted orders
Refractive index γ(τ ) =
p
Γ(0) λ
n= /0 (nonmagnetic materials: µ = µ0 ) ∆θm =
Np
Mutual coherence function
where N is the number of periods and N p is the total
Wave number in matter Γ12 (τ ) =< U (r1 , t)∗ U (r2 , t + τ ) >
√ length of the structure.
k = ω µ0 Complex degree of mutual coherence
Velocity in vacuum Γ12 (τ ) Size diffraction limited focused spot
√ γ12 (τ ) = p p λ
c = 1/ 0 µ0 Γ11 (0) Γ22 (0) 0.6
NA
Helmholtz equation Interference
√ √ with NA = a/f , a radius exit pupil.
I(τ ) = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 Re {γ12 (τ )} .
k2 U + ∇2 U = 0,
ω 2 µ0 U + ∇2 U = 0 Fringe visibility Laser
Imax − Imin
You have to know the definition of S- and P-polarisation
. Condition for optical cavities
Imax + Imin   
of a plane wave at an interface. L L
Diffraction 0< 1−
R1
1−
R2
<1
Geometrical Optics Plane wave expansion
Resonance frequencies of cavity
Snell’s Law 1
ZZ 
kx ky

c
U (x, y, z) = F(U0 ) , νm = m
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 . 4π 2 2π 2π 2nL
Lens law ×ei(kx x+ky y+kz z) dkx dky , Free spectral range
1 1 1 c
+ = . ∆νf ree =
so si f with q 2nL
f-number kz = ± k2 − kx2 − ky2
f /#, where # = f /D.
Constants
It is recommended - but not required- that you know
Speed of light in vacuum
with D the diameter of the exit pupil. the following 3 diffraction formulae.
c = 3 × 108 m/s

Version: April 16, 2018