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Licensed Copy: Mr. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia User, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 12/06/2012 14:51, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) The British Standards Institution 2012
Concise Eurocodes:
Design of Timber Structures
This book is one of a series of books which currently comprises the following:
Concise Eurocodes: Loadings on Structures – BS EN 1991: Eurocode 1
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures – BS EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5
Concise Eurocodes: Geotechnical design – BS EN 1997-1: Eurocode 7, Part 1

Julian Marcroft
BS EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5
Concise Eurocodes:
Design of Timber Structures
First published in the UK in 2012

by
BSI Standards Limited
389 Chiswick High Road
London W4 4AL
© The British Standards Institution 2012
All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents
Act 1988, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system
or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, photocopying, recording
or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The designed examples in appendices C and D represent the author’s interpretation of applying
the principles of Eurocode 5, and do not come directly from official British Standards guidance.
BSI accepts no liability for any loss or damage caused, arising directly or indirectly in connection
with reliance on its contents except to the extent that such liability may not be excluded in law.
The right of Julian Marcroft to be identified as the author of this Work has been asserted by
him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Typeset in Frutiger by Monolith – http://www.monolith.uk.com

Printed in Great Britain by Berforts Group. www.berforts.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 0 580 69452 3

Dedicated to Mike Rumble

Contents
Foreword xi
Section 1 General 1
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 Normative references 1
1.3 Terms and definitions 3
1.3.1 characteristic value 3
1.3.2 equilibrium moisture content 3
1.3.3 fibre saturation point 3
1.3.4 moisture content 3
1.3.5 racking 3
1.3.6 racking discontinuities 3
1.3.7 racking wall 4
1.3.8 slip modulus 4
1.3.9 wall diaphragm 4
1.3.10 wall panel 4
1.4 Symbols 4
Section 2 Basis of design 10

2.1 Basic requirements 10
2.2 Principles of limit state design 10
2.3 Design values 11
2.3.1 Design values of actions 11
2.3.2 Design values of the effects of actions 12
2.3.3 Design values of resistances 12
2.4 Ultimate limit states 12
2.4.1 Verification of static equilibrium 12
2.4.2 Verification of resistance 13
2.4.3 Combinations of actions 13
2.5 Serviceability limit states 15
2.5.1 Verifications 15
2.5.2 General 15
2.5.3 Combinations of actions for the determination
of deformations 16
2.6 Basic variables 16
2.6.1 Actions 16
2.6.2 Environmental influences 17
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures vii

Contents
2.7 Partial factors for material properties and resistances 18

2.8 System strength 19
Section 3 Material properties 20

3.1 Strength modification factors for service classes and
load-duration classes 20
3.2 Deformation modification factors for service classes 21
3.3 Solid timber 21
3.4 Glued laminated timber 22
3.5 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) 22
3.6 Wood-based panels 23
3.7 Adhesives 23
3.8 Metal fasteners 24
Section 4 Durability 25
4.1 Resistance to biological organisms 25
4.2 Resistance to corrosion 25
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis 26

5.1 General 26
5.2 Effective cross-section at a joint 26
5.3 Trusses 26
Section 6 Ultimate limit states 28

6.1 Design of cross-sections subjected to stress in one
principal direction 28
6.1.1 General 28
6.1.2 Tension parallel to grain 28
6.1.3 Compression parallel to grain 28
6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to grain 29
6.1.5 Bending 30
6.1.6 Shear 32
6.1.7 Torsion 32
6.2 Design of cross-sections subjected to combined stresses 33
6.2.1 General 33
6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain 33
6.2.3 Bi-axial bending 33
6.2.4 Combined axial tension and bending about the strong axis y 34
6.2.5 Combined axial compression and bending about the
strong axis y 34
6.2.6 Combined axial tension and bi-axial bending 35
6.2.7 Combined axial compression and bi-axial bending 35
viii Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

Contents
6.3 Members with notches and holes 36

6.3.1 Beams with a notch at the support 36
6.3.2 Beams with circular holes 37
Section 7 Serviceability limit states 39

7.1 Limiting values for deflections of beams 39
7.2 Vibrations in residential floors 40
7.2.1 Fundamental frequency 40
7.2.2 Unit point load deflection 40
Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors 42

8.1 Connections made with metal dowel-type fasteners 42
8.1.1 Types of dowel-type fastener 42
8.1.2 Lateral load-carrying capacity of individual
dowel‑type fasteners 44
8.1.3 Lateral load-carrying capacity of connections with
multiple dowel-type fasteners 50
8.1.4 Joint slip of dowel-type fasteners 55
8.1.5 Axial load-carrying capacity of dowel-type fasteners 55
8.2 Connections made with split-ring or shear‑plate connectors 58
8.2.1 Types of connector 58
8.2.2 Lateral load-carrying capacity of individual connectors 59
multiple connectors 61
8.2.4 Joint slip of connectors 62
Section 9 Components and assemblies 63

9.1 Glued thin-webbed beams 63
9.2 Trusses 63
9.3 Roof and floor diaphragms 64
9.3.1 General 64
9.3.2 Simplified analysis of roof and floor diaphragms 64
9.4 Wall diaphragms 65
9.4.1 General 65
9.4.2 Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms 66
9.5 Bracing 77
9.5.1 General 77
9.5.2 Bracing of single members in compression 77
9.5.3 Bracing of beam or truss systems 78
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures ix

Contents
Section 10 Structural detailing and control 80

10.1 General 80
10.2 Materials 80
10.3 Glued joints 80
10.4 Connections with mechanical fasteners 81
10.4.1 General 81
10.4.2 Nails 81
10.4.3 Screws 81
10.4.4 Bolts 81
10.4.5 Connectors 81
10.5 Assembly 82
10.6 Transportation and erection 82
10.7 Control 82
10.8 Special rules for roof and floor diaphragms 83
Appendix A: Characteristic strengths and moduli for timber

and wood-based materials 84
Appendix B: Methods, in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-7

(and its National Annex), for designing platform timber-frame
buildings to sustain an extent of localized damage from an
unspecified cause without disproportionate collapse 91
Appendix C: Design example for intermediate floor joist 95
Appendix D: Design example for a sheathed timber‑frame

wall under horizontal wind loading 105
x Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

Foreword
For consulting engineers the transition in structural design procedures from a

British Standard to the replacement Eurocode constitutes a major programme
of work for any construction material. In the case of timber this transition
is made more problematic by the proliferation of BS EN documentation
required by a designer as well as because for many consulting engineers,
timber is a minority-use structural material at a time when the switch to
Eurocodes is being made simultaneously for all construction materials.
Concise Eurocode 5 is intended to assist consulting engineers by providing

a briefer and more accessible presentation of the design procedures
associated with BS EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5: Design of Timber Structures
encompassing the following features:
a) It maintains the same 10 sections as BS EN 1995-1-1 but with most

sections being reduced in length.
b) Unlike BS EN 1995-1-1 it does not cover the less frequently used
components (e.g. tapered or curved glued laminated beams) or
fasteners (e.g. staples) as well as not addressing the more complex
analytical techniques (e.g. second-order effects).
c) It directly incorporates the Nationally Determined Parameters of the
National Annex to BS EN 1995-1-1 as well as some of the more important
non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI) of PD 6693-1.
d) Section 2 ‘Basis of design’ has been extended to include the essential
requirements (e.g. load combination rules) of BS EN 1990 (and its
National Annex).
e) The characteristic values of the structural properties of the more
commonly used wood-based materials, currently found in BS EN
product standards, have been included in Appendix A.
f) Concise Eurocode 5 is broadly half the length of BS EN 1995-1-1.
Concise Eurocode 5, in the left hand margin, cross-references the

associated clauses and subclauses in BS EN 1995-1-1 (or its National
Annex), BS EN 1990 (or its National Annex) or PD 6693-1 with its clauses
and subclauses, shown on the right hand side.
The raison d’être for Concise Eurocode 5 is accessibility to the design

procedures pertaining to BS EN 1995-1-1 rather than explanation of the
design procedures of BS EN 1995-1-1. However, notwithstanding this, in
appendices C and D, two design examples are presented covering design
aspects where BS EN 1995-1-1 is markedly different from BS 5268.
NOTE Compliance with the Eurocodes can only be ensured by careful use of the
complete version of the official Eurocodes and associated documentation.
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures xi

Source reference
Section 1 General
1.1 Scope
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.1(1) (1) Concise Eurocode 5 applies to the design of buildings in timber (solid
timber, sawn or planed, glued laminated timber or wood-based structural
products, e.g. LVL) or wood-based panels jointed together with adhesives
or metal fasteners. It complies with the principles and requirements for
the safety and serviceability of structures and the basis of design and
verification given in BS EN 1990.
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.1(2) (2) Concise Eurocode 5 is only concerned with requirements for structural
resistance, serviceability and durability of timber structures.
EC 5-1-1, 1.1.2(2) (3) The following subjects are dealt with in Concise Eurocode 5:
Section 1: General
Section 2: Basis of design
Section 3: Material properties
Section 4: Durability
Section 5: Basis of structural analysis
Section 6: Ultimate limit states
Section 7: Serviceability limit states
Section 8: Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Section 9: Components and assemblies
Section 10: Structural detailing and control
EC 5-1-1, 1.2 1.2 Normative references

BS EN 300 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) – Definition, classification
and specifications
BS EN 301 Adhesives, phenolic and aminoplastic for load-bearing
timber structures; classification and performance
requirements
BS EN 312 Particleboards – Specifications
BS EN 335-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products – definition
of hazard classes of biological attack. Part 1: General
BS EN 335-2 Durability of wood and wood-based products – definition
of hazard classes of biological attack. Part 2: Application
to solid wood
BS EN 335-3 Durability of wood and wood-based products – Definition
of hazard classes of biological attack. Part 3: Application
to wood-based panels
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 1

Section 1 General
Source reference
BS EN 350-2 Durability of wood and wood-based products – Natural

durability of solid wood. Part 2: Guide to natural
durability and treatability of selected wood species of
importance in Europe
BS EN 351-1 Durability of wood and wood-based products –
Preservative treated solid wood. Part 1: Classification of
preservative penetration and retention
BS EN 385 Finger jointed structural timber. Performance
requirements and minimum production requirements
BS EN 409 Timber structures – Test methods. Determination of the
yield moment of dowel-type fasteners – Nails
BS EN 460 Durability of wood and wood-based products – Natural
durability of solid wood – Guide of the durability
requirements for wood to be used in hazard classes
BS EN 594 Timber structures – Test methods – Racking strength and
stiffness of timber frame wall panels
BS EN 636 Plywood – Specifications
BS EN 912 Timber fasteners – Specifications for connectors for
timber
BS EN 1382 Timber structures – Test methods – Withdrawal capacity
of timber fasteners
BS EN 1383 Timber structures – Test methods – Pull through testing
of timber fasteners
BS EN 1990 Eurocode – Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991-1-1 Eurocode 1: Actions on structures – Part 1-1: General
actions – Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
actions – Snow loads
actions – Wind actions
actions – Accidental actions
BS EN 10346 Specification for continuously hot-dip zinc-coated
structural steel sheet and strip – Technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 13986 Wood-based panels for use in construction –
Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking
BS EN 14080 Timber structures – Glued laminated timber –
Requirements
BS EN 14081-1 Timber structures – Strength graded structural timber
with rectangular cross-section – Part 1, General
requirements
BS EN 14374 Timber structures – Structural laminated veneer lumber –
Requirements
2 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

Section 1 General
Source reference
BS EN 14545 Timber structures – Connectors – Requirements

BS EN 14592 Timber structures – Fasteners – Requirements
BS EN 15425 Adhesives, one component polyurethane, for
load bearing timber structures – Classification and
performance requirements
BS EN ISO 1461 Hot dip galvanized coatings on fabricated iron and steel
articles – Specifications and test methods
EC 5-1-1, 1.5 1.3 Terms and definitions
1.3.1
characteristic value
NOTE See Appendix A
1.3.2
equilibrium moisture content
moisture content at which wood neither gains nor loses moisture to the
surrounding air
1.3.3
fibre saturation point
moisture content at which the wood cells are completely saturated
1.3.4
moisture content
mass of water in wood expressed as a proportion of its oven-dry mass
1.3.5
racking
effect caused by horizontal actions in the plane of a wall
1.3.6
racking discontinuities
racking discontinuities in a wall are either door openings or large window
openings whose dimensions exceed stipulated limits

Section 1 General
Source reference
1.3.7
racking wall
racking wall is a sheathed timber-frame wall located generally in a
direction parallel to the wind load, often extending between return walls
EXAMPLE A racking wall may comprise a single wall diaphragm or, if

it contains racking discontinuities, may comprise more than one wall
diaphragm
1.3.8
slip modulus
property used in the calculation of the deformation between two members
of a structure
1.3.9
wall diaphragm
wall diaphragm is a length of racking wall between racking discontinuities. It
may contain no window openings or alternatively may contain fully framed
window openings of dimensions less than stipulated limits
EXAMPLE A wall diaphragm may comprise a single wall panel or

alternatively may contain more than one wall panel, provided that the
connection between adjacent wall panels has been designed to provide
adequate vertical shear resistance
1.3.10
wall panel
wall panel consists of timber framing connected on one or both faces to
wood-based sheathing sheets
NOTE Within the length of a wall panel adjacent sheathing sheets should be
connected to the same wall stud
EC 5-1-1, 1.6 1.4 Symbols

For the purpose of Concise Eurocode 5, the following symbols apply:
Latin upper case letters

Ad Design value of accidental action
Aef Effective contact area in compression perpendicular to grain
C Minimum spring stiffness at bracing support

Section 1 General
Source reference
Cd Limiting design value of a serviceability criterion

E0.05 Fifth percentile value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain
Ed Design value of effect of action
Ed,dst Design value of the effect of destabilizing actions
Ed,stb Design value of the effect of stabilizing actions
(EI )b Floor flexural rigidity perpendicular to the joists
(EI )joist Bending stiffness of a floor joist
(EI )ℓ Longitudinal floor bending stiffness
F90,Rd Design splitting capacity
F90,Rk Characteristic splitting capacity
Fc,90,d Design compressive load perpendicular to grain
Fc,d,lewd Design compressive force at leeward end of wall diaphragm
FcR,d Simulation of design compressive capacities of studs at
leeward end of wall diaphragm
Fd Design value of action
Fd,b Design stabilizing force at each bracing support
Ff,Rd Design lateral capacity of an individual wall sheathing fastener
Fi,v,Rd Design racking strength of a wall diaphragm
Fk Characteristic value of action
Ft,d Minimum resistance in any direction of a joint in a truss
Fv,0,Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity of the connector for a
force parallel to grain
Fv,α,Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity of the connector for a
force at angle α to grain
Fv,Ed Design shear force on side of connection
Fv,ef,Rk Effective characteristic load-carrying capacity for one row
of fasteners
Fv,Rd Design racking strength of a racking wall
Fv,Rk Characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane per
fastener
Gk,j Characteristic values of permanent actions
H Height of wall diaphragm
Ki,w Modification factor for wall length, vertical load and
holding-down arrangements
Kopening Modification factor taking into account the effect of
fully‑framed window openings
Kser Slip modulus per shear plane per fastener
L Length of wall diaphragm
Lt Overall length of truss
Lef Effective length of beam
Md Maximum design moment acting on beam
Md,dst,base Design destabilizing moment about bottom of wall
diaphragm from design wind load
Md,dst,top Design destabilizing moment about top of wall diaphragm
from design wind load

Section 1 General
Source reference
Md,stb Design stabilizing moment about leeward end of wall

diaphragm from design vertical load
Md,stb,n Net design stabilizing moment about top leeward corner of
wall diaphragm
Mhole,d Design moment acting on the beam at the hole centre
My,Rk Characteristic fastener yield moment
Nd Mean compressive force in element requiring bracing
Pi Permanent point load acting on floor beam
Qk,i Characteristic values of variable actions
Rd Design value of load-carrying capacity or material strength
property
Rk Characteristic value of load-carrying capacity or material
strength property
Vd Design shear force
Vhole,d Design shear force acting on the beam at the hole centre
Wv,t,d Total design vertical load acting on wall diaphragm
Latin lower case letters

a Limit for unit point load deflection
a1 Spacing of fasteners within one row parallel to grain
a2 Spacing of fasteners within one row perpendicular to grain
a3,t Distance between fastener and loaded end
a3,c Distance between fastener and unloaded end
a4,t Distance between fastener and loaded edge
a4,c Distance between fastener and unloaded edge
ab Bay length between bracing supports
ad Design value of geometric data (e.g. span, member dimension)
ai Distance of point load on floor beam from nearest support
b Member width
bd Diaphragm width
bef Effective width of member taking into account the influence
of cracks
bnet Clear distance between studs
d Fastener diameter
d1 Diameter of centre hole of connector
dc Connector diameter
dh Nail head diameter
dhole Diameter of hole
dit Screw inner thread diameter
f1 Fundamental frequency
fax,k Characteristic pointside withdrawal strength
fc,0,d Design compressive strength parallel to grain
fc,0,k Characteristic compressive strength parallel grain
fc,90,d Design compressive strength perpendicular to grain
fc,α,d Design compressive strength at an angle α to grain

Section 1 General
Source reference
fhead,k Characteristic headside pull-through strength

fh,k Characteristic embedment strength
fm,k Characteristic bending strength
fm,y,d Design bending strength about the (strong) y-axis
fm,z,d Design bending strength about the (weak) z-axis
fp,d,1 Design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter fasteners
of primary sheathing
fp,d,2 Design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter fasteners
of secondary sheathing
fp,d,t Cumulative design shear capacity per unit length of
perimeter sheathing fasteners
ft,0,d Design tensile strength parallel to grain
ft,0,k Characteristic tensile strength parallel grain
ft,90,d Design tensile strength perpendicular to grain
fu,k Characteristic tensile strength of the fastener
fv,d Design shear strength
fw,d Design withdrawal capacity of bottom rail-to-floor
connection per unit length
h Member depth
he Loaded edge distance to the centre of the most distant
fastener
hef Effective (reduced) depth in notched beams
hemb Embedment depth of the connector
k1 – k4 Modification factors for split-ring or shear plate connectors
k90 Embedment strength modification factor for all angles to
grain other than 0°
ka1 Reduction factor for the minimum spacing a1 parallel
to grain;
ka2 Reduction factor for the minimum spacing a2 perpendicular
to grain
kamp Amplification factor to account for shear or slip deflections
kc,90 Modification factor for compression strength perpendicular
to grain
kcr Factor to take account of effect of cracks on shear strength
kcrit Factor which takes into account reduced bending strength
due to lateral buckling
kc,y , kc,z Factors taking account of reduced compression strength due
to lateral buckling
kd Modification factor for screw diameter
kdef Deformation factor taking into account duration of load and
moisture content
kdist Proportion of load acting on a single joist
kf Bracing modification factor
kh Depth factor for bending and tensile strength
kl Length factor for LVL tensile strength
kℓ Bracing length modification factor

Section 1 General
Source reference
km Bi-axial bending factor

kmod Modification factor for the effect of duration of load and
moisture content
kn Material constant for evaluation of shear strength in
notched beams
krope Rope effect modification factor
kshape Factor accounting for effect of shape of the cross-section on
torsional strength
kstrut Factor to account for stiffness contribution of floor strutting
ksys System strength factor
kv Reduction factor for shear strength of notched beams
ky , kz Factors for evaluation of reduced compression strength due
to lateral buckling
l Member length (for LVL)
ℓ Span or length of cantilever
ℓb Overall span of the stabilizing system
ℓd Floor or roof diaphragm span
ℓeq Equivalent floor span
ℓthr Length of the threaded part in the pointside member
n Number of fasteners/connectors in the row
nef Effective number of fasteners/connectors in a row
np Number of parallel members
p Proportion of wall diaphragm occupied by window openings
qd Design internal stability load per unit length
s Size effect exponent for LVL
sj Floor joist spacing
sn Wall sheathing perimeter fastener spacing
t Thickness of OSB or particleboard (embedment strength
calculations)
t1 Headside member thickness
t2 Central member thickness for double shear connections or
pointside penetration for single shear connections
tpen Pointside penetration or the length of the threaded part in
the pointside member
ucreep Creep deformation
ufin Final deformation
ufin,G Final deformation for permanent action
ufin,Q Final deformation for variable action
uinst Instantaneous deformation
uinst,G Instantaneous deformation for permanent action
uinst,Q Instantaneous deformation for variable action
w Weight of floor corresponding to permanent actions only
wt Threshold weight of floor for fundamental frequency
calculation

Section 1 General
Source reference
x Distance from the line of action of the support reaction to

the corner of the notch
Greek letters
a Angle of stress or load to grain
an Ratio of effective member depth to member depth in
notched beams
b Ratio of pointside-to-headside embedment strengths
bc Material constant for evaluation of lateral buckling
modification factor
cF Partial factor for the action
cG Partial factor for permanent actions
cM Partial factor for a material property
cQ Partial factor for variable actions
krel,m Relative slenderness under bending
krel,y Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about
the y-axis
krel,z Relative slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about
the z-axis
ky Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y-axis
kz Slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z-axis
l Ratio for wall diaphragm of design withdrawal capacity of
bottom rail to cumulative design shear capacity of perimeter
sheathing fasteners
n Material constant for evaluation of lateral torsional buckling
modification factor
qk Characteristic density of the timber or wood-based material
qm Mean density of timber or wood-based material
rc,0,d Design compressive stress parallel to grain
rc,90,d Design compressive stress in the effective contact area
perpendicular to grain
rc,α,d Design compressive stress at an angle α to grain
rm,y,d Design bending stress about the (strong) y-axis
rm,z,d Design bending stress about the (weak) z-axis
rt,0,d Design tensile stress parallel to grain
rt,90,d Design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the
hole location
sd Design shear stress
stor,d Design torsional stress
v Sheathing combination factor
w0 Factor for combination value of a variable action
w1 Factor for frequent value of a variable action
w2 Factor for quasi-permanent value of a variable action

Source reference
Section 2 Basis of design
2.1 Basic requirements

EC 0, 2.1(1) (1) The timber structure of a building shall be designed and constructed in
such a way that it will, during its intended life, with acceptable probability:
–– sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during construction and
use, and
–– meet specified serviceability requirements.
EC 0, 2.1(2) (2) The timber structure of a building shall be designed to have adequate:
–– structural resistance,
–– serviceability, and
–– durability.
EC 0, 2.1(4) (3) The timber structure of a building shall be designed and constructed in
such a way that it will not be damaged by events such as:
–– explosion,
–– impact, and
–– the consequences of human error,
to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.

NOTE Appendix B, in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-7 (and its National Annex),
gives methods for designing platform timber-frame buildings to sustain an extent
of localized damage from an unspecified cause without disproportionate collapse.
NA to EC 0, NA.2.1.1 (4) The indicative design working life for the timber structure of a building
is 50 years.
2.2 Principles of limit state design

EC 0, 3.1(1) (1) In the design of the timber structure of a building, consideration should
be given to ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states.
EC 0, 3.1(3) & 3.2(1) (2) Limit states shall be related to design situations. Relevant design
situations shall be selected taking into account the circumstances under
which the timber structure is required to fulfil its function.

Source reference
EC 0, 3.2(2) (3) Design situations for timber structures shall be classified as follows:
–– persistent design situations, which refer to the conditions of normal use;

–– transient design situations, for example during construction or repair;
–– accidental design situations, which refer to exceptional conditions
applicable to the structure, e.g. explosion.
EC 0, 3.3(1) (4) Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other
forms of structural failure which may endanger the safety of people.
EC 0, 3.3(4) (5) Ultimate limit states which may require consideration include:
–– loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, considered as a rigid

body, and
–– failure by excessive deformation, rupture, or loss of stability of the
structure or any part of it.
No equivalent clause (6) Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified
service conditions are no longer met.
EC 0, 3.4(3) (7) Serviceability limit states which may require consideration include:
–– deformations which affect the appearance or effective use of the

structure or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements, and
–– vibration which causes discomfort to people or limits the functional
effectiveness of the building.
EC 0, 6.1(1) (8) It shall be verified that, in all relevant design situations, no relevant limit
state is exceeded when design values for actions or effects of actions and
resistances are used in the design models.
2.3 Design values
2.3.1 Design values of actions

EC 0, 6.3.1(1) (1) The design value Fd of an action F can be expressed in general terms as:
Fd = γ F ψ Fk (2.1)
where:
Fk is the characteristic value of the action;

γ F is the partial factor for the action;
ψ is either 1,00 or ψ 0, ψ 1 or ψ 2. See Table 2.2.

Source reference
2.3.2 Design values of the effects of actions

EC 0, 6.3.2(2) (1) The effects of actions (E) are responses (e.g. internal forces and
moments, deflections) of the structure to the actions. Design values of the
effects of actions (Ed ) are determined from the design values of actions and
geometrical data:
{
E d = E Fd , ad } (2.2)
where:
ad are the design values of geometric data (e.g. span, member

dimensions).
2.3.3 Design values of resistances

EC 5-1, 2.4.1(1) & (1) The design value Rd of a resistance (load-carrying capacity or material
2.4.3(1) strength property) shall be calculated as:
k mod Rk
Rd = (2.3)
γM
where:
Rk is the characteristic value of load-carrying capacity or material

strength property;
γ M is the partial factor for a material property given in Table 2.6;
kmod is a modification factor taking into account the effect of duration
of load and moisture content. See Table 3.1.
2.4 Ultimate limit states
2.4.1 Verification of static equilibrium

EC 0, 6.4.2(1) (1) When considering a limit state of static equilibrium of the structure, it
shall be verified that:
E d,dst ≤ E d,stb (2.4)
where:
Ed,dst is the design value of the effect of destabilizing actions

Ed,stb is the design value of the effect of stabilizing actions
NOTE The design example in Appendix D considers the verification of static
equilibrium for a timber-frame wall.

Source reference
2.4.2 Verification of resistance

EC 0, 6.4.2(3) (1) When considering a limit state of rupture or excessive deformation of a
section, member or connection, it shall be verified that:
E d ≤ Rd (2.5)
where:
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions (e.g. internal force
or moment);
Rd is the design value of the corresponding resistance.
2.4.3 Combinations of actions
2.4.3.1 General
EC 0, 6.4.3.1(1) (1) For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed)
shall be determined by combining the values of actions that are considered
to occur simultaneously.
EC 1-1, 6.2.1(1) (2) The spatial variation of variable free actions (e.g. imposed loads of
categories A-F of BS EN 1991-1-1) along a member should be such as
to maximize the internal forces and moments occurring in that member
(causing an unfavourable effect on the member).
NOTE Snow and wind loads are classified as variable fixed actions and therefore
need not be subject to load patterning.
EC 0, 6.3.2(3) (3) Where an action is located so as to cause an unfavourable effect to

a member, (i.e. maximize moments, etc.), the upper partial factors for
permanent load (γ G,sup) and variable load (γ Q,sup) should be applied.
Alternatively where an action is located so as to cause a favourable effect to
a member, (i.e. reduce moments, etc. [e.g. increasing load on a cantilever
may reduce moments in the back span]), the lower partial factors for
permanent load (γ G,inf) and variable load (γ Q,inf) should be applied.
EC 5-1-1, 3.1.3(2) (4) If a combination of actions consists of actions belonging to different

load-duration classes, values of kmod should be chosen which correspond to
the action with the shortest duration, e.g. for a combination of permanent
load and short-term load, values of kmod corresponding to the short-term
load should be used.
NOTE 1 It is quite possible that the design of a member will not be governed by
the highest internal forces/moments occurring under a short load-duration, but
instead by lower internal forces/moments occurring under a longer load-duration.
NOTE 2 A design example illustrating the combinations of actions for ultimate

limit states is given in Appendix C.

Source reference
2.4.3.2 Combinations of actions for persistent or transient

design situations
EC 0, 6.4.3.2(3) (1) For each critical load case, the design values of the effects of actions (Ed)
NA to EC 0, NA.2.2.2 & shall be determined by combining the values of actions according to
NA.2.2.3.2 expression (2.6) and Tables 2.1 and 2.2.
∑ γ GGk,j + γ QQk,1 + ∑ γ Qψ 0,iQk,i (2.6)

j ≥1 i >1
where:
Gk,j characteristic values of permanent actions;

Qk,1 characteristic value of one of the variable actions;
Qk,i characteristic values of the other variable actions;
γG partial factors for permanent actions given in Table 2.1;
γQ partial factors for variable actions given in Table 2.1;
ψ 0,i factors given in Table 2.2.
Table 2.1 – Partial factors for actions
Permanent actions, γ G Variable actions, γ Q
Unfavourable effect (γ F,sup) 1,35 1,5
Favourable effect (γ F,inf) 1,0 0
Table 2.2 – Values of ψ factors for buildings
Action Ψ0 Ψ1 Ψ2
Imposed loads in buildings, category (see

BS EN 1991-1-1)
Category A: domestic, residential areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category B: office areas 0,7 0,5 0,3
Category C: congregation areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category D: shopping areas 0,7 0,7 0,6
Category E: storage areas 1,0 0,9 0,8
Category H: roofs – maintenance loadinga 0,7 0 0
Category H: roofs/lofts – man load 1,0 0 0
Snow loads on buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-3) 0,5 0,2 0
Wind loads on buildings (see BS EN 1991-1-4) 0,5 0,2 0

a
On roofs, maintenance loading and snow or wind loading should not be applied
together simultaneously

Source reference
2.4.3.3 Combinations of actions for accidental design situations

EC 0, 6.4.3.3(2) & (1) Combinations of actions for accidental design situations either involve
6.4.3.3(4) an explicit accidental action A, see expression 2.7, or refer to the situation
after an accidental event (A = 0), see expression 2.8.
∑ Gk,j + Ad + ψ 11, Qk,1 + ∑ψ 2,iQk,i (2.7)

j ≥1 i >1
∑ Gk,j + ψ 11, Qk,1 + ∑ψ 2,iQk,i (2.8)

j ≥1 i >1
where:
Ad design value of accidental action;

ψ 1,1, ψ 2,i factors given in Table 2.2.
2.5 Serviceability limit states
2.5.1 Verifications
EC 0, 6.5.1(1) (1) It shall be verified that:
Ed ≤ C d (2.9)
where:
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions specified in the

serviceability criterion;
Cd is the limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion.
2.5.2 General
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(1) (1) The deformation of a structure which results from the effect of actions
(such as axial and shear forces, bending moments and joint slip) and
from moisture shall remain within appropriate limits, having regard to the
possibility of damage to surfacing materials, ceilings, floors, partitions and
finishes, and to the functional needs as well as any appearance requirements.
EC 5-1-1, 7.3.1(1) (2) It shall be ensured that the actions which can be reasonably anticipated
on a member, component or structure, do not cause vibrations that can
impair the function of the structure or cause unacceptable discomfort to
the users.
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(2) & (3) For serviceability limit states with respect to deformations or vibrations,
2.2.3(6) mean values of the appropriate moduli of elasticity, shear moduli and slip
moduli should be used.

Source reference
2.5.3 Combinations of actions for the determination

of deformations
EC 1-1-1, 6.2.1(1) (1) The spatial variation of variable free actions (e.g. imposed loads of
categories A-F of BS EN 1991-1-1) along a member should be such as to
maximize the deformations occurring in that member.
NOTE Snow and wind loads are classified as variable fixed actions and therefore
need not be subject to load patterning.
EC 0, 6.5.3(2)a) (2) The instantaneous deformation of a member, uinst, see Figure 7.1,

should be calculated by combining the values of actions according to
expression (2.10) and Table 2.2.
∑ Gk,j + Qk,1 + ∑ψ 0,iQk,i (2.10)

j ≥1 i >1
EC 5-1-1, 2.2.3(5) (3) The final deformation of a member, ufin, see Figure 7.1, should be
calculated as:
u fin = u fin,G + u fin,Q1 + ∑ u fin,Qi (2.11)

i >1
where:
ufin,G = uinst,G (1 + kdef) for a permanent action, G; (2.12)

ufin,Q1 = uinst,Q1 (1 + ψ 2,1 kdef) for the leading variable action, Q1;(2.13)
ufin,Qi = uinst,Qi (ψ 0,i + ψ 2,i kdef) for accompanying variable
actions, Qi; (2.14)
ufin,G, ufin,Q1, ufin,Qi are the final deformations for actions
G, Q1, Qi respectively;
uinst,G, uinst,Q1, uinst,Qi are the instantaneous deformations for actions
G, Q1, Qi respectively;
ψ 0,i, ψ 2,1, ψ 2,i are given in Table 2.2;
kdef is a deformation factor taking into account the effect of duration
of load and moisture content. See Table 3.2.
2.6 Basic variables
2.6.1 Actions
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.1.1(1) (1) Actions to be used in design may be obtained from the relevant part
of BS EN 1991:
BS EN 1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

BS EN 1991-1-3 Snow loads
BS EN 1991-1-4 Wind actions

Source reference
2.6.2 Environmental influences
2.6.2.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.1.1(2) (1) Duration of load and moisture content affect the strength and stiffness
properties of timber and wood-based elements and shall be taken into
account in the design for structural resistance and serviceability.
2.6.2.2 Load-duration classes

NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.1 (1) Actions shall be assigned to the load-duration classes given in Table 2.3
for strength and stiffness calculations.
Table 2.3 – Assignment of actions to load-duration classes
Load- Duration Examples of actions Examples of

duration for persistent actions for
class design situations accidental
design
situations
Permanent More than 10 years Self-weight —
Long-term 6 months – 10 years Storage loading —

(including in loft),
Water tanks
Medium-term 1 week – 6 months Imposed floor loading —
Short-term Less than 1 week Snow, maintenance Residual

or man loading on structure after
roofs accidental
event
Instantaneous — Wind Explosion,

impact loading

Source reference
2.6.2.3 Service classes

EC 5-1-1, 2.3.1.3 (1) Components shall be assigned to one of the service classes given
in Table 2.4.
Table 2.4 – Characterization of service classes
Service Characterization of service class

class
1a Moisture content in materials corresponding to a temperature

of 20 °C and the relative humidity of the surrounding air only
exceeding 65 % for a few weeks per year
2b Moisture content in materials corresponding to a temperature

of 20 °C and the relative humidity of the surrounding air only
exceeding 85 % for a few weeks per year
3 Climatic conditions leading to higher moisture contents than in

service class 2
a
In service class 1 the average moisture content in most softwoods will not exceed 14 %
b
In service class 2 the average moisture content in most softwoods will not exceed 20 %
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.2 (2) Timber constructions should be assigned to service classes as shown
in Table 2.5.
Table 2.5 – Assignment of timber constructions to service classes
Type of construction Service class
Cold roofs 2
Warm roofs 1
Intermediate floors 1
Ground floors 2
Timber-frame walls, internal and party walls 1
Timber-frame walls, external walls 2
External uses where member is protected from direct wetting 2
External uses, fully exposed 3
2.7 Partial factors for material properties and resistances

NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.3 (1) The partial factors γ M for material properties and resistances are given
in Table 2.6.

Source reference
Table 2.6 – Partial factors γ M for material properties and resistances
Persistent and transient combinations:

Solid timber 1,3
Glued laminated timber 1,25
LVL, Plywood, OSB 1,2
Particleboard 1,3
Connectionsa 1,3
Accidental combinations 1,0

a
γ M is 1,3 for connections even when the connection is between materials whose γ M
are less than 1,3 (e.g. – a connection between plywood and glued laminated timber
or between timber and steel plate)
2.8 System strength

EC 5-1-1, 6.6(1) (1) When several equally spaced similar members, components or assemblies
are laterally connected by a continuous load distribution system, the member
strength properties may be multiplied by a system strength factor ksys.
EC 5-1-1, 6.6(2) (2) Provided the continuous load-distribution system is capable of transfer-
ring the loads from one member to the neighbouring members, the factor
ksys should be 1,1.

Source reference
Section 3 Material properties
3.1 Strength modification factors for service classes and

load-duration classes
EC 5-1-1, 3.1.3(1) (1) The values of the modification factor kmod given in Table 3.1 should
be used.
EC 5-1-1, 2.3.2.1(2) (2) Where a connection comprises two timber or wood-based elements
having different time-dependent behaviour, the calculation of the design
load-carrying capacity should be made with the following modification
factor kmod:
k mod = k mod,1k mod,2 (3.1)
where kmod,1 and kmod,2 are the modification factors of the two timber or
wood-based elements.
Table 3.1 – Values of kmod for timber and wood-based materials
Material Standard Service Load-duration class

class
Perm- Long- Medium- Short- Instant-
anent term term term aneous
Solid BS EN 14081-1 1 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1

timber 2 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
3 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,7 0,9
Glued BS EN 14080 1 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1

laminated 2 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
timber 3 0,5 0,55 0,65 0,7 0,9
LVL BS EN 14374 1 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1

2 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
Plywood BS EN 636
Type 1 1 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
Type 2 2 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,1
OSB BS EN 300
OSB/3, OSB/4 1 0,4 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,1
OSB/3, OSB/4 2 0,3 0,4 0,55 0,7 0,9
Particle- BS EN 312
board Type 5 1 0,3 0,45 0,65 0,85 1,1
Type 5 2 0,2 0,3 0,45 0,6 0,8

Source reference
3.2 Deformation modification factors for service classes

EC 5-1-1, 3.1.4(1) (1) The values of the modification factor kdef given in Table 3.2 should
be used.
having the same time-dependent behaviour, the value of kdef should be
doubled.
having different time-dependent behaviour, the calculation of the final
deformation should be made with the following deformation factor kdef:
k def = 2 k def,1k def,2 (3.2)
where kdef,1 and kdef,2 are the modification factors of the two timber or
wood-based elements.
EC 5-1-1, 3.2(4) (4) For solid timber which is installed at or near its fibre saturation point,
and which is likely to dry out under load, the values of kdef given in Table 3.2
should be increased by 1,0.
Table 3.2 – Values of kdef for timber and wood-based materials
Material Standard Service class
1 2 3
Solid timber BS EN 14081-1 0,6 0,8 2,0
Glued laminated timber BS EN 14080 0,6 0,8 2,0
LVL BS EN 14374 0,6 0,8 —
Plywood BS EN 636
Type 1 0,8 — —
Type 2 0,8 1,0 —
OSB BS EN 300
OSB/3, OSB/4 1,5 2,25 —
Particleboard BS EN 312
Type 5 2,25 3,0 —
3.3 Solid timber

EC 5-1-1, 3.2(1) (1) Timber members shall comply with BS EN 14081-1.
NOTE Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength classes of timber are given
in Appendix A, Table A.1.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 3.2(3) (2) For rectangular solid timber, the reference depth in bending or width
(maximum cross-sectional dimension) in tension is 150 mm. For depths
in bending or widths in tension of solid timber other than 150 mm the
characteristic values for fm,k and ft,0,k may be multiplied by the factor kh
given in Table 3.3.
Table 3.3 – Values of kh factor for solid timber
Depth in bending or width in tension, h (mm)
h ≤ 40 40 < h ≤ 150 h > 150
kh 1,3 (150/h)0,2 1,0
EC 5-1-1, 3.2(5) (3) Finger joints shall comply with BS EN 385.
3.4 Glued laminated timber

EC 5-1-1, 3.3(1) (1) Glued laminated timber members shall comply with BS EN 14080.
NOTE Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength classes of glued laminated
timber are given in Appendix A, Table A.3.
EC 5-1-1, 3.3(3) (2) For rectangular glued laminated timber, the reference depth in bending
or width (maximum cross-sectional dimension) in tension is 600 mm. For
depths in bending or widths in tension of glued laminated timber other
than 600 mm the characteristic values for fm,k and ft,0,k may be modified by
the factor kh given in Table 3.4.
Table 3.4 – Values of kh factor for glued laminated timber
Depth in bending or width in tension, h (mm)
h ≤ 230 230 < h ≤ 600 h > 600
kh 1,1 (600/h)0,1 1,0
3.5 Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

EC 5-1-1, 3.4(1) (1) LVL structural members shall comply with BS EN 14374.
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(3) (2) For rectangular LVL the reference depth in bending is 300 mm. For
depths in bending other than 300 mm the characteristic value for fm,k
should be multiplied by the factor kh given by:
( )
s
 300
k h = min  h (3.3)
 1, 2

Source reference
where:
h is the depth of the member, in mm;

s is the size effect exponent, refer to 3.5(4).
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(4) (3) For rectangular LVL the reference length in tension is 3000 mm. For
lengths in tension other than 3000 mm the characteristic value for ft,0,k
should be multiplied by the factor kl given by:
( )
s/2
 3000
k l = min  l (3.4)
 11
,
where:
l is the length of the member, in mm.
EC 5-1-1, 3.4(5) (4) The size effect exponent s for LVL should be taken as declared in
accordance with BS EN 14374.
NOTE Information on the structural properties, including size effect exponents,
for types of LVL are given in Appendix A, Table A.4.
3.6 Wood-based panels

EC 5-1-1, 3.5(1) (1) Wood-based panels should comply with BS EN 13986.
NOTE 1 Lower bound characteristic structural properties for types of plywood are
given in Appendix A, Table A.5.
NOTE 2 Characteristic strengths and moduli for OSB grades OSB/3 and OSB/4 are
given in Appendix A, Table A.6.
NOTE 3 Characteristic strengths and moduli for Particleboard type 5 are given in
Appendix A, Table A.7.
3.7 Adhesives
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(1) (1) Adhesives for structural purposes shall produce joints of such strength
and durability that the integrity of the bond is maintained in the assigned
service class throughout the expected life of the structure.
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(2) (2) Adhesives which comply with Type I specification as defined in
BS EN 301 or in BS EN 15425 may be used in all service classes.
EC 5-1-1, 3.6(3) (3) Adhesives which comply with Type II specification as defined in
BS EN 301 or in BS EN 15425 should only be used in service classes 1 or 2
and not under prolonged exposure to temperatures in excess of 50 °C.

Source reference
3.8 Metal fasteners

EC 5-1-1, 3.7(1) (1) Metal fasteners shall comply with BS EN 14592.
EC 5-1-1, 3.7(1) (2) Metal connectors shall comply with BS EN 14545.

Source reference
Section 4 Durability
4.1 Resistance to biological organisms

EC 5-1-1, 4.1(1) (1) Timber and wood-based materials shall either have adequate natural
durability in accordance with BS EN 350-2 for the particular hazard class
(defined in BS EN 335-1, BS EN 335-2 and BS EN 335-3), or be given
a preservative treatment selected in accordance with BS EN 351-1 and
BS EN 460.
4.2 Resistance to corrosion

EC 5-1-1, 4.2(1) (1) Metal fasteners and other structural connections shall, where necessary,
either be inherently corrosion-resistant or be protected against corrosion.
EC 5-1-1, 4.2(2) (2) Examples of minimum corrosion protection or material specifications for
different service classes (see 2.6.2.3) are given in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 – Examples of minimum specifications for material

protection against corrosion for fasteners
Fastener Service classc
1 2 3
Nails and screws with d ≤ 4 mm None Fe/Zn 12ca Fe/Zn 25ca
Bolts, nails and screws with None None Fe/Zn 25ca

d > 4 mm
Steel plates up to 3 mm thickness Fe/Zn 12cb Fe/Zn 12cb Stainless steel
Steel plates from 3 mm up to None Fe/Zn 12cb Fe/Zn 25cb

5 mm thickness
Steel plates over 5 mm thickness None None Fe/Zn 25cb

a
If hot dip zinc coating is used on dowel-type fasteners, Fe/Zn 12c should be replaced
by a layer of zinc of minimum 39 μm thickness and Fe/Zn 25c by a layer of zinc of
minimum 49 μm thickness in accordance with BS EN ISO 1461
b
If hot dip zinc coating is used on steel plates, Fe/Zn 12c should be replaced by Z275
and Fe/Zn 25c by Z350 in accordance with BS EN 10346
c
For especially corrosive conditions, consideration should be given to heavier hot dip
coatings or stainless steel

Source reference
Section 5 Basis of structural analysis
5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(1) (1) Calculations shall be performed using appropriate design models
involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise
to predict the structural behaviour, commensurate with the standard
of workmanship likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the
information on which the design is based.
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(2) (2) The global structural behaviour should be assessed by calculating the
action effects with a linear material model (elastic behaviour).
EC 5-1-1, 5.1(4) & (3) The model for the calculation of internal forces in the structure or
5.1(5) in part of it shall take into account the effects of deformations of the
connections through their stiffness (e.g. translational or rotational).
5.2 Effective cross-section at a joint

EC 5-1-1, 5.2(3) & (1) When assessing the effective cross-section at a joint, all holes within
5.2(4) a distance of half the minimum fastener spacing measured parallel to the
grain from a given cross-section should be considered as occurring at that
cross-section. Reductions in cross-sectional area may be ignored for nails
and screws with a diameter of 8 mm or less, inserted without pre-drilling.
5.3 Trusses
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(1) (1) Trusses shall be analysed such that the deformations of the members
and joints, the influence of support eccentricities and the stiffness of
the supporting structure are taken into account in the determination of
member forces and moments, see Figure 5.1 for definitions of structure
configurations and model elements.
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(2) (2) For the external members of trusses (e.g. chords), the system lines shall
coincide with the member centreline.
EC 5-1-1, 5.4.2(3) (3) For the internal members of trusses (e.g. webs), the system lines shall lie
within the member profile. If the system lines of internal members do not
coincide with the centrelines, the influence of the eccentricity shall be taken
into account in the strength verification of these members.

Licensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (
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VEW!B*$)*)*%.Q!Y,(/!,P,/,#)Q!(#-!Q'&*#+!,P,/,#)Q!/(Z!Y,!.Q,-!)%!/%-,P!,$$,#)&*$!$%##,$)*%#Q!
%&!Q.''%&)Q6!@T,!%&*,#)()*%#!%S!S*$)*)*%.Q!Y,(/!,P,/,#)Q!(#-!)T,!P%$()*%#!%S!)T,!Q'&*#+!,P,/,#)Q!
QT%.P-!$%*#$*-,!(Q!$P%Q,PZ!(Q!'%QQ*YP,![*)T!)T,!($).(P!h%*#)!$%#S*+.&()*%#6!
VJW!"#!(!S*&Q)!%&-,&!P*#,(&!,P(Q)*$!(#(PZQ*Qc!)T,!,SS,$)!%S!*#*)*(P!-,S%&/()*%#Q!(#-!*#-.$,-!
-,SP,$)*%#Q!/(Z!Y,!-*Q&,+(&-,-!*S!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)!YZ!)T,!Q)&,#+)T!R,&*S*$()*%#!%S!)T,!/,/Y,&6!
?!

Source reference
Section 6 Ultimate limit states

BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
opy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
6.1 Design of cross-sections subjected to stress in one
principal direction
0'R&Y$%"A" CZ&YX*&'"ZYXY&"(&*&'("
6.1.1 General
A]6" ='(Y+%"$U"R-$((F('R&Y$%("(T[d'R&'/"&$"(&-'(("Y%"$%'"W-Y%RYW*Z"/Y-'R&Y$%"
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.1(1) (1) Clause 6.1 applies to straight solid timber, glued laminated timber or LVL
A]6]6" 7'%'-*Z"
members of constant rectangular cross-section, whose grain runs essentially
parallel to the length of the member. The member is assumed to be subjected
V5W!8P(.Q,!365!(''P*,Q!)%!Q)&(*+T)!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&c!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,&!%&![%%-MY(Q,-!Q)&.$).&(P!
to stresses in the direction of only one of its principal axes (see Figure 6.1).
'&%-.$)Q!%S!$%#Q)(#)!$&%QQMQ,$)*%#c![T%Q,!+&(*#!&.#Q!,QQ,#)*(PPZ!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!P,#+)T!%S!)T,!
/,/Y,&6!@T,!/,/Y,&!*Q!(QQ./,-!)%!Y,!Q.Yh,$),-!)%!Q)&,QQ,Q!*#!)T,!-*&,$)*%#!%S!%#PZ!%#,!%S!*)Q!
Figure 6.1 – Member axes
'&*#$*'(P!(d,Q!VQ,,!B*+.&,!365W6!
Key: _,Ze!
V5W!-*&,$)*%#!%S!+&(*#!
1 Direction of grain
,Y+T-'"A]6"a"@'X['-"9\'(
A]6]!" 6.1.2 Tension parallel to

2'%(Y$%"W*-*ZZ'Z"&$"&V'"+-*Y%" grain
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.2(1) (1) The following expression shall be satisfied:
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
' )c2c- 0 4 )c2c-σ t,0,d ≤ f t,0,d (6.1) V365W!
[T,&,e!
where:
'$%6%' # # *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!),#Q*P,!Q)&,QQ!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#k!
σ
t,0,d is the design tensile stress parallel to grain;
4$%6%'
# *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!),#Q*P,!Q)&,#+)T!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#6!
#
ft,0,d is the design tensile strength parallel to grain.

A]6]?" 2'%(Y$%"W'-W'%/YRTZ*-"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
V5W:!@T,!,SS,$)!%S!/,/Y,&!Q*f,!QT(PP!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)6!
6.1.3 Compression parallel to grain
A]6]B" #$XW-'((Y$%"W*-*ZZ'Z"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.4(1) & (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
6.3.2(3)
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
σ c,0,d ≤ k c,yf c,0,d (6.2)
' 0%6%' 0 4 0%6%' V361W!
σ c,0,d ≤ k c,zf c,0,d (6.3)
[T,&,e!
'0%6%' # *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#k!
#
40%6%'
# *Q!)T,!-,Q*+#!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,#+)T!(P%#+!)T,!+&(*#6!
#
<9@;e!=.P,Q!S%&!)T,!*#Q)(Y*P*)Z!%S!/,/Y,&Q!(&,!+*R,#!*#!36C6!

A]6]E" #$XW-'((Y$%"W'-W'%/YRTZ*-"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
!V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
Source reference
where:
σ c,0,d is the design compressive stress parallel to grain;

fc,0,d is the design compressive strength parallel to grain;
kc,y and kc,z are factors which take into account reduced compression
strength due to lateral buckling about the principal axes as shown in
Figure 6.1.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(1) (2) The relative slenderness ratios should be taken as:
λy f c,0,k
λ rel,y = (6.4)
π E 0,05
λz f c,0,k
λ rel,z = (6.5)
π E 0,05
λ y is the slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the y-axis;

λ z is the slenderness ratio corresponding to bending about the z-axis;
fc,0,k is the characteristic compressive strength parallel to grain;
E0.05 is the fifth percentile value of modulus of elasticity parallel to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(2) (3) Where λ rel,y ≤ 0,3, kc,y = 1 and where λ rel,z ≤ 0,3, kc,z = 1.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (4) Where λ rel,y > 0,3, kc,y should be calculated from expression 6.6.
Where λ rel,z > 0,3, kc,z should be calculated from expression 6.7.
1
k c,y = (6.6)
k y + k y2 − λ rel,y
2
1
k c,z = (6.7)
k z + k z2 − λ rel,z
2
ky = 0,5(1 + β c(λ rel,y – 0,3) + λ rel,y2) (6.8)

2
kz = 0,5(1 + β c(λ rel,z – 0,3) + λ rel,z ) (6.9)
β c = 0,2 for solid timber, 0,1 for glued laminated timber and LVL
6.1.4 Compression perpendicular to grain

σ c,90,d ≤ k c,90f c,90,d (6.10)
with:
Fc,90,d
σ c,90,d = (6.11)
Aef

Source reference
where:
σ c,90,d is the design compressive stress in the effective contact area
perpendicular to grain;
Fc,90,d is the design compressive load perpendicular to grain;
Aef is the effective contact area in compression perpendicular to grain;
fc,90,d is the design compressive strength perpendicular to grain;
kc,90 is a factor taking into account the load configuration,
the possibility of splitting and the degree of compressive
deformation.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.5(1) (2) The effective contact area perpendicular to grain, Aef, should be
determined taking an effective contact length parallel to grain 30 mm
greater than the actual contact length when the contact length is at the
end of a member or 60 mm greater than the contact length when all of the
contact length is more than 30 mm from the end of a member.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.5(3) & (3) The values of kc,90 should be taken as:
6.1.5(4)
kc,90 = 1,25 for solid timber and LVL
kc,90 = 1,5 for glued laminated timber
6.1.5 Bending
6.1.5.1 Bending about the strong axis y

EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(3) (1) For bending about the strong axis y, the following expression shall
be satisfied:
σ m,y,d ≤ k critfm,y,d (6.12)
where:
σ m,y,d is the design bending stress about the y-axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,y,d is the design bending strength;
kcrit is a factor which takes into account reduced bending strength
due to lateral buckling.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(5) (2) The factor kcrit may be taken as 1,0 for a beam where lateral
displacement of its compressive edge is prevented throughout its length
and where torsional rotation is prevented at its supports.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(4) (3) For beams with an initial lateral deviation from straightness within the
limits defined in section 10, kcrit may be determined from expression (6.13):
 1 for λ rel,m ≤ 0,75


 , − 0,75 λ rel,m
156 for 0,75 < λ rel,m ≤ 1, 4
k crit = (6.13)
 1
 λ 2
for 1,4 < λ rel,m
 rel,m
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(2) (4) The relative slenderness for bending, krel,m should be taken as:
Expression (6.14) is a 1, 2ξ hLeffm,k

marginally conservative λ rel,m = (6.14)
b E 0,05
application of
EC 5-1-1 expression where:
(6.31) for rectangular
cross‑sections. b is the width of the beam;
h is the depth of the beam;
fm,k is the characteristic bending strength;
E0,05 is the lower fifth percentile modulus of elasticity parallel to grain;
Lef is the effective length of the beam, depending on the support and
lateral restraint conditions;
ξ = 1,0 for solid timber and glued laminated timber, 1,15 for LVL.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(3) (5) For a beam with torsionally restrained supports but without compression
edge lateral restraints, the effective length, Lef, may be taken as the span of
This clause is intended
the beam. For a beam with torsionally restrained supports and with spaced
to be a simplification
compression edge lateral restraints, the effective length, Lef, may be taken
of the requirements of
as 1,35 times the maximum compression edge lateral restraint spacing.
Table 6.1 of EC 5-1-1.
6.1.5.2 Bending about the weak axis z

No equivalent clause (1) For bending about the weak axis z, the following expression shall
be satisfied:
σ m,z,d ≤ fm,z,d (6.15)
where:
σ m,z,d is the design bending stress about the z-axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,z,d is the design bending strength.

Source reference
6.1.6 Shear
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.7(1) (1) For the verification of shear resistance of members in bending, the
following expression shall be satisfied:
, Vd
15
τd = ≤ f v,d (6.16)
bef h
where:
τ d is the design shear stress;

fv,d is the design shear strength;
Vd is the design shear force;
h is the depth of the beam;
bef is the effective width of the relevant section of the member taking
into account the influence of cracks.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.7(2) (2) The effective width bef of the relevant section of the member is given as:
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.5
bef = k cr b (6.17)
where:
b is the width of the relevant section of the member;

kcr = 0,67 for solid timber and glued laminated timber, 1,0 for LVL.
6.1.7 Torsion
τ tor,d = k shapef v,d (6.18)
with:
 h
1+ 0,05
k shape = min  b (6.19)
13
,

where:
τ tor,d is the design torsional stress;

kshape is a factor depending on the shape of the cross-section;
h is the larger cross-sectional dimension;
b is the smaller cross-sectional dimension.

Source reference
6.2 Design of cross-sections subjected to combined stresses

BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
6.2.1 General
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
EC 5-1-1, 6.2.1(1) (1) Clause 6.2 applies to straight solid timber, glued laminated timber
or LVL members of constant rectangular cross-section, whose grain runs
A]!" essentially parallel to the length of the member. The member is assumed to
='(Y+%"$U"R-$((F('R&Y$%("(T[d'R&'/"&$"R$X[Y%'/"(&-'(('("
be subjected to stresses from combined actions or to stresses acting in the
A]!]6" 7'%'-*Z"
direction of two or three of its principal axes.
V5W:!8P(.Q,!361!(''P*,Q!)%!Q)&(*+T)!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&c!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,&!%&![%%-MY(Q,-!Q)&.$).&(P!
'&%-.$)Q!%S!$%#Q)(#)!$&%QQMQ,$)*%#c![T%Q,!+&(*#!&.#Q!,QQ,#)*(PPZ!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!P,#+)T!%S!)T,!
6.2.2 Compression stresses at an angle to grain
/,/Y,&6!@T,!/,/Y,&!*Q!(QQ./,-!)%!Y,!Q.Yh,$),-!)%!Q)&,QQ,Q!S&%/!$%/Y*#,-!($)*%#Q!%&!)%!
Q)&,QQ,Q!($)*#+!*#!)[%!%&!)T&,,!%S!*)Q!'&*#$*'(P!(d,Q6!
EC 5-1-1, 6.2.2(2) (1) The compressive stresses at an angle α to grain (see Figure 6.2), should
A]!]!" #$XW-'((Y$%"(&-'(('("*&"*%"*%+Z'"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
satisfy the following expression:
V5W:!"#),&($)*%#!%S!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ,Q!*#!)[%!%&!/%&,!-*&,$)*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)6!
f c,0,d
σ c,α ,d ≤
f c,0,d
V1W!@T,!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ,Q!()!(#!(#+P,! (6.20)
!!)%!)T,!+&(*#c!VQ,,!B*+.&,!364Wc!QT%.P-!Q()*QSZ!)T,!
S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#e!k
sin 2α + cos 2α
c,90f c,90,d
4 0%6%'
' 0%!%' 0 ! V3653W
where:
4 0%6%'
Q*# ! / $%Q !
1 1
70%>6 4 0%>6%'
σ c,α,d is the design compressive stress at an angle α to grain;
[T,&,e! fc,0,d is the design compressive strength parallel to grain;
'0%!%'
# # *Q!)T,!$%/'&,QQ*R,!Q)&,QQ!()!(#!(#+P,! ! )%!)T,!+&(*#k!
fc,90,d is the design compressive strength perpendicular to grain;
70%>6
# # kc,90 is a factor given in 6.1.4(3).
*Q!(!S($)%&!+*R,#!*#!3656J!)(g*#+!*#)%!($$%.#)!)T,!,SS,$)!%S!(#Z!%S!Q)&,QQ,Q!',&',#-*$.P(&
)%!)T,!+&(*#6!
Figure 6.2 – Compressive stresses at an angle to the grain
,Y+T-'"A]K"a"#$XW-'((Y^'"(&-'(('("*&"*%"*%+Z'"&$"&V'"+-*Y%"
6.2.3 Bi-axial bending
A]!]?" #$X[Y%'/"['%/Y%+"*%/"*\Y*Z"&'%(Y$%
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.6(1) (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
σ m,y,d σ m,z,d
+ km ≤1 (6.21)
' $%6%' ' (%8%'fm,y,d ' (%;%'fm,z,d
/ / 7( 0 5! V3654W
4 4 4
$%6%'
σ m,y,d (%;%'σ m,z,d
(%8%'
km + ≤1 (6.22)
' $%6%' fm,y,d' fm,z,d
' (%8%'
/ 7( / (%;%' 0 5! V365XW
4 4 4
$%6%' (%8%' (%;%'
V1W!@T,!R(P.,Q!%S!7(!+*R,#!*#!36563!(''PZ6!!
# #
A]!]B" #$X[Y%'/"['%/Y%+"*%/"*\Y*Z"R$XW-'((Y$%"
V5W:!@T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#Q!QT(PP!Y,!Q()*QS*,-e!
Source reference
where:
σ m,y,d and σ m,z,d are the design bending stresses about the principal
axes shown in Figure 6.1;
fm,y,d and fm,z,d are the corresponding design bending strengths;
km is a factor to make allowance for re-distribution of stresses and the
effect of inhomogeneities of the material in a cross-section.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.6(2) (2) The value of the factor km should be taken as follows:
km = 0,7 for rectangular sections of solid timber, glued laminated timber
and LVL
6.2.4 Combined axial tension and bending about the

strong axis y
No equivalent clause (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
σ m,y,d σ t,0,d
+ ≤1 (6.23)
fm,y,d f t,0,d
2
 σ m,y,d  σ t,0,d
  − ≤1 (6.24)
 k critfm,y,d  f t,0,d
where:
σ t,0,d is the design tensile stress parallel to grain;

ft,0,d is the design tensile strength parallel to grain;
σ m,y,d is the design bending stress about the y-axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,y,d is the corresponding design bending strength.
No equivalent clause (2) The values of kcrit in 6.1.5.1 apply.
6.2.5 Combined axial compression and bending about the

strong axis y
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) & (1) The following expressions shall be satisfied:
6.3.3(6)
σ c,0,d σ m,y,d
+ ≤1 (6.25)
k c,yf c,0,d fm,y,d
σ c,0,d σ m,y,d
+ km ≤1 (6.26)
k c,zf c,0,d fm,y,d
2
σ c,0,d  σ m,y,d 
+  ≤1 (6.27)
k c,zf c,0,d  k critfm,y,d 

Source reference
where:
σ c,0,d is the design compressive stress parallel to grain;

fc,0,d is the design compressive strength parallel to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 6.1.6(2) (2) The values of km in 6.2.3(2) apply.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (3) The values of kc,y and kc,z in 6.1.3 apply.
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.3(4) (4) The values of kcrit in 6.1.5.1 apply.
6.2.6 Combined axial tension and bi-axial bending

σ t,0,d σ m,y,d σ m,z,d

+ + km ≤1 (6.28)
f t,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d
σ t,0,d σ m,y,d σ m,z,d

+ km + ≤1 (6.29)
f t,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d
where:
σ m,z,d is the design bending stress about the z axis (see Figure 6.1);
fm,z,d is the corresponding design bending strength.
6.2.7 Combined axial compression and bi-axial bending

σ c,0,d σ m,y,d σ m,z,d

+ + km ≤1 (6.30)
k c,yf c,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d
σ c,0,d σ m,y,d σ m,z,d

+ km + ≤1 (6.31)
k c,zf c,0,d fm,y,d fm,z,d
EC 5-1-1, 6.3.2(3) (3) The values of kc,y and kc,z in 6.1.3 apply.

Source reference
6.3 Members with notches and holes
6.3.1 Beams with a notch at the support

EC 5-1-1, 6.5.2(1) (1) For solid timber, glued laminated timber and LVL beams with rectangular
cross-sections and where the grain runs essentially parallel to the length of
the member, the shear stresses at the notched support should be calculated
using the effective (reduced) depth hef (see Figure 6.3).
EC 5-1-1, 6.5.2(2) (2) It should be verified that:
, Vd
15
τd = ≤ k vf v,d (6.32)
bef hef
where:
τ d is the design shear stress;
Vd is the design shear force;
bef is the effective width of the relevant section of the member taking
into account the influence of cracks, see 6.1.6(2);
kv is a reduction factor to account for the effect of the notch.
EC 5-1-1, 6.5.2(2) (3) The reduction factor kv should be calculated as follows:
Expression (6.34) –– For beams notched at the opposite side to the support (see Figure 6.3a)
reduces EC 5-1-1
expression (6.62) k v = 10
, (6.33)
to only cater for –– For beams notched on the same side as the support (see Figure 6.3b)
square‑cut notches.
10
,

 kn
k v = min  (6.34)
 0,55 h  1+ x 
  α h 
n
where:
h is the depth of the beam in mm;
x is the distance from the line of action of the support reaction to
the corner of the notch in mm;
hef
αn = (6.35)
h
 4,5 for LVL


kn =  5 for solid timber (6.36)
 6,5 for glued laminated timber


Source reference
Figure 6.3 – End-notched beams
6.3.2 Beams with circular holes

PD 6693-1 (1) For rectangular beams of solid timber of strength class C24 or better,
glued laminated timber or LVL of width, b, and depth, h, with a circular
hole of diameter, dhole, where:
–– The axis of the hole runs parallel to the width of the beam.
–– dhole ≤ 0,4h
–– The hole centre is assumed to be equidistant from the top and bottom
edges of the beam, except holes smaller than 0,4h in diameter may be
located such that their hole centre is not equidistant from the top and
bottom edges of the beam provided that no part of the hole is located
within 0,3h of the top or bottom edge of the beam. For these holes the
diameter to be used with expression (6.38) is to be twice the maximum
distance of the edge of the hole from the beam centreline.
–– The distance from the hole centre to the end of the beam is the
minimum of 6dhole or h.

Source reference
–– The spacing between holes is the minimum of h or 6dhole where dhole is

the diameter of the larger of the two adjacent holes.
PD 6693-1 (2) It should be verified that:
σ t,90,d ≤ f t,90,d (6.37)
where:
σ t,90,d is the design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the
hole location;
ft,90,d is the design tensile strength perpendicular to grain.
PD 6693-1 (3) The design tensile stress perpendicular to the grain at the hole
location, σ t,90,d should be calculated as follows:
σ t,90,d =
(1,8Vhole,d d hole ) + (0,07M hole,d ) (6.38)
bh 2
where:
Vhole,d is the design shear force acting on the beam at the hole centre,
in N;
Mhole,d is the design moment acting on the beam at the hole centre,
in Nmm;
b, h and dhole are in mm.
PD 6693-1 (4) The verification of the bending strength of a beam which contains a
hole should be based on the properties of the residual cross-section at the
hole position.

Source reference
Section 7 Serviceability limit states
7.1 Limiting values for deflections of beams

EC 5-1-1, 7.2(1) (1) The components of deflection resulting from a combination of actions
(see 2.5.3(2) and 2.5.3(3)) are shown in Figure 7.1, where the symbols are
defined as follows:
–– uinst is the instantaneous deflection;

–– ucreep is the creep deflection;
–– ufin is the final deflection.
u fin = uinst + u creep (7.1)
Figure 7.1 – Components of deflection
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.6 (2) The serviceability criteria should be specified for each project and
agreed with the client. The values in Table 7.1, which take into account
creep deformations, are given for guidance.
Table 7.1 — Limiting values for deflections of individual beams
Type of member Limiting value for final deflections of

individual beams, ufin
A member of span, ℓ A member with

between two supports a cantilever, ℓ
Roof or floor members with a ℓ /250 ℓ /125

plastered or plasterboard ceiling
Roof or floor members without a ℓ /150 ℓ /75

plastered or plasterboard ceiling

Source reference
7.2 Vibrations in residential floors
7.2.1 Fundamental frequency

EC 5-1-1, 7.3.3(1) (1) For residential floors, unless a special investigation is made, the
fundamental frequency f1 should be greater than 8 Hz.
NA to EC 5-1-1, (2) For a joist or beam supporting a uniformly distributed load and/or point
NA.2.7.2 loads, the fundamental frequency f1 may be calculated as:
Expression (7.2) is
50π ( El ) joist
presented in units f1 =
2  2P  πa   (7.2)
of N and mm unlike w t s j + ∑  i sin 2  i  
the equivalent i≥ 1 
   
expression 7.5
in EC 5-1-1 and with:
also stipulates a 0,75
minimum value for w t = max  (7.3)
weight of 0.75 kN/m2.  w
where:
ℓ is the span of the joist or beam, in mm;

(EI)joist is the mean bending stiffness of the joist or beam, in Nmm2;
w is the weight of the floor being permanent actions only (the
self-weight of the floor and other permanent actions) without
including partition loads or any variable actions, in kN/m2.
sj is the tributary width for the uniformly distributed loading, in m;
Pi is the i th point load, in N, comprising only permanent actions
calculated where appropriate using wt;
ai is the distance from the i th point lead to the nearest support,
in mm.
7.2.2 Unit point load deflection

NA to EC 5-1-1, (1) The limit on the deflection of the floor under a 1 kN point load, a,
NA.2.7.1 should be as shown in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2 – Limit for the deflection of the floor under a 1 kN
point load a
Parameter Limit
a, deflection of floor under a 1,8 mm for ℓ ≤ 4 000 mm

1 kN point load 16 500/ℓ1,1 mm for ℓ > 4 000 mm
where ℓ = joist span in mm

Source reference
NA to EC 5-1-1, (2) The recommended limit on a may be compared with a corresponding

NA.2.7.2 floor deflection calculated as:
3
1000k dist k amp eq
≤ a mm (7.4)
48( EI ) joist
where:
kdist = proportion of point load acting on a single joist;
ℓeq = equivalent floor span in mm;
kamp = amplification factor to account for shear deflections in the case
of solid timber and glued thin-webbed joists or slip joint in the
case of mechanically jointed floor trusses;
(EI)joist = bending stiffness of a joist in Nmm² (calculated using Emean).
k 0,38 − 0,08ln 14EI s 4  


k dist = max  strut   b j  (7.5)
0,30

where:
kstrut = 0,97 only in the case of solid timber joists for which additional
transverse stiffness to that from the decking/ceiling is provided
by single or multiple lines of herringbone strutting or blocking of
depth at least 75 % of depth of joists. Otherwise 1,0;
(EI)b = floor flexural rigidity perpendicular to the joists in Nmm²/m ;
sj = joist spacing in mm;
ℓeq = span, ℓ, in mm, for simply supported single span joists;
= 0,875ℓ for the end spans of continuous joists;
= 0,8ℓ for the internal spans of continuous joists;
k amp = 1,05 for solid timber joists;
= 1,20 for glued thin-webbed joists;
= 1,30 for mechanically jointed floor trusses.
(EI)b is calculated as the flexural rigidity of the floor decking
perpendicular to the joists, using Emean for E. Discontinuities at the
edges of floor panels or the ends of floor boards may be ignored.
(EI)b may be increased by adding the flexural rigidity of plasterboard
ceilings fastened directly to the soffit of the floor joists, assuming
Eplasterboard = 2 000 N/mm2.
(EI)b may be increased for open web joists with a continuous transverse
bracing member fastened to all the joists within 0,1ℓ of mid-span,
by adding the bending stiffness of the transverse member in Nmm2
divided by the span ℓ in metres. Also (EI)b may be increased for
open web joists with two continuous transverse bracing members
of equal cross-section and grade fastened to all the joists within
0,05ℓ of 1⁄3 span points, by adding the bending stiffness of one of
the transverse members in Nmm2 divided by the span ℓ in metres.

Source reference
Section 8 Connections with metal

fasteners and connectors
8.1 Connections made with metal dowel-type fasteners
8.1.1 Types of dowel-type fastener
8.1.1.1 General
No equivalent clause (1) Clause 8.1 applies to round nails, screws and bolts.
8.1.1.2 Round nails

No equivalent clause (1) Round nails may be plain shank nails or threaded nails and should be in
accordance with BS EN 14592.
No equivalent clause (2) The diameter, d, of the nail may not be less than 1,9 mm and may not
but sets the same be greater than 6 mm.
minimum nail diameter
as EN 14592
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(1) (3) A plain shank nail is a nail that has a constant cross-section of diameter d
along its length and should have a pointside penetration of at least 8d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(2) (4) A threaded nail is a nail that has its shank profiled or threaded over
part of its length of minimum 6d. The diameter d is the cross-sectional
diameter of the unprofiled part of the nail. For threaded nails the pointside
penetration of the threaded part should be at least 6d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(2) & (5) Timber should be pre-drilled when:
8.3.1.2(6)
–– the characteristic density of the timber is greater than 500 kg/m3;
This clause attempts to –– a nail of diameter d greater than 3,5 mm is inserted into a timber
implement EC 5-1-1, member of thickness less than 7d.
8.3.1.2(6) as widely as
possible but without
precluding established
UK building practice
such as for trussed
rafter bracing.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(9) (6) A nailed connection should comprise at least two nails.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(10) (7) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.2.

Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors
Source reference
8.1.1.3 Screws
No equivalent clause (1) Screws should be in accordance with BS EN 14592 and may be:
–– part-threaded screws which have their threaded part turned down

from the original rod diameter;
–– part-threaded screws produced by rolling or forging such that the
outer thread diameter is greater than the original rod diameter.
No equivalent clause (2) The nominal diameter of a screw declared in accordance with
BS EN 14592 is the outer thread diameter.
No equivalent clause (3) The nominal diameter of the screw may not be less than 2,4 mm and
but sets the same may not be greater than 12 mm.
minimum screw
diameter as EN 14592
No equivalent clause (4) The diameter d to be used for the calculation of spacings and edge/end
distances (see 8.1.3), joint slip (see 8.1.4) and characteristic withdrawal
strength of screws (see 8.1.5.3) is the nominal (outer thread) diameter.
No equivalent clause (5) The diameter d to be used for the calculation of characteristic lateral
load-carrying capacity, including for embedment strength and yield moment,
of screws (see 8.1.2) is 0.75 times the nominal (outer thread) diameter.
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(3) (6) Screws should have a pointside penetration of at least 6d.
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.1(6) (7) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.3.
8.1.1.4 Bolts
No equivalent clause (1) A bolt is a cylindrical metal fastener containing an integral head at one
end and a threaded portion to receive a nut at the other end and should be
in accordance with BS EN 14592.
No equivalent (2) The diameter, d, of the bolt may not be less than 6 mm and may not be
clause but sets the greater than 30 mm.
same bolt diameter
range as EN 14592
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(5) (3) Requirements for structural detailing and control (including for washers)
are given in 10.4.4.

Source reference
8.1.2 Lateral load-carrying capacity of individual

dowel‑type fasteners
8.1.2.1 Connections between wood-based materials

EC 5-1-1, 8.2.2(1) (1) For fasteners of diameter d in single shear where:
Simplified equations are t2 ≥ 0.5t1

presented for fasteners
with:
in single shear. Also
rope effect incorporated M y,Rk
as a multiplier to the κ = (8.1)
fh,1,k dt 12
Johansen equations.
β = fh,2,k / fh,1,k (8.2)
where:
t1 is the headside member thickness;

t2 is the lesser of the pointside member thickness or pointside
penetration (see Figure 8.1);
fh,i,k is the characteristic embedment strength in member i, see
8.1.2.1(8);
My,Rk is the characteristic fastener yield moment, see 8.1.2.1(5).
NOTE For the diameter d of a screw refer to 8.1.1.3(5).
The characteristic lateral load-carrying capacity per fastener, Fv,Rk, should be

taken as:
F v,Rk = k ropefh,1,kt 1dη ⋅ (8.3)
where:
η is the factor calculated in Table 8.1;

krope is the rope effect modification factor, see 8.1.2.1(4).

Source reference
Table 8.1 – Values of η factor for fasteners in single shear
κ η
≥ 1,0 10
,
 0,55
Min   t2 
0, 44  β 
  t1 
0,1 ≤ κ < 1,0 0,93β 0,25κ 0,33


Min  0,55
 t2 
 0, 44 β
 t 
 1
< 0,1  κβ
(
 2,55 − 5κ ) 1+ β

Min 
κ + 0, 4β  t 2 
  t 
 1
NOTE The design lateral load-carrying capacity for the fastener should be
calculated from the characteristic lateral load-carrying capacity according to 2.3.3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.2.2(1) (2) For fasteners of diameter d in double shear the characteristic lateral load-
carrying capacity per shear plane per fastener, Fv,Rk, should be taken as:
F v,Rk = k ropefh,1,kt 1dη (8.4)
with:
M y,Rk
κ = (8.5)
fh,1,k dt 12
β = fh,2,k / fh,1,k (8.6)
where:
t1 is the lesser of the outer member thickness or pointside

penetration (see Figure 8.1);
t2 is the central member thickness;
fh,i,k is the characteristic embedment strength in member i, see
8.1.2.1(8);
My,Rk is the characteristic fastener yield moment, see 8.1.2.1(5);
krope is the rope effect modification factor, see 8.1.2.1(4);
η is the factor calculated in Table 8.2.

BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
icensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
! 96G!;;H"I1J"
Source reference
Figure 8.1 – Definitions of t1 and t2 for nailed and

screwed connections
,Y+T-'"H]B"a"='UY%Y&Y$%("$U
Table 8.2 – Values of η 1factor
6"*%/"1!for
"I*J"(Y%+Z'"(V'*-"R$%%'R&Y$%c"I[J"/$T[Z'"(V'*-"
fasteners in double shear # # # #
R$%%'R&Y$%"
κ η
V3W!B%&!#(*PQ [*)T!-*(/,),&Q!+&,(),&!)T(#!X!//!)T,!$T(&($),&*Q)*$!,/Y,-/,#)!Q)&,#+)T!R(P.,Q!S%&!
≥ 0,05
Y%P)Q!($$%&-*#+!)%!X6J65!(''PZ6! ,
10

 t
V4W!"#!(!)T&,,M/,/Y,&!$%##,$)*%#c!#(*PQ /(Z!%R,&P('!*#!)T,!$,#)&(P!/,/Y,&!'&%R*-,-!V>!M!>1W!*Q!
min 0,5β 2
# #
+&,(),&!)T(#!E3 VQ,,!B*+.&,!X6JW6!!
 t 1
0,93β 0,25κ 0,33

< 0,05 κβ
2,3
(1+ β )
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(4) (3) For threaded nails or screws in end grain, the characteristic values of
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA.2.8 lateral load-carrying capacity should be taken as 1⁄3 of the values for the
same fastener installed at right angles to the grain provided that:
–– the connection is in service class 1 or 2 conditions;

–– the pointside penetration is at least 10d;
–– the spacings and edge distances of Table 8.4 are satisfied.
EC 5-1-1, 8.2.2(2) (4) The values for krope,Y+T-'"H]E"a"4^'-Z*WWY%+"%*YZ(

should be taken as:
krope =21,10
VXW B%&!%#,!&%[!%S! for round)T,!+&(*#c!.#P,QQ!)T,!#(*PQ!%S!)T()!&%[!(&,!Q)(++,&,-!
!#(*PQ!'(&(PP,P!)% nails whose pointside penetration ≥ 8d;
krope = 1,20 for screws
',&',#-*$.P(&!)%!+&(*#!YZ!()!P,(Q)!5 whose pointside penetration ≥ 6d;
8!VQ,,!S*+.&,!X63Wc!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!'(&(PP,P!)% )T,!
+&(*#!VQ,,!X6561VEWW!QT%.P- Y,!$(P$.P(),- .Q*#+!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,& %S!S(Q),#,&Q!9
k = 1,20 for bolts with washers in accordance with section 10. !"c![T,&,e!
# #
rope
9!" 5C5 9 7!" VX654W
Otherwise krope should be taken as 1,0.
[T,&,e!
9!"
# # *Q!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,&!%S!#(*PQ!*# )T,!&%[k
A?
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(4) & (5) For dowel-type fasteners, unless the characteristic yield moment,
8.5.1.1(1) My,Rk has been determined and declared in accordance with BS EN 409 and
BS EN 14592, the following values for characteristic yield moment should
be used:
My,Rk = 0,3 fu,k d2,6 (8.7)
where:
d is the diameter of the dowel-type fastener (for screws

see 8.1.1.3(5)), in mm;
fu,k is the characteristic tensile strength of the fastener, in N/mm2.
No equivalent clause (6) For round nails produced from wire with a minimum tensile strength of
600 N/mm2 and for screws whose nominal diameter ≤ 8 mm, fu,k should be
taken as 600 N/mm2.
No equivalent clause (7) For bolts and for screws whose nominal diameter > 8 mm, fu,k should
be taken as 400 N/mm2.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(5) & (8) For wood-based materials the characteristic embedment strengths, fh,k,
8.3.1.3(3) & in N/mm2, are given in Table 8.3,
8.5.1.1(2) &
where:
8.5.1.2(1) & 8.5.1.2(2)
d is the diameter of the dowel-type fastener (for screws
see 8.1.1.3(5)), in mm;
t is the thickness of the OSB or particleboard, in mm;
ρ k is the characteristic density of the timber or wood-based material,
in kg/m3;
k90 is the embedment strength modification factor for all angles to
grain other than 0°.

48
Table 8.3 – Characteristic embedment strengths, fh,k, for wood‑based materials
Type of dowel-type fastener Characteristic embedment strength in:
Solid timber, glued laminated timber or LVL at Plywood at all OSB or particle
following angle to grain: angles to face board at all
grain angles to face
0° α° grain
Diameter d < 8 mm, inserted without pre-drilling 0,082 ρ k d -0,3 0,082 ρ k d -0,3 0,11 ρ k d -0,3 65 d -0,7 t 0,1
Diameter d < 6 mm, inserted in pre-drilled holes 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,11 ρ k d -0,3 65 d -0,7 t 0,1
Diameter d ≥ 6 mm, inserted in pre-drilled holes 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,082(1 – 0,01d)ρ k 0,11(1 –0,01d)ρ k 50 d -0,6 t 0,2
k90 sin2α + cos2α
Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(2) (9) The embedment strength modification factor for all angles to grain
other than 0°, k90, should be taken as:
 for softwoods (including in glued

 135
, + 0,015d
 laminated timber)
k 90 = (8.8)
, + 0,015d
 130 for LVL
 0,90 + 0,015d for hardwoods

No equivalent clause (10) The characteristic density, ρ k, for LVL should be taken as:
ρ
ρ k = min  k (8.9)
500
8.1.2.2 Steel-to-wood-based material connections

EC 5-1-1, 8.2.3(2) (1) The strength of the steel plate shall be checked.
EC 5-1-1, 8.2.3(3) (2) The characteristic load-carrying capacity per shear plane per
fastener, Fv,Rk, should be taken as the minimum value found from the
No advantage taken in
following expressions:
Johansen equations of
thick steel plates. –– For a steel plate in a single shear connection:
0, 4fh,1,kt 1d
F v,Rk = min  (8.10)
, k rope M y,Rkfh,1,k d
163

–– For a steel plate as the central member of a double shear connection:
f td
 h,1,k 1
  4M y,Rk 

F v,Rk = min k ropefh,1,kt 1d  2 + − 1 (8.11)
  fh,1,kt 12d 
 

2,3k rope M y,Rkfh,1,k d

–– For steel plates as outer members of a double shear connection:
0,5fh,2,kt 2d
F v,Rk = min  (8.12)
, k rope M y,Rkfh,2,k d
163

where:
krope is the rope effect modification factor, see 8.1.2.1(4);

t1 is the lesser of the side timber member thickness or the fastener
pointside penetration;
t2 is the central timber member thickness;

Source reference
fh,i,k is the characteristic embedment strength of the timber member,

see 8.1.2.1(8);
My,Rk is the characteristic fastener yield moment, see 8.1.2.1(5);
d is the fastener diameter.

multiple dowel-type fasteners
8.1.3.1 Multiple fastener connections

EC 5-1-1, 8.1.2(2) (1) It shall be taken into account that the load-carrying capacity of a
multiple fastener connection, consisting of fasteners of the same type
and dimension, may be lower than the summation of the individual load-
carrying capacities for each fastener.
8.1.3.2 Multiple fastener connections with a component of

load acting parallel to grain
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.2(5) (1) For a force acting at an angle to a row of fasteners located in the
parallel to grain direction, it should be verified that the component of the
force in the parallel to grain direction is less than the load-carrying capacity
calculated for the row of fasteners according to expression (8.13).
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.2(4) (2) For one row of fasteners located in the parallel to grain direction, the
effective load-carrying capacity parallel to grain for the row of fasteners
should be taken as:
Fv,ef,Rk = nef Fv,Rk (8.13)
where:
Fv,ef,Rk is the effective characteristic load-carrying capacity for one row
of fasteners parallel to grain;
nef is the effective number of fasteners in line parallel to grain;
Fv,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity of each fastener
parallel to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.1(8) (3) For dowel-type fasteners of diameter d less than 6 mm, for one row of
fasteners parallel to grain, the load-carrying capacity parallel to grain should
be calculated using the effective number of fasteners nef where:
n
n ef = min  (8.14)
( a1 14d )
n

Source reference
where:
nef is the effective number of fasteners in the row;

n is the number of fasteners in the row;
a1 is the spacing of the fasteners parallel to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(4) (4) For dowel-type fasteners of diameter d greater than or equal to
6 mm, for one row of fasteners parallel to grain, the load-carrying capacity
parallel to grain should be calculated using the effective number of
fasteners nef where:
n

n ef = min  0,9  a  0.25 (8.15)
1
n 
  13d 
where:
nef is the effective number of fasteners in the row;

n is the number of fasteners in the row;
a1 is the spacing of the fasteners parallel to grain.
8.1.3.3 Multiple fastener connections with a component of

load acting perpendicular to grain
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.1.1(4) (1) For a force acting in the direction of a row of fasteners located
perpendicular to grain, the effective load-carrying capacity perpendicular
to grain for the row of fasteners should be taken as:
Fv,ef,Rk = n Fv,Rk (8.16)
where:
Fv,ef,Rk is the effective characteristic load-carrying capacity for one row
of fasteners perpendicular to grain;
n is the number of fasteners in line perpendicular to grain;
Fv,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity of each fastener
perpendicular to grain.
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(1) (2) When a force in a connection acts at an angle to the grain, (see
Figure 8.2), the possibility of splitting caused by the tension force component,
FEd sin α , perpendicular to the grain, shall be taken into account.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(2) (3) To take account of the possibility of splitting caused by the tension
force component, FEd sin α , perpendicular to the grain, the following shall
be satisfied:
Fv,Ed ≤ F90,Rd (8.17)
with
F v,Ed,1
F v,Ed = max  (8.18)
F v,Ed,2
where:
F90,Rd is the design splitting capacity, calculated from the characteristic

splitting capacity F90,Rk according to 2.3.3;
Fv,Ed,1, Fv,Ed,2 are the design shear forces on either side of the
connection (see Figure 8.2).
EC 5-1-1, 8.1.4(3) (4) For softwoods, the characteristic splitting capacity for the arrangement
shown in Figure 8.2 should be taken as:
he
F90,Rk = 14b
 he  (8.19)
 1 − h 
where:
F90,Rk is the characteristic splitting capacity, in N;

b is the member thickness, in mm;
BS h e
EN is the loaded edge distance to the centre of the most distant
1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
s Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
fastener, in mm;
h is the member depth, in mm.
Figure 8.2 – Inclined force transmitted by a connection
(a) (b)
,Y+T-'"H]6"a"3%RZY%'/"U$-R'"&-*%(XY&&'/"[`"*"R$%%'R&Y$%"
H]6]E" 9Z&'-%*&Y%+"R$%%'R&Y$%"U$-R'("
V5W:!@T,!$T(&($),&*Q)*$!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!%S!(!$%##,$)*%#!QT(PP!Y,!&,-.$,-!*S!)T,!$%##,$)*%#!
*Q!Q.Yh,$)!)%!(P),&#()*#+!*#),&#(P!S%&$,Q!-.,!)%!P%#+M),&/!%&!/,-*./M),&/!($)*%#Q6
V1W@T,!,SS,$)!%#!$%##,$)*%#!Q)&,#+)T!%S!P%#+M),&/!%&!/,-*./M),&/!($)*%#Q!(P),&#()*#+!Y,)[,,#!(!
),#Q*P,!-,Q*+#!S%&$,!$$%,' (#-!(!$%/'&,QQ*R,!-,Q*+#!S%&$,!$0%,' QT%.P-!Y,!)(g,#!*#)%!($$%.#)!YZ!
# # # #
-,Q*+#*#+!)T,!$%##,$)*%#!S%&!V$$%,' q!2cJ$0%,'W!(#-!V$0%,' q!2cJ$$%,'W6!

# # # # # # # #

H]!" :*&'-*Z"Z$*/FR*--`Y%+"R*W*RY&`"$U"X'&*Z"/$.'ZF&`W'"U*(&'%'-("
H]!]6" 7'%'-*Z"
Source reference
8.1.3.4 Minimum spacings and end and edge distances for

dowel-type fasteners
No equivalent clause (1) Fastener spacings, end and edge distances given in Table 8.4 refer to
distances from fastener centre-lines.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(5) & (2) Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for fasteners in solid
8.5.1.1(3) timber, glued laminated timber and LVL are given in Table 8.4, where:
Fastener spacings, a1 is the spacing of fasteners within one row parallel to grain;
edge and end distances a2 is the spacing of fasteners within one row perpendicular to grain;
only given parallel and a3,t is the distance between fastener and loaded end;
perpendicular to grain a3,c is the distance between fastener and unloaded end;
and values slanted a4,t is the distance between fastener and loaded edge;
slightly towards existing
a4,c is the distance between fastener and unloaded edge.
UK practice.
Table 8.4 – Minimum spacings and edge and end distances
for fasteners
Spacing or Minimum spacing or end/edge distance for:

end/edge
distance Fastener of Fastener inserted in
diameter d < 8 mm, pre‑drilled holes
inserted without
pre‑drilling
Spacing a1 15d 5d
(parallel to grain)
Spacing a2 7d 4d
(perpend. to grain)
Distance a3,t 15d max(7d, 80 mm)

(loaded end)
Distance a3,c 15d max(4d, 40 mm)

(unloaded end)
Distance a4,t 7d 5d for d < 8 mm,

(loaded edge) 40 mm for 8 mm ≤ d < 10 mm,
4d for d ≥ 10 mm.
Distance a4,c 5d 3d
(unloaded edge)
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.3(1) (3) For wood-based panel-to-timber connections:
–– Minimum end and edge distances for fasteners in Table 8.4 apply;

–– Minimum spacings are those given in Table 8.4, except for fasteners
of diameter d < 8 mm inserted without pre-drilling for which the
minimum spacings may be those in Table 8.4 multiplied by 0.85.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.4(1) (4) For steel-to-timber connections:
–– Minimum end and edge distances for fasteners in Table 8.4 apply;

–– Minimum spacings are those given in Table 8.4, except for fasteners
of diameter d < 8 mm inserted without pre-drilling for which the
minimum spacings may be those in Table 8.4 multiplied by 0.7.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.1.2(5) & (5) Fastener patterns may be staggered as shown in Figure 8.3a or as
8.3.1.1(8) shown in Figure 8.3b for fastener diameters less than 6 mm.
Figure 8.3b is Figure 8.3 – Options for staggered fastener layouts

intended to be a more
conservative application
of EC 5-1-1 Figure 8.6.
(a)
(b)

Source reference
8.1.4 Joint slip of dowel-type fasteners

EC 5-1-1, 7.1(1) (1) For joints made with dowel-type fasteners the slip modulus Kser per shear
plane per fastener under service load should be taken from Table 8.5 where:
ρ m is the mean density of timber or wood-based material in kg/m3;

d is the diameter of dowel-type fastener (for screws see 8.1.1.3(4))
in mm.
Table 8.5 – Values of Kser for fasteners in N/mm in timber-to-timber

and wood-based panel-to-timber connections
Fastener type Kser
Nails (without pre-drilling) ρ m1,5 d 0,8/30
Nails (with pre-drilling) ρ m1,5 d/23

Screws
Bolts with or without clearancea
a
The clearance should be added separately to the deformation.
EC 5-1-1, 7.1(2) (2) If the mean densities ρ m,1 and ρ m,2 of the two jointed wood-based
members are different then ρ m in the expressions of Table 8.5 should be
taken as:
ρ m = ρ m,1ρ m,2 (8.20)
8.1.5 Axial load-carrying capacity of dowel-type fasteners
8.1.5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(2) (1) For threaded nails and screws, only the threaded part should be
considered capable of transmitting axial load.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(3) (2) Fasteners in end grain should be considered incapable of transmitting
axial load.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(8) (3) For structural timber which is installed at or near fibre saturation point,
and which is likely to dry out under load, the characteristic withdrawal
capacities of fasteners should be multiplied by 2⁄3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(9) (4) The spacings, end and edge distances for laterally loaded fasteners in
Table 8.4 apply to axially loaded fasteners.

Source reference
8.1.5.2 Axially loaded nails

EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(1) (1) Nails used to resist permanent or long-term axial loading shall be threaded.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(4), (2) The characteristic withdrawal capacity of nails, Fax,Rk, for nailing
expression 8.23 perpendicular to the grain should be taken from the following expression:
f ax,k dt pen

Fax,Rk = min  (8.21)
2
fhead,k d h
where:
fax,k is the characteristic pointside withdrawal strength;

fhead,k is the characteristic head pull-through strength;
d is the nail diameter according to 8.1.1.2;
dh is the nail head diameter;
tpen is the pointside penetration or the length of the threaded part in
the pointside member.
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(6), (3) For plain shank nails with a pointside penetration of at least 12d, the
expression 8.25 characteristic withdrawal strength fax,k should be taken from the following
expression:
fax,k = 20 × 10-6 ρ k2 (8.22)

where:
ρ k is the characteristic density in kg/m3.
No equivalent clause (4) For threaded nails, unless the characteristic withdrawal strength fax,k
has been determined and declared in accordance with BS EN 1382 and
BS EN 14592, the following value may be used:
fax,k = 30 × 10-6 ρ k2 (8.23)
EC 5-1-1, 8.3.2(6), (5) For nails satisfying the geometrical requirements of BS EN 14592, unless
expression 8.26 the characteristic head pull-through strength fhead,k has been determined and
declared in accordance with BS EN 1383 and BS EN 14592, the following
value may be used:
fhead,k = 70 × 10-6 ρ k2 (8.24)
8.1.5.3 Axially loaded screws

EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(1) (1) For the verification of the withdrawal resistance of a screw, the
following failure modes shall be taken into account:
–– the withdrawal failure of the threaded part of the screw;

–– the pull-through failure of the screw head;
–– the tensile failure of the screw.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(4) (2) The characteristic withdrawal capacity of the threaded part of a screw,
Fax,Rk, when inserted perpendicular to the grain should be taken from the
Expression 8.38
following expression:
simplified for
screws perpendicular Fax,Rk = kd fax,k d ℓthr (8.25)
to grain only.
where:
kd is a modification factor for screw diameter;

fax,k is the characteristic withdrawal strength of the threaded part;
d is the screw outer thread diameter;
ℓthr is the length of the threaded part in the pointside member.
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(4), (3) For screws in accordance with BS EN 14592 with:

expression 8.39
–– 6 mm ≤ d ≤ 12 mm;
–– 0,6 ≤ dit /d ≤ 0,75.
where:
dit is the screw inner thread diameter.
f ax,k = 0,52d −0,5 thr − 0,1ρ k0,8 (8.26)
d

k d = min  8 (8.27)
1

PD 6693-1 (4) For screws in accordance with BS EN 14592 with:
–– 2,4 mm ≤ d < 6 mm;

–– 0,6 ≤ dit/d ≤ 0,75.
f ax,k = 0,032ρ k (8.28)
kd = 1,0 (8.29)
EC 5-1-1, 8.7.2(6), (5) The characteristic head pull-through resistance, Fax,Rk, of an axially
expression 8.40b loaded screw should be taken as:
Fax,Rk = fhead,k dh2 (8.30)
where:
fhead,k is the characteristic head pull-through strength;

dh is the screw head diameter.

Source reference
PD 6693-1 (6) For screws in accordance with BS EN 14592 with:
–– d ≤ 12 mm;
–– dh/d ≤ 2.5.
0.8
 p 
fhead,k = 12 k  (8.31)
 350 
8.1.5.4 Axially loaded bolts

EC 5-1-1, 8.5.2(1) (1) The withdrawal capacity of a bolt should be taken as the lower value of:
–– the bolt tensile capacity;

–– the load-bearing capacity of either the washer or (for steel-to-timber
connections) the steel plate.
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.2(2) (2) The bearing capacity of a washer should be calculated assuming a
characteristic compressive strength on the contact area of 3,0fc,90,k.
EC 5-1-1, 8.5.2(3) (3) The bearing capacity per bolt of a steel plate should not exceed that of
a circular washer with a diameter which is the minimum of:
–– 12t, where t is the plate thickness;

–– 4d, where d is the bolt diameter.
8.2 Connections made with split-ring or

shear‑plate connectors
8.2.1 Types of connector

EC 5-1-1, 8.9(1) (1) Clause 8.2 applies to connections made with split-ring connectors of
type A or shear-plate connectors of type B according to BS EN 912 and
BS EN 14545 and with a diameter not bigger than 200 mm.
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(2) (2) The minimum thickness of outer timber members should be 2,25hemb,
and of inner timber member should be 3,75hemb, where hemb is the
embedment depth, see Figure 8.4.
No equivalent clause (3) Requirements for structural detailing and control are given in 10.4.5.

Source reference
8.2.2 Lateral load-carrying capacity of individual connectors

EC 5-1-1, 8.9(8) (1) For a force at an angle α to the grain, the characteristic load-carrying
capacity, Fv,α,Rk, per connector per shear plane should be calculated using
the following expression:
F v,0,Rk
F v,α ,Rk = (8.32)
k 90 sin 2 α + cos 2 α
with:
k90 = 1,3 + 0,001dc (8.33)
where:
Fv,0,Rk is the characteristic load-carrying capacity of the connector for a

force parallel to grain according to 8.2.2(2);
dc is the connector diameter, in mm.
NOTE The design lateral load-carrying capacity for the connector should be
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(1) (2) The characteristic load-carrying capacity parallel to grain, Fv,0,Rk, per
connector per shear plane should be taken as:
F v,0,Rk
k k k k 35d 15
 1 2 3 4
= min 
(c
,
) (8.34)
k1k 3hemb 315(
, dc )
where:
hemb is the embedment depth of the connector, in mm;

ki are modification factors, with i = 1 to 4, defined below.
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(3) (3) The factor k1 should be taken as:
 1

 t1

k1 = min  3hemb (8.35)
 t
 2
 5hemb
where:
t1 is the thickness of the outer timber member, in mm;

t2 is the thickness of the inner timber member, in mm.

Source reference
Figure 8.4 – Dimensions for connections with split-ring or

shear‑plate connectors
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(4)
Requirement simplified
to not be a function of
number of shear planes.
(4) The factor k2 applies to a loaded end (–30° ≤ α ≤ 30°) and should be
taken as:
 10
,

k 2 = min  a3,t (8.36)
 2d
 c
where:
a3,t is the distance from the connector centre-line to the loaded end of
the timber.
For other values of a, k2 = 1,0
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(5) (5) The factor k3 should be taken as:
 175
,

k 3 = min  ρ k (8.37)
 350

where:
ρk is the characteristic density of the timber, in kg/m3.
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(6) (6) The factor k4, which depends on the materials being connected, should
be taken as:
k4 = 1,0 for timber-to-timber connections

1,1 for steel-to-timber connections

Source reference

multiple connectors
No equivalent clause (1) Connector spacings, end and edge distances given in Table 8.6 refer to
distances from connector centre-lines.
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(9) (2) Minimum spacings and edge and end distances for connectors in solid
timber and glued laminated timber are given in Table 8.6, where:
a1 is the spacing of connectors within one row parallel to grain;

a2 is the spacing of connectors within one row perpendicular to grain;
a3,t is the distance between connector and loaded end;
a3,c is the distance between connector and unloaded end;
a4,t is the distance between connector and loaded edge;
a4,c is the distance between connector and unloaded edge.
Table 8.6 – Minimum spacings and edge and end distances

for connectors
Spacing or end/edge distance Minimum spacing or end/edge

distance for connectors:
Spacing a1 (parallel to grain) 2dc
Spacing a2 (perpend. to grain) 1,2dc
Distance a3,t (loaded end) 2,0dc
Distance a3,c (unloaded end) 2,0dc
Distance a4,t (loaded edge) 0,8dc
Distance a4,c (unloaded edge) 0,6dc
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(10) (3) When the connectors are staggered (see Figure 8.5), the minimum
spacings parallel and perpendicular to grain should comply with the
following expression:
(ka1)2 + (ka2)2 ≥ 1 (8.38)
0 ≤ k a1 ≤ 1
with 
0 ≤ k a2 ≤ 1
where:
ka1 is a reduction factor for the minimum spacing a1 parallel to grain;

ka2 is a reduction factor for the minimum spacing a2 perpendicular
to grain.

I(''",Y+T-' H]KJ
Licensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontro
15 V'(&(PP,P!)%!+&(*#W
# # 2j!" ! "!C32j !V5c1!q!2cX#$%Q!!#W 30 # #$
j! j
11 V',&',#-*$.P(&!)%! 2 " ! "!C32 ! # # 5c1!30 # #$
+&(*#W
ML2j!" ! "!L2j!
1Cc) VP%(-,-!,#-W! # # 5cJ!30 # #$
j! !j!
1Cc$ V.#P%(-,-!,#-W
# # L2 " !!u!5J2 V2cE!q!5c3#Q*#!!#W 30 # #$
Source reference 5J2j!" !!u!152!j 5c1!30 # #$
j! j
EC 5-1-1, 8.9(12) (4) For a row of connectors parallel152 " ! "!142
to grain, the load-carrying !#W 30
capacity
V2cE!q!5c3#Q*#! # #$
j! 2j
parallel 1toEc)!grain
# VP%(-,-!,-+,W!
# " ! "!5X2
should be calculated2 using number of !#W 30
an effective V2c3!q!2c1#Q*#! # #$
j! 2j
1Ec$ Vn.#P%(-,-!,-+,W!
connectors #
ef where: # 5X2 " ! "!C32 ! 2c3 30 # #$
nef = n(1,1 – 0,05n) (8.39)

V52W!HT,#!)T,!$%##,$)%&Q!(&,!Q)(++,&,-!VQ,,!B*+.&,!X65CWc!)T,!/*#*/./!Q'($*#+Q!'(&(PP,P!(#-!
',&',#-*$.P(&!)%!)T,!+&(*#!QT%.P-!$%/'PZ![*)T!)T,!S%PP%[*#+!,d'&,QQ*%#e!
where:
412 0 7)? 0 5
V7)? W / V7)@ W1 ? 5 1
is the number of94:2connectors
[*)T ! VX63LW
n 0 7)@ 0 5 in a line parallel to grain.
[T,&,e!(5) Connectors should be considered as positioned parallel to grain

EC 5-1-1, 8.9(13)
7 where k
)?
#
a2a2 < 0,5ka1a1.
*Q!(!&,-.$)*%#!S($)%&!S%&!)T,!/*#*/./!-*Q)(#$,!1
# !'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!+&(*#k! 5
# #
7)@ # # Figure 8.5 – Reduced spacings for connectors1!',&',#-*$.P(&!)%!)T,!+&(*#6!

*Q!(!&,-.$)*%#!S($)%&!S%&!)T,!/*#*/./!-*Q)(#$,!1 # #
,Y+T-'"H]6?"a"8'/TR'/"/Y(&*%R'("U$-"R$%%'R&$-(""
8.2.4 Joint slip of connectors
V55W!@T,!Q'($*#+!'(&(PP,P!)%!+&(*#c!7)? 1? /(Z!S.&)T,&!Y,!&,-.$,-!YZ!/.P)*'P*$()*%#!YZ!(!S($)%&!72%3!'c!
EC 5-1-1, 7.1(1) (1) 72%3!' joints made with connectors the slip modulus Kser per shear plane
For "!5c2c!'&%R*-,-!)T()!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!*Q!/.P)*'P*,-!YZ!(!S($)%&!
# # # # # # # #
[*)T!2cJ!" # #
per connector under service load should be taken from Table 8.7 where:
7.%3!' , 2c1 / 2cX 72%3!' !VX642W!
3
m ρ is the mean density of timber or glued laminated timber in kg/m ;
V51W B%&!(!&%[!%S!$%##,$)%&Q!'(&(PP,P!)%!)T,!+&(*#!c!)T,!P%(-M$(&&Z*#+!$('($*)Z!*#!)T()!-*&,$)*%#!
d c is the diameter of connector in mm.
QT%.P-!Y,!$(P$.P(),-!.Q*#+!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,&!%S!$%##,$)%&Q!9 !"![T,&,e # #
Table98.7 – Values of Kser for connectors in N/mm in

9 !" C51 / V 5M W V 9 M 1W ! VX645W
timber-to-timber connections
12
[T,&,e!!
Connector type Kser
9!" # # !*Q!)T,!,SS,$)*R,!#./Y,&!%S!$%##,$)%&Qk!
Split-ring connectors type A according to BS EN 912 ρ m dc /2
Shear-plate connectors type B according to BS EN 912
H?

Source reference
Section 9 Components and assemblies
9.1 Glued thin-webbed beams

No equivalent clause (1) Characteristic values for the bending, shear and bearing properties
of a glued thin-webbed beam may be declared in its European Technical
Approval, having been derived in accordance with European Technical
Approval Guideline ETAG 011:2002.
No equivalent clause (2) The design bending strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
calculated using the γ M and kmod values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
flange material.
No equivalent clause (3) The design shear strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
web material.
No equivalent clause (4) Unless notified otherwise in the product’s European Technical Approval,
the design bearing strength of a glued thin-webbed beam should be
web material.
No equivalent clause (5) The bending component of a glued thin-webbed beam’s final deflection
should be calculated using the kdef values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
flange material.
No equivalent clause (6) The shear component of a glued thin-webbed beam’s final deflection
should be calculated using the kdef values of the glued thin-webbed beam’s
web material.
9.2 Trusses
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(2) (1) For members in compression, the effective column length for in-plane
strength verification should generally be taken as the distance between two
adjacent points of contraflexure.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(6) (2) A check shall be made that the lateral (out-of-plane) stability of the
truss members is adequate.

Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.1(8) (3) All joints should be capable of transferring a force Ft,d acting in any
direction within the plane of the truss. Ft,d should be assumed to be of
short-term duration, and acting on timber in service class 2, with the value:
Ft,d = 1,0 + 0,1Lt (9.1)
where:
Ft,d is minimum design strength in any direction of a joint in a truss,

in kN;
Lt is the overall length of the truss, in m.
9.3 Roof and floor diaphragms
9.3.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.1(1) (1) This section relates to simply supported diaphragms, such as floors or
roofs, assembled from sheets of wood-based material fixed by mechanical
fasteners to a timber frame.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.1(2) (2) The load-carrying capacity of fasteners at sheet edges may be increased
by a factor of 1,2 over the values given in Section 8.
9.3.2 Simplified analysis of roof and floor diaphragms

EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(1) (1) For diaphragms with a uniformly distributed load (see Figure 9.1) the
simplified method of analysis described in this section should be used
provided that:
–– the span ℓd lies between 2bd and 6bd, where bd is the diaphragm width;
–– the critical ultimate design condition is failure in the fasteners (not in
the panels);
–– the panels are fixed in accordance with the detailing rules in 10.8.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(2) (2) Unless a more detailed analysis is made, the edge beams should be
designed to resist the maximum bending moment in the diaphragm.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(3) (3) The shear forces in the diaphragm should be assumed to be uniformly
distributed over the width of the diaphragm.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.3.2(4) (4) When the sheets are staggered, (see Figure 9.1), the nail spacings along
the discontinuous panel edges may be increased by a factor of 1,5 (up to a
maximum of 150 mm) without reduction of the load-carrying capacity.

Source reference
Figure 9.1 – Diaphragm loading and staggered panel arrangements
Key:
1 Edge beam
2 Discontinuous edges
3 Panel arrangements.
9.4 Wall diaphragms
9.4.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(1) (1) Wall diaphragms shall be designed to resist both horizontal and vertical
actions imposed upon them.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(2) (2) The wall shall be adequately restrained to avoid overturning and sliding.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(3) (3) Wall diaphragms providing resistance to racking shall be stiffened
in‑plane by wood-based panels, diagonal bracing or moment connections.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(4) (4) The racking resistance of a wall shall be determined either by test
according to BS EN 594 or by calculations, employing appropriate analytical
methods or design models.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(5) (5) The design of wall diaphragms shall take account of both the material
construction and geometric make-up of the wall under consideration.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.4.1(6) (6) The response of wall diaphragms to actions shall be assessed to ensure
the construction remains within appropriate serviceability limits.
No equivalent clause (7) For wall diaphragms whose racking resistance is provided by wood-
based sheathing mechanically fixed to a timber-frame, a simplified method
of calculation is given in 9.4.2.

Source reference
PD 6693-1 9.4.2 Simplified analysis of wall diaphragms
9.4.2.1 General
(1) This section gives a simplified method of analysis for wall diaphragms
of timber-framed buildings consisting of timber framing connected on
one or both faces to a wood-based sheathing. The method applies to wall
diaphragms that are connected to the underlying timber construction or
foundations either by holding-down straps or by bottom rail connections.
9.4.2.2 Construction of wall diaphragms
9.4.2.2.1 Timber framing

(1) The timber framing consists of timber studs, not exceeding 610 mm
centre to centre, between horizontal top and bottom timber rails. The
timber framing members should be of minimum thickness of 38 mm,
minimum depth of 72 mm and of minimum strength class C16.
(2) The specification for the connection between horizontal rails and studs
is to comprise a minimum of two ring-shanked nails of diameter ≥ 3.1 mm
and having a penetration into the stud ≥ 45 mm.
9.4.2.2.2 Sheathing
(1) The sheathing should be a wood-based panel product in accordance
with 3.6.
(2) Shear buckling of the sheathing sheets may be disregarded, provided

that:
bnet /t ≤ 100 (9.2)
where:
bnet is the clear distance between studs

t is the thickness of the sheathing
9.4.2.2.3 Fasteners connecting sheathing to timber framing

(1) The diameter of the fasteners connecting the sheathing to timber
framing should be no greater than 0.09 times the stud thickness.
Additionally where two sheathing sheets are connected to the same stud,
the fastener edge distance for both the stud and sheathing sheet should be
a minimum of 3 times the fastener diameter.

Figure 9.2 – Division of racking wall into wall diaphragms

67
68
Figure 9.3 – Division of wall diaphragm into wall panels

Source reference
(2) The fasteners fixing the sheathing to the framing should be equally
spaced around the perimeter of each sheathing sheet at a maximum
spacing of 150 mm. Fasteners fixing the sheathing to the framing within
the perimeter of a sheathing sheet should be equally spaced at not more
than twice the perimeter fastener spacing.
9.4.2.3 General arrangements of wall diaphragms

(1) A racking wall is a sheathed timber-frame wall located generally in a
direction parallel to the wind load, often extending between return walls.
A racking wall may comprise a single wall diaphragm or, if it contains
racking discontinuities, may comprise more than one wall diaphragm (see
Figure 9.2).
(2) Racking discontinuities are either door openings or window openings

which exceed any of the following limits:
–– The height of the opening is greater than 0,65 times the wall diaphragm
height.
–– The height to the underside of the opening is less than 0,25 times the
wall diaphragm height.
–– The length of the opening is greater than 2,0 times the height of the
opening.
(3) A wall diaphragm may contain fully framed window openings of

dimensions within the limits given in 9.4.2.3(2) provided that their effects
on racking strength and stiffness are taken into account.
(4) Small openings within a length of wall diaphragm comprising only

full height sheathing sheets may be allowed without reducing racking
resistance if the following conditions are met:
–– The opening does not exceed 300 mm in both length and height if the
opening is fully framed;
–– The opening does not exceed 150 mm in both length and height or
200 mm in diameter if the opening is unframed;
–– The edge distance from the opening to any edge of a sheathing sheet is
at least the maximum dimension of the opening;
–– Only one such opening is allowed in a sheathing sheet and the spacing
between such openings must be at least 1200 mm.
(5) No more than two sheathing sheets of length less than 600 mm should
be used consecutively along the length of wall diaphragm.
(6) A wall diaphragm with a fully framed window opening of dimensions

within the limits given in 9.4.2.3(2) may be designed to resist racking (see
9.4.2.6.2(7)) provided that the following conditions are met:

Source reference
–– Each full height sheathing sheet either side of the window opening has
a minimum length of 0,25 times the width of the window opening or
one‑eighth of the wall height, whichever is the larger. Alternatively there
is a full width sheathing sheet (nominally 1200mm) within a distance
of one-eighth of the wall height from the vertical edge of the window
opening;
–– The connection between the edge stud of the panel below the window
opening and the cripple stud immediately adjacent to the window
opening should have a design shear capacity per unit length no less than
fp,d,t (see 9.4.2.6.2(2)).
9.4.2.4 Distribution of horizontal wind loads between wall

diaphragms
(1) For each orthogonal direction of wind load and at each floor level of
the building:
–– Identify the wall diaphragms within the building plan;

–– Ensure that each wall diaphragm is directly above an underlying load-
bearing wall or alternatively design a load transfer system of adequate
strength and stiffness to ensure that the loads are transferred to the
nearby load-bearing walls in the underlying storey;
–– Assuming the provisions of 9.3 have been met, it may be assumed that
the overlying floor or roof diaphragm is capable of distributing wind load
to each wall diaphragm in proportion to its racking strength;
–– Where there is significant eccentricity between the centroids of the wind
load and aggregated wall racking resistance, ensure that the resulting
torsional moment on the floor diaphragm can be resisted by the torsional
resistance from the racking resistances of the orthogonal racking walls.
9.4.2.5 Design requirements for wall diaphragms under

wind load
(1) For each wall diaphragm, it shall be ensured that adequate racking,
overturning and sliding resistance is provided to resist the wind load
determined under 9.4.2.4.
NOTE In accordance with the note under Table NA.A1.2(A) of the NA to BS EN
1990:2002 + A1:2005, as the verification of overturning equilibrium involves
the racking resistance of the wall diaphragm, a combined verification should
implement the following partial factors for permanent load:
γG,sup = 1,35
γG,inf = 1,00

Source reference
(2) Sliding resistance may be provided by friction under design permanent

load only (reduced by any vertical component of design wind load) in
conjunction with mechanical fasteners. Unless demonstrated otherwise, the
coefficient of friction between timber members or the interface between
the damp-proof course and the soleplate may be taken as 0,4 when
calculating the design sliding resistance.
(3) At each floor level the overturning resistance of each wall diaphragm
should be provided by ensuring that the design withdrawal capacity of its
bottom rail-to-floor connection, fw,d, see 9.4.2.6.2(5), can be mobilized by
the underlying construction (including at foundation level).
(4) For both overturning and racking calculations, additional passive

permanent load may be utilized from the following sources:
–– Return walls provided that the connection between the return wall
and the wall diaphragm is designed to transfer the additional passive
permanent load mobilized.
–– The weight of the underlying construction mobilized via holding-down
straps or tension fixings from the bottom rail of the wall diaphragm.
(5) A method for calculating the design racking strength of wall

diaphragms is given in 9.4.2.6.
9.4.2.6 Calculation of design racking strength
9.4.2.6.1 Design racking strength of racking walls

(1) For a racking wall made up of more than one wall diaphragm, the
design racking strength of the racking wall, Fv,Rd, should be calculated
from:
F v,Rd = ∑ Fi,v,Rd (9.3)

i ≥1
where:
Fi,v,Rd is the design racking strength of the wall diaphragm in

accordance with 9.4.2.6.2.
9.4.2.6.2 Design racking strength of wall diaphragms

(1) The design racking strength of a wall diaphragm Fi,v,Rd should be
calculated as follows:
Fi,v,Rd = Kopening Ki,w fp,d,t L (9.4)

Source reference
where:
L is the length of the wall diaphragm, in m;

fp,d,t is the summation, in accordance with (2), of the design shear
capacities per unit length of the perimeter sheathing fasteners,
in kN/m;
Ki,w is a modification factor taking into account wall length, vertical
load and holding-down arrangements, see Figure 9.5;
Kopening is a modification factor taking into account the effect of fully-
framed window openings.
(2) The total design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners should be calculated as follows:
fp,d,t = fp,d,1 + χ fp,d,2 (9.5)
with:
fp,d,2 ≤ fp,d,1 (9.6)
where:
fp,d,1 is the design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners of the first or only sheathing layer, calculated in
accordance with (4), in kN/m;
fp,d,2 is the design shear capacity per unit length of perimeter sheathing
fasteners of the second sheathing layer, calculated in accordance
with (4), in kN/m;
χ is the sheathing combination factor having the values in Table 9.1.
Table 9.1 – Values of sheathing combination factor
Details of second sheathing χ
None 0
On opposite side of framing to first sheathing layer but having sheathing 0,75
sheets and fasteners of the same type, dimensions and spacing
On opposite side of framing to first sheathing layer but having sheathing 0,5
sheets and fasteners of differing type, dimensions or spacing
On same side of framing to first sheathing layer 0,5
(3) In order to limit racking deflection, the following condition should be

applied:
Ki,w fp,d,t ≤ 8(1+χ)(L/H) (9.7)
where:
H is the height of the sheathed area of the wall diaphragm, in m.

Source reference
(4) The design shear capacity per unit length of the perimeter fasteners to
a sheathing sheet, fp,d, should be calculated from:
Ff,Rd 115
, + s n 
fp,d = (9.8)
sn
where:
Ff,Rd is the design lateral capacity of an individual fastener, in kN;
sn is the sheathing perimeter fastener spacing, in m.
(5) The modification factor Ki,w should be calculated from:
1

 0.5
K i,w = min    H  2  2M d,stb,n   (9.9)
 1+   +    − H
   µ L   µ fp,d,t L2  

µL
with:
Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top (9.10)
μ = min[1, fw,d /fp,d,t ] (9.11)
where:
fw,d is the design withdrawal capacity of bottom rail-to-floor
connection per unit length, in kN/m;
NOTE A check should be made that fw,d does not exceed the permanent load
per unit length of the underlying construction. In particular if the permanent load
of the underlying wall storeys are being mobilized it should be ensured that the
withdrawal capacity fw,d can be achieved across all the horizontal interfaces present
in the floor constructions.
Md,stb is the design stabilising moment, in kNm, about the leeward
end of the wall diaphragm (see Figure 9.4) from design
permanent load (see note under 9.4.2.5(1)), reduced by any
vertical component of design wind load.
Md,dst,top is the design destabilising moment, in kNm, about the top of
the wall diaphragm from design wind load (see Figure 9.4).
(6) For a wall diaphragm comprising only of full height sheathing sheets in
accordance with 9.4.2.3(5) or containing only small openings in accordance
with 9.4.2.3(4), Kopening should be taken as 1,0.
(7) For a wall diaphragm with a fully framed window opening, or openings,
of dimensions within the limits given in 9.4.2.3(2) and meeting the
provisions of 9.4.2.3(6), Kopening should be taken as:
Kopening = 1 – 1.9p (9.12)
with:
phragm
Aggregate area of window openings in wall diap
p=
HL

Source reference
(8) Where the wall diaphragm is made up of more than one wall panel (see
Figure 9.3), the design shear capacity per unit length of the wall panel-to-
wall panel connection should be greater than or equal to fp,d,t.
(9) Unless a special analysis is made to check that the compressive force
at the leeward end of a wall diaphragm, Fc,d,leewd, does not cause either
buckling of the wall studs or excessive bearing stresses on the horizontal
framing members, the following condition should be observed:
Fc,d,lewd ≤ FcR,d (9.13)
with:
Fc,d,leewd = 0.8Wv,t,d [(Md,dst,base /Md,stb ) + (0.6/L)] (9.14)
where:
FcR,d is the summation of the design compressive capacities of

the studs (in kN) within 0.1L of the leeward end of the wall
diaphragm. The design compressive capacity of each stud
should be taken as the lesser of either its design buckling
strength calculated in accordance with 6.1.3 or its design
bearing capacity on the horizontal framing members
calculated in accordance with 6.1.4.
Wv,t,d is the total design vertical load acting on the wall
diaphragm, in kN
Md,stb is the design stabilising moment, in kNm, about the leeward
end of the wall diaphragm (see Figure 9.4) from the design
vertical load.
Md,dst,base is the design destabilising moment, in kNm, about the base
of the wall diaphragm from design wind load (see Figure 9.4).
L is the length of the wall diaphragm, in m
NOTE The maximum design compressive force at the leeward end of a wall
diaphragm is likely to occur under a combination of design permanent and design
variable (ie – floor imposed, snow) loads (refer to Table NA.A1.2(A) of NA to BS EN
1990 for details of design values of actions).
NOTE For a wall diaphragm with a minimum of 2 studs within 0.1L of its leeward
end in a dwelling of 3 or less storeys, the check on compressive force at the
leeward end may be disregarded.
(10) Where a return wall is located at the leeward end of a wall diaphragm,
provided that the floor ring beam and connection between the wall
diaphragm and return wall are designed to transfer the load, up to 50 %
of the design compressive force at the leeward end of the wall diaphragm,
Fc,d,leewd, may be re-distributed to studs in the return wall a maximum of 1 m
from the wall diaphragm.

Figure 9.4 – Calculation of design stabilizing and destabilizing moments
Net design stablizing moment (Md,stb,n) for calculation of design racking strength of wall
diaphragm 3 (see 9.4.2.6.2(5))
Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top
where: Md,stb = 0.5w1L2 + W1L + 0.5w2L2 + W2L + 0.5w3L2 + W3L

Md,dst,top = R1(H1 + Hf + H2 + Hf) + R2(H2 + Hf)
R1, R2, R3 are design horizontal wind loads
W1, W2, W3 are design point loads (usually passive load from return wall)
Leeward compression (see 9.4.2.6.2(9)) calculations for wall diaphragm 3

Wv,t,d = w1L + W1 + w2L + W2 + w3L + W3
Md,stb = 0.5w1L2 + W1L + 0.5w2L2 + W2L + 0.5w3L2 + W3L
Md,dst,base = R1(H1 + Hf + H2 + Hf + H3) + R2(H2 + Hf + H3) + R3H3

Figure 9.5 – Forces transmitted into underlying construction by bottom rail of wall diaphragm

Source reference
9.5 Bracing
9.5.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.1(1) (1) Structures which are not otherwise adequately stiff shall be braced to
prevent instability or excessive deflection.
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.1(2) (2) The stress caused by geometrical and structural imperfections, and by
induced deflections (including the contribution of any joint slip) shall be
taken into account.
9.5.2 Bracing of single members in compression

EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(1) (1) For single elements in compression, requiring lateral support at
intervals ab (see Figure 9.6), the initial deviations from straightness between
supports should be as given in 10.2(1).
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(2) (2) Each intermediate support should have a minimum spring stiffness C:
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA2.11
4N d BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
tandards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
C= (9.15)
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B""""
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
ab
where:
<9@;e!B%&!72c!Q,,!#%),!*#!L616J6CV5W!
Nd is the mean compressive force in the element;
# #
ab is the bay length (see Figure 9.6).

VCW!@T,!-,Q*+#!Q)(Y*P*f*#+!S%&$,!$'!()!,($T!Q.''%&)!QT%.P-!Y,!)(g,#!(Qe!
# #
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(3)1 , (3) The design stabilizing force Fd,b at each support should be taken as:
'
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA2.114 7 S%&!Q%P*-!)*/Y,&
4 "%? Nd
$' , 9 Fd,b = for solid timber ! VL6CJW
4 ,' 60 S%&!+P.,-!P(/*#(),-!)*/Y,& (#-IAI
4 7"%@ (9.16)
: Nd
Fd,b = for glued laminated timber and LVL
100
[T,&,!7"%?!(#- 7"%@!(&,!/%-*S*$()*%#!S($)%&Q6!!
# # # #
Figure 9.6 – Examples of single members in compression braced by

lateral
<9@;e!B%&!7 supports
"%?!(#-!7 "%@c!Q,,!#%),!*#!L616J6CV5W
# # # #
ab
ab
,Y+T-'">]>"a"1\*XWZ'("$U"(Y%+Z'"X'X['-("Y%"R$XW-'((Y$%"[-*R'/"[` Z*&'-*Z"(TWW$-&(]"
Design of Timber Structures Q-!S%&!)T,!$%/'&,QQ*R,!,-+,!%S!(!&,$)(#+.P(&!Y,(/!QT%.P-!Y,

Concise Eurocodes:VEW!@T,!-,Q*+#!Q)(Y*P*f*#+!S%&$,! 77 # #
-,),&/*#,-!*#!($$%&-(#$,![*)T!L616J61VCW
[T,&,e!!
+'
, , 5M 7
Source reference
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.2(4) (4) The design stabilizing force Fd,b for the compressive edge of a rectangular
beam should be determined in accordance with 9.5.2(3) where:
(
N d = 1− k crit ) Mhd (9.17)
The value of kcrit should be determined from 6.1.5.1(3) for the unbraced
beam, and Md is the maximum design moment acting on the beam of
depth h.
9.5.3 Bracing of beam or truss systems

EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.3(1) (1) For a series of np parallel members which require lateral supports at
NA to EC 5-1-1, NA2.11 intermediate nodes A, B, etc. (see Figure 9.7), a bracing system should be
provided which, in addition to resisting the effects of external horizontal
loads (e.g. wind), should be capable of resisting an internal stability load
per unit length q, as follows:
k  np N d
qd = (9.18)
k f b
where:
 1

k  = min  15 (9.19)
 b

Nd is the mean design compressive force in the member;

ℓb is the overall span of the stabilizing system, in m;
50 for beams or trusses spaced at ≤ 600 mm

kf =  (9.20)
40 for beams or trusses spaced at > 600 mm

Source reference
Figure 9.7 – Beam or truss system requiring lateral supports
Key:
1 n members of truss system
2 Bracing
3 Deflection of truss system due to imperfections and second order effects
4 Stabilizing forces
5 External load on bracing
6 Reaction forces of bracing due to external loads
7 Reaction forces of truss system due to stabilizing forces
EC 5-1-1, 9.2.5.3(2) (2) The horizontal deflection of the bracing system due to force qd and any
other external load (e.g. wind) should not exceed ℓb/500.

Source reference
Section 10 Structural detailing and control
10.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 10.1(1) (1) The provisions given in this section are prerequisite requirements for the
design rules given in Concise Eurocode 5 to apply.
10.2 Materials
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(1) (1) The deviation from straightness measured midway between the supports
should, for columns and beams where lateral instability can occur, or
members in frames, be limited to 1⁄500 times the length of glued laminated
timber or LVL members and to 1⁄300 times the length of solid timber members.
For solid timber the limitations on bow in most strength grading rules are
inadequate for the selection of material for these members and particular
attention should therefore be paid to their straightness.
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(2) (2) Timber and wood-based components and structural elements should
not be unnecessarily exposed to climatic conditions more severe than those
expected in the finished structure.
EC 5-1-1, 10.2(3) (3) Before being used in construction, timber should be dried as near as
practicable to the moisture content appropriate to its climatic condition in
the completed structure.
10.3 Glued joints

EC 5-1-1, 10.3(1) (1) Where bond strength is a requirement for ultimate limit state design,
the manufacture of glued joints should be subject to quality control, to
ensure that the reliability and quality of the joint is in accordance with the
technical specification.
EC 5-1-1, 10.3(2) (2) The adhesive manufacturer’s recommendations with respect to mixing,
environmental conditions for application and curing, moisture content of
members and all factors relevant to the proper use of the adhesive should
be followed.
EC 5-1-1, 10.3(3) (3) For adhesives which require a conditioning period after initial set,
before attaining full strength, the application of load to the joint should be
restricted for the necessary time.

Source reference
10.4 Connections with mechanical fasteners
10.4.1 General
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.1(1) (1) Wane, splits, knots or other defects shall be limited in the region of
the connection such that the load-carrying capacity of the connection is
not reduced.
10.4.2 Nails
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.2(1) (1) Unless otherwise specified, nails should be driven in at right angles to
the grain and to such depth that the surfaces of the nail heads are flush
with the timber surface.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.2(3) (2) The diameter of pre-drilled holes should not exceed 0,8d, where d is the
nail diameter.
10.4.3 Screws
No equivalent clause (1) For screws in softwoods with a nominal (outer thread) diameter less
than 8 mm, pre-drilling is not required. For all screws in hardwoods and for
screws in softwoods with a nominal (outer thread) diameter greater than
8 mm, pre-drilling is required.
10.4.4 Bolts
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(1) (1) Bolt holes in timber should have a diameter not more than 1 mm larger
than the bolt. Bolt holes in steel plates should have a diameter not more
than 2 mm or 0,1d (whichever is the lesser) larger than the bolt diameter d.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(2) (2) Washers with a side length or a diameter of at least 3d and a thickness
of at least 0,3d should be used under the head and nut. Washers should
have a full bearing area.
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(3) (3) Bolts should be tightened so that the members fit closely, and they
should be re-tightened if necessary when the timber has reached equilibrium
moisture content to ensure that the load-carrying capacity and stiffness of
the structure is maintained.
10.4.5 Connectors
EC 5-1-1, 10.4.3(4) (1) The diameter requirements given in Table 10.1 apply to bolts used with
split-ring or shear plate connectors, where:
dc is the connector diameter, in mm;

d is the bolt diameter, in mm;
d1 is the diameter of centre hole of connector.

Source reference
Table 10.1 – Requirements for diameters of bolts used with

timber connectors
Type of connector dc d d
EN 912 minimum maximum
mm mm mm
A1 – A6 ≤130 12 24
A1, A4, A6 >130 0,1dc 24
B — d1 – 1 d1
10.5 Assembly
EC 5-1-1, 10.5(1) (1) The structure should be assembled in such a way that over-stressing of
its members or connections is avoided. Members which are warped, split or
badly fitting at the joints should be replaced.
10.6 Transportation and erection

EC 5-1-1, 10.6(1) (1) The over-stressing of members during storage, transportation or
erection should be avoided. If the structure is loaded or supported in a
different manner during construction than in the finished building the
temporary condition should be considered as a relevant load case, including
any possible dynamic actions. In the case of structural frameworks, (e.g.
portal frames), special care should be taken to avoid distortion during
hoisting from the horizontal to the vertical position.
10.7 Control
EC 5-1-1, 10.7(1) (1) It is assumed that a control plan comprises:
–– production and workmanship control off and on site;

–– control after completion of the structure.
NOTE 1 The control of the construction is assumed to include:
–– checking of materials and their identification e.g.:
–– for wood and wood-based materials: species, grade, marking, treatments and
moisture content;
–– for glued constructions: adhesive type, production process, glue-line quality;
–– for fasteners: type, corrosive protection;
–– transport, site storage and handling of materials;
–– checking of correct dimensions and geometry;
–– checking of assembly and erection;

Source reference
–– checking of structural details, e.g.:

–– number of nails, bolts, etc.;
–– sizes of holes, correct pre-drilling;
–– spacings and distances to end and edge of members;
–– splitting;
–– final checking of the result of the production process, e.g. by visual inspection or
proof loading.
NOTE 2 All the information required for the use in service and the maintenance
of a structure is assumed to be made available to the person or authority who
undertakes responsibility for the finished structure.
10.8 Special rules for roof and floor diaphragms

EC 5-1-1, 10.8.1(1) (1) The simplified method of analysis given in 9.3.2 assumes that sheathing
panels not supported by joists or rafters are connected to each other, e.g.
by means of battens as shown in Figure 10.1. Nails other than smooth nails,
as defined in BS EN 14592, or screws should be used, with a maximum
spacing along the edges of the sheathing panels of 150 mm. Elsewhere the
BS EN 1995-1-1:2004+A1:2008
tandards Institution, 22/10/2010 15:02, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
maximum spacing
15"6>>EF6F6G!;;B"""" should be 300 mm.
+ 96G!;;H"I1J"
Figure 10.1 – Example of connection of panels not supported by a
joist or a rafter
_,Ze!
Key:
V5W!G()),#!QP(#)!#(*P,-!)%!h%*Q)!%&!&(S),&!
1 Batten slant nailed to joist or rafter
V1W!G()),#!
VCW!7T,()T*#+!#(*P,-!)%!Y()),#!
2 Batten
3 Sheathing nailed to batten
,Y+T-'"6;]6"a"1\*XWZ'"$U"R$%%'R&Y$%"$U"W*%'Z("%$&"(TWW$-&'/"[`"*"d$Y(&"$-"*"-*U&'-"""
6;]H]!" M*ZZ"/Y*WV-*+X("
V5W!@T,!Q*/'P*S*,-!/,)T%-Q!%S!(#(PZQ*Q!+*R,#!*#!L616E61!(#-!L616E6C!(QQ./,!)T()!'(#,P!S*d*#+Q!
T(R,!(!/(d*/./!S(Q),#,&!Q'($*#+!(P%#+!)T,!,-+,Q!%S!5J2!//!S%&!#(*PQc!(#-!122!//!S%&!
Q$&,[Q6!9#!*#),&#(P!Q).-Q!)T,!/(d*/./!Q'($*#+!QT%.P-!Y,!#%!/%&,!)T(#!)[*$,!)T,!Q'($*#+!
(P%#+!)T,!,-+,!%&!C22!//c![T*$T,R,&!*Q!)T,!P,QQ,&6!7,,!B*+.&,!52616

Source reference
Appendix A:
Characteristic strengths and moduli for
timber and wood-based materials
A.1 Characteristic values

(1) Characteristic strengths are defined as the population 5-percentile
values obtained from the results of tests with a duration of 300 s at an
equilibrium moisture content of the test pieces relating to a temperature
of 20 °C and a relative humidity of 65 %.
(2) Characteristic moduli are defined as either the population 5-percentile

or mean values obtained under the same test conditions as A.1(1).
A.2 Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength

classes of solid timber
(1) Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength classes of solid timber
to BS EN 14081-1 are shown in Table A.1.
(2) Grades of hardwood species may be assigned to the strength classes of

Table A.1 as shown in Table A.2.

Table A.1 – Characteristic values for strength classes of solid timber
Strength Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli of elasticity (MOE) and shear Densities
class moduli (kN/mm2) (kg/m3)
Bending Tension Tension Compression Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Mean Charact- Mean
fm,k parallel, perpend. parallel, perpend. fv,k MOE MOE MOE shear eristic density,
ft,0,k ft,90,k fc,0,k fc,90,k parallel, parallel, perpend. moduli, density, ρm
E0,mean E0,0.05 E90,mean Gmean ρk
C16 16 10 0,4 17 2,2 3,2 8 5,4 0,27 0,50 310 370

C18 18 11 0,4 18 2,2 3,4 9 6,0 0,30 0,56 320 380
C24 24 14 0,4 21 2,5 4,0 11 7,4 0,37 0,69 350 420
TR26 28,3 17 0,4 22,5 2,6 4,0 11 7,4 0,37 0,69 370 450
C30 30 18 0,4 23 2,7 4,0 12 8,0 0,40 0,75 380 460
D24 24 14 0,6 21 7,8 4,0 10 8,5 0,67 0,62 485 580
D30 30 18 0,6 23 8,0 4,0 11 9,2 0,73 0,69 530 640
D40 40 24 0,6 26 8,3 4,0 13 10,9 0,86 0,81 550 660
D50 50 30 0,6 29 9,3 4,0 14 11,8 0,93 0,88 620 750
D60 60 36 0,6 32 10,5 4,5 17 14,3 1,13 1,06 700 840
85
Appendix A
Appendix A
Source reference
Table A.2 – Assignment of grades of hardwood species to

strength classes
Strength Grade (in Species commercial Source

class accordance name
with BS 5756)
D24 TH1 Sweet Chestnut UK
D30 TH1 Oak UK
D40 HS Iroko Africa

HS Teak South-East Asia
HS Sapele Africa
TH1 American Red Oak USA
D50 HS Keruing South-East Asia

HS Balau South-East Asia
TH1 American White Oak USA
D60 HS Ekki West Africa

HS Kapur South-East Asia
HS Greenheart Guyana
A.3 Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength

classes of glued laminated timber
(1) Characteristic strengths and moduli for strength classes of glued
laminated timber to BS EN 14080 are shown in Table A.3. The values
pertain to combined glued laminated timber [strength classes GL24c,
GL28c and GL32c] but may safely be used for designs of homogenous
glued laminated timber [strength classes GL24h, GL28h and GL32h].
NOTE In combined glued laminated timber a lower timber strength class is used
for the inner laminations than for the outer laminations. In homogenous glued
laminated timber the same timber strength class is used for all laminations.

Table A.3 – Characteristic values for strength classes of glued laminated timber
Strength Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli of elasticity (MOE) and shear Densities
class moduli (kN/mm2) (kg/m3)
Bending Tension Tension Compression Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Mean Charact- Mean
fm,k parallel, perpend., parallel, perpend., fv,k MOE MOE MOE shear eristic density,
ft,0,k ft,90,k fc,0,k fc,90,k parallel, parallel, perpend., moduli, density, ρm
E0,mean E0,0.05 E90,mean Gmean ρk
GL24 24 17 0,5 21,5 2,5 3,5 11 9,1 0,3 0,65 365 400
GL28 28 19,5 0,5 24 2,5 3,5 12,5 10,4 0,3 0,65 390 430
GL32 32 20 0,5 25 2,5 3,5 13,5 11,2 0,3 0,65 400 440

A.4 Characteristic strengths and moduli for types of laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
(1) Characteristic strengths and moduli for the two types of LVL to BS EN 14374 commercially available in the UK are shown in Table A.4.
Table A.4 – Characteristic values for types of LVL
Type of Size Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Moduli (kN/mm2) Densities (kg/m3)
LVL effect
exponent Bending Tension Compr- Compression Shear Mean 5-tile Mean Charac- Mean
s parallel, ession perpendicular MOE MOE shear tacter. ρm
ft,0,k parallel p’llel p’llel modul. ρk
Edgewise Flatwise fc,0,k Edgew. Flatwise Edgew. Flatwise E
0,mean E0,0.05 Gmean
fm,ed,k fm,fl,k fc,90,ed,k fc,90,fl,k fv,ed,k fv,fl,k
Kerto-S 0,12 44 50 35 35 6,0 1,8 4,1 2,3 13,8 11,6 0,6 480 510
Versalam 0,12 44 44 30 42 7,0 3,2 3,6 1,8 14,6 12,65 0,62 580 660
(2.0E)
87
Appendix A
88
A.5 Characteristic strengths and moduli for types of plywood
Appendix A
(1) Lower bound characteristic strengths and moduli for Birch plywood to BS EN 636 (FINPLY ALL BIRCH – 1,4 mm thick Birch veneers
throughout) and for Softwood plywood to BS EN 636 (of the types listed in A.5(2)) are shown in Table A.5.
(2) The Softwood plywood may be one of the following:
–– CANPLY EXTERIOR Canadian Softwood plywood;

–– FINPLY CONIFER plywood (having either thin (1,4 mm) or thick veneers);
–– Swedish softwood plywood marked P30 EXTERIOR GLUE.
NOTE Precise characteristic strengths and moduli for the various types and thicknesses of plywood can be obtained from the manufacturers or their Trade
Associations, including for plywoods laid up from veneer of more than one species (e.g. – CANPLY EXTERIOR Douglas Fir plywood or FINPLY COMBI plywood).
(3) 5-percentile moduli should be taken as 0,8 times the mean values given in Table A.5.
Table A.5 – Characteristic values for plywood types
Type and Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Charact-
range of eristic
thickness, tp Flatwise Tension, ft Compression, fc Panel Planar Flatwise bending, Tension, Et or Panel Planar density
bending, fm shear shear Em compression, Ec shear shear (kg/m3)
fv fr Gv Gr
0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90
Birch plywood 38 32 38 34 26 23 9,5 2,2 9700 6100 9000 7900 620 150 630
8,5 < tp ≤ 25
Softwood 22 4 9,5 4 12,5 8 3,5 0,6 8000 500 5200 3200 350 25 400
plywood
8,5 < tp ≤ 10,5
Softwood 15 7 8 4,5 10,5 6 3,5 0,6 5500 1200 4300 2400 350 25 400
plywood
10,5 < tp ≤ 25

A.6 Characteristic strengths and moduli for OSB grades

(1) Characteristic strengths and moduli for OSB grades OSB/3 and OSB/4 to BS EN 300 are shown in Table A.6.
Table A.6 – Characteristic values for OSB grades OSB/3 and OSB/4
Grade and range Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Charact-
of thickness eristic

Flatwise Tension, ft Compression, Panel Planar Flatwise bending, Tension, Et or Panel Planar density
bending, fm fc shear shear Em compression, Ec shear shear (kg/m3)
fv fr Gv Gr ρk
0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90 0 90
OSB/3
6 mm to 10 mm 18,0 9,0 9,9 7,2 15,9 12,9 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
>10 mm to18 mm 16,4 8,2 9,4 7,0 15,4 12,7 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
>18 mm to 25 mm 14,8 7,4 9,0 6,8 14,8 12,4 6,8 1,0 4930 1980 3800 3000 1080 50 550
OSB/4
6 mm to10 mm 24,5 13,0 11,9 8,5 18,1 14,3 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
>10 mm to 18 mm 23,0 12,2 11,4 8,2 17,6 14,0 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
>18 mm to 25 mm 21,0 11,4 10,9 8,0 17,0 13,7 6,9 1,1 6780 2680 4300 3200 1090 60 550
89
Appendix A
90
Appendix A
A.7 Characteristic strengths and moduli for Particleboard types

(1) Characteristic strengths and moduli for Particleboard type P5 to BS EN 312 are shown in Table A.7.
Table A.7 – Characteristic values for Particleboard type P5
Range of Characteristic strength values (N/mm2) Mean stiffness values (N/mm2) Characteristic
thickness density
Flatwise Tension, Compression, Panel Planar Flatwise Tension, Et or Panel (kg/m3)
bending, ft fc shear, fv shear bending, Em compression, Ec shear ρk
fm fr Gv
13 mm to 20 mm 13,3 8,5 11,8 6,5 1,7 3300 1900 930 600
>20 mm to 25 mm 11,7 7,4 10,3 5,9 1,5 3000 1800 860 550
>25 m to 32 mm 10,0 6,6 9,8 5,2 1,3 2600 1500 750 550

Source reference
Appendix B:
Methods, in accordance with
BS EN 1991-1-7 (and its National Annex),
for designing platform timber-frame
buildings to sustain an extent of localized
damage from an unspecified cause
without disproportionate collapse
B.1 General
This appendix gives methods, in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-7 (and its
National Annex), for designing platform timber-frame buildings to sustain an
extent of localized damage from an unspecified cause without disproportionate
collapse. These methods are presented for buildings categorized into
consequence classes as described in Annex A of BS EN 1991-1-7.
NOTE No method is presented for building types of consequence class 3, which
rarely involve platform timber-frame construction.
B.2 Recommended strategies
B.2.1 Building types of consequence class 1

(1) Provided a platform timber-frame building has been designed and
constructed in accordance with the rules given in Concise Eurocode 5
for satisfying stability in normal use, no further specific consideration is
necessary with regard to accidental actions from unidentified causes.
NOTE Building types of consequence class 1 include, but are not limited to, single
occupancy houses not exceeding 4 storeys.
B.2.2 Building types of consequence class 2a

(1) In addition to the recommended strategies for building types of
consequence class 1, appropriate robustness should be provided by
adopting a cellular form of construction designed to facilitate interaction of
all components including effective anchorage of timber floors to walls by
complying with the connections shown in Figure B.1.
NOTE Building types of consequence class 2a include, but are not limited to,
flats or other residential buildings not exceeding 4 storeys, hotels not exceeding
4 storeys, offices not exceeding 4 storeys and single storey educational buildings.

Licensed Copy: Mr. MIKE RUMBLE, British Standards Institution, 17/11/2010 14:27, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI
92
!
Appendix B
Figure B.1 – Floor deck – wall panels intersection: Exploded view
Wall panel Minimum fixing specification for all horizontal Wall panel
© BSI 2007
Section 8
Minimum fixing specification for all horizontal interfaces is 3.1 mm diameter nails (minimum
interfaces is 3.1 mm diameter nails (minimum pointside penetration of 37 mm) at 300 mm centres.
pointside penetration of 37 mm) at 300 mm centres. For wider interfaces nailing may be staggered.
For wider interfaces nailing may be staggered.
Bottom rail Bottom rail

Structural deck to be minimum 15 mm thickness,
unless particleboard in which case minimum
Structural deck to be minimum 15 mm thickness, unless
thickness to be 18 mm, and to extend to far side of
Soleplate particleboard in which case minimum thickness to be 18 mm, Soleplate
rim beam.
and to extend to far side of rim beam.
Rim beam Rim beam
Floor joists at
Head binder For ceilings supported via resilient bars, Head binder
maximum
600 mm centres blockings (of depth >0.75 joist depth)
are required at a maximum of 2000 mm
Top rail centres. Blocking to be fixed at each end Top rail
by a minimum of 2 no 75 mm long x
3.1 mm diameter nails.
Wall panel Wall panel
a)
a) Floor
Floorjoists
joistsperpendicular wall
perpendiculartotowall b)
b) Floor
Floor joists
joists parallel wall
parallel to wall
Figure M.3 — Floor deck — wall panels intersection: Exploded view

"

169
BS 5268-2:2002
Appendix B
Source reference
B.2.3 Building types of consequence class 2b

(1) In addition to the recommended strategies for building types of
consequence class 1, the building should be checked to ensure that upon
the notional removal of each supporting column and each beam supporting
a column, or any nominal section of load-bearing wall as defined in B.2.3(3)
(one at a time in each storey of the building) the building remains stable
and that any local damage does not exceed the lesser of 15 % of floor area
of that storey or 70 m2.
Expression (2.8) should be used to calculate the loads acting on the residual
structure. The resistance of the residual structure should be calculated in
accordance with expression (2.3) with γ M being taken from Table 2.6 and
kmod being based on the load-duration classification given in Table 2.3.
(2) Where the notional removal of such columns and sections of wall would
result in an extent of damage in excess of the limit in B.2.3(1), then such
elements should be designed as key elements. A key element should be
capable of sustaining an accidental action of Ad applied in horizontal and
vertical directions (one direction at a time) to the member and any attached
components having regard to the ultimate strength of such components
and their connections. Such accidental design loading should be applied in
accordance with expression (2.7). The resistance of the structure should be
calculated in accordance with expression (2.3) with γ M being taken from
Table 2.6 and kmod being based on the load-duration classification given
in Table 2.3.
NOTE The recommended value of Ad for building structures is 34 kN/m2.
(3) The nominal length of load-bearing wall in platform timber-frame

construction should be taken as follows:
–– for an external wall, the length measured between lateral supports

provided by columns or transverse walls;
–– for an internal or separating wall, a length not exceeding 2,25H.
where:
H is the height between horizontal restraints for the wall as shown in
Figure B.2.

Appendix B
Source reference
Figure B.2 – Height between horizontal restraints
NOTE Building types of consequence class 2b include, but are not limited to, flats
or other residential buildings of 5 to 7 storeys, hotels of 5 to 7 storeys, hospitals
not exceeding 3 storeys and educational buildings of more than 1 storey.

Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
NOTE The text in regular

font style describes the
Appendix C:
subject being addressed Design example for intermediate
in the calculation, whilst
the bold text in brackets floor joist
relates to clause/table/
expression references from
Concise Eurocode 5. Layout of design example
C.1 General arrangement and loading acting on joist
C.2 Determination of design internal forces for ultimate limit state design
C.3 Ultimate limit state design
C.3.1 Ultimate limit state – bending strength
C.3.2 Ultimate limit state – shear strength
C.3.3 Ultimate limit state – bearing strength
C.3.4 Ultimate limit state – strength at hole location
C.4 Serviceability limit state design
C.4.1 Serviceability limit state – final deflection
C.4.2 Serviceability limit state – vibration – unit point load check
C.4.3 Serviceability limit state – vibration – fundamental frequency
C.5 Summary of design
C.1 General arrangement and loading acting on joist

General arrangement 47 × 220 strength class C24 floor joists at 400 mm centres supporting a timber-
frame partition at midspan in addition to domestic floor imposed loading. An
80 mm diameter round hole is located 900 mm from the right hand support
edge. The general arrangement of one such joist is shown in Figure C.1.
The floor decking is 22 mm P5 particleboard. The ceiling is 15 mm plasterboard

fixed directly to underside of joists. There is a single line of strutting at midspan.
Figure C.1 – General arrangement of joist

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Effective span Effective span, Lef, is taken between centres of supports.
Lef = 4300 + (100/2) + (100/2) = 4400 mm
Characteristic loads Sym- Characteristic Characteristic Load-

Load type
bol load on floor load per joist duration
(0.4 m class
centres)
kN/m2 kN/m kN/m kN

[Load-duration Gk,1 0.5 – 0.2 – Permanent
Floor permanent udl
classes from Table 2.3]
Floor imposed udl Qk,1 1.5 – 0.6 – Medium-
term
Permanent load Gk,2 – 0.9 – 0.36 Permanent

from partition
Snow load from Qk,2 – 0.6 – 0.24 Short-term

partition
C.2 Calculation of design internal forces for ultimate limit

state design
Equations used for Midspan Shear Midspan Midspan shear
Load type
structural analysis moment at bending deflection
support deflection
UDL (w) across 0.125w(Lef)2 0.5wLef 5w (L ef ) 4 1.2(0.125)w (L ef ) 2

whole joist 384EI GA
Midspan point 0.25WLef 0.5W W(L ef ) 3 1.2(0.25)WL ef

load (W) 48EI GA
Partial load factors Permanent load, γ G = 1.35 Variable load, γ Q = 1.5

[Table 2.1]
Combination factors Floor imposed load ψ 0 = 0.7

[Table 2.2] Snow load ψ 0 = 0.5

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Design loads/internal Permanent load combination

forces under permanent
γ G Gk,1 + γ G Gk,2
load-duration
Load type Sym- Design load Design Design
bol per joist moment at shear at
midspan support (kN)
kN/m kN (kNm)
[ULS load equations Gd,1 0.27 – 0.65 0.59
Floor permanent udl
from expression (2.6)]
Permanent load Gd,2 – 0.49 0.53 0.24
from partition
My,d = 1.19 Vd = 0.84
Design Medium-term load combination

loads/internal forces
γ G Gk,1 + γ G Gk,2 + γ Q Qk,1
under medium‑term
load‑duration
Load type Sym- Design load Design Design
bol per joist moment at shear at
kN/m kN (kNm)
Floor permanent udl Gd,1 0.27 – 0.65 0.59

from partition
Floor imposed udl Qd,1 0.9 – 2.18 1.98
My,d = 3.37 Vd = 2.82
Design loads/internal Short-term load combination 1 (ψ0 applied to snow load)

forces under short-term
γ G Gk,1 + γ G Gk,2 + γ Q Qk,1 + ψ 0,2 γ Q Qk,2
load-duration
Load type Symbol Design load Design Design
per joist moment at shear at
kN/m kN (kNm)

from partition
Floor imposed udl Qd,1 0.9 – 2.18 1.98
Snow load from ψ 0,2 Qd,2 – 0.18 0.20 0.09

partition
My,d = 3.57 Vd = 2.91

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Design loads/internal Short-term load combination 2 (ψ0 applied to floor imposed load)
forces under short-term
γ G Gk,1 + γ G Gk,2 + ψ 0,1 γ Q Qk,1 + γ Q Qk,2
load-duration
Load type Symbol Design load Design Design
per joist moment at shear at
midspan support
kN/m kN (kNm) (kN)

from partition
Floor imposed udl ψ 0,1 Qd,1 0.63 – 1.52 1.39
Snow load from Qd,2 – 0.36 0.40 0.18

partition
My,d = 3.11 Vd = 2.41
C.3 Ultimate limit state design

Joist sectional properties Width, b = 47 mm Depth, h = 220 mm
Section modulus, W = bh2/6 = 47(220)2/6 = 0.379 x 106 mm3
Characteristic strengths Bending fm,k = 24 N/mm2

of C24 timber Shear fv,k = 4 N/mm2
[Table A.1] Compression perp. fc,90,k = 2.5 N/mm2
Tension perp. ft,90,k = 0.4 N/mm2
Partial material factor Timber, γM = 1.3

[Table 2.6]
Load-duration Service class 1 conditions

modification factor
[Table 3.1] Load-duration class kmod for timber
Permanent 0.6
Medium-term 0.8
Short-term 0.9
Load-sharing ksys = 1.1

modification factor
[2.8(2)]

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
C.3.1 Ultimate limit state – bending strength

Design equations σm,y,d ≤ kcritfm,y,d
[6.1.5.1(1)]
M y,d
σm,y,d =
W
k modk sysk hfm,k
[2.3.3] fm,y,d =
γM
Modification factors Floor deck restrains joist compression edge → kcrit = 1.0
[6.1.5.1(2)]
[3.3(2)] Joist depth > 150 mm → kh = 1.0
Bending strength Load- Design Design stress Design strength Utility

design duration moment σm,y,d (N/mm2) kcritfm,y,d rate
class My,d (kNm) (N/mm2)
Permanent 1.19 3.1 12.2 26 %
Medium-term 3.37 8.9 16.2 55 %
Short-term Max(3.57, 3.11) 9.4 18.3 51 %
C.3.2 Ultimate limit state – shear strength

Design equations τd ≤ fv,d
[6.1.6(1)]
1.5Vd
τd =
b ef h
k modk sys fv,k
[2.3.3] fv,d =
γM
Modification factors kcr = 0.67
[6.1.6(2)]
Effective joist width, bef = kcr b = (0.67)47 = 31.5 mm
Shear strength design Load- Design shear Design stress Design strength Utility
duration Vd (kN) τd (N/mm2) fv,d (N/mm2) rate
class
Permanent 0.84 0.18 2.0 9%
Medium-term 2.82 0.61 2.7 23 %
Short-term Max(2.91, 2.41) 0.63 3.0 21 %

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
C3.3 Ultimate limit state – bearing strength

Design equations σc,90,d ≤ kc,90 fc,90,d
[6.1.4(1)] σc,90,d = Fc,90,d /Aef
k modk sys fc,90,k
[2.3.3] fc,90,d =
γM
Modification factor kc,90 = 1.25
[6.1.4(3)]
Effective contact area Actual contact length at support = 100 mm

[6.1.4(2)] Effective contact length parallel to grain = 100 + 30 = 130 mm
Effective contact area, Aef = 47(130) = 6110 mm2
Bearing strength design Load- Design reaction Design stress Design strength Utility
duration Fc.90.d (kN) σc,90,d (N/mm2) kc,90fc,90,d rate
class (N/mm2)
Permanent 0.84 0.14 1.6 9%
Medium-term 2.82 0.46 2.1 22 %
Short-term Max(2.91, 2.41) 0.48 2.4 20 %
C.3.4 Ultimate limit state – strength at hole location

Design equations σt,90,d ≤ ft,90,d
[6.3.2(2)]
(1.8Vhole,ddhole ) + (0.07Mhole,d )
[6.3.2(3)] σt,90,d =
bh 2
k modk sys ft,90,k
[2.3.3] ft,90,d =
γM
Design internal forces From inspection of the utility rates in sections C.3.1-C.3.3 it is clear that the
at hole location medium-term load combination is governing and the internal forces at the
hole location have only been calculated for this load combination.
Vhole,d = 2.82 – 0.95(0.27 + 0.9) = 1.71 kN

Mhole,d = [2.82(0.95)] – [0.5(0.27 + 0.9) 0.952] = 2.15 kNm
Joist sectional properties dhole = 80 mm

at hole location Section modulus at hole location,
[6.3.2(4)]
( 47/12)(220 3 − 80 3 )
Whole = = 0.361× 10 6 mm 3
0.5(220)

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Check on tensile Design stress, σc,90,d (N/mm2) Design strength, Utility rate
strength perpendicular fc,90,d (N/mm2)
to grain at hole location
[1.8(1710)80] + [0.07(2150000)] 1.10
( .8)0.4 63 %
= 0.17 = 0.27
2 1.3
47(220)
Check on bending Design stress, σm,y,d (N/mm2) Design strength, fm,y,d (N/mm2) Utility
strength at hole rate
location 16.2 37 %
2150000
= 6.0
0.361× 10 6
C.4 Serviceability limit states

Joist sectional properties Width, b = 47 mm Depth, h = 220 mm
Moment of inertia, I = bh3/12 = 47(220)3/12 = 41.7 × 106 mm4
Cross-sectional area, A = bh = 47(220) = 10340 mm2
Characteristic properties Mean MOE Em = 11000 N/mm2

of C24 timber Mean shear modulus Gm = 690 N/mm2
[Table A.1]
C.4.1 Serviceability limit state – Final deflection

Design equations Plasterboard ceiling → Final deflection, ufin ≤ Lef/250
[7.1(2)]
ufin = max(ufin,1, ufin,2)
where:
[2.5.3(3)] ufin,1 = uinst,G1(1 + kdef) + uinst,G2(1 + kdef) + uinst,Q1(1 + ψ2,1kdef) +

uinst,Q2(ψ0,2 + ψ2,2kdef)
ufin,2 = uinst,G1(1 + kdef) + uinst,G2(1 + kdef) + uinst,Q1(ψ0,1 + ψ2,1kdef) +

uinst,Q2(1 + ψ2,2kdef)
Modification factor Solid timber in service class 1 → kdef = 0.6

[Table 3.2]
Combination factors Floor imposed load ψ0,1 = 0.7 ψ2,1 = 0.3

[Table 2.2]
Snow load ψ0,2 = 0.5 ψ2,2 = 0

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Calculation of Load type Symbol Instantaneous deflection (mm)

instantaneous
deflection components Bending Shear Total
Floor permanent udl uinst,G1 2.1 0.1 2.2
Permanent load from partition uinst,G2 1.4 0.1 1.5
Floor imposed udl uinst,Q1 6.4 0.2 6.6
Snow load from partition uinst,Q2 0.9 0 0.9
Calculation of final Load combination 1

deflection ufin,1 = 2.2(1 + 0.6) + 1.5(1 + 0.6) + 6.6(1 + (0.3)(0.6)) + 0.9(0.5 + (0)(0.6))
ufin,1 = 3.5 + 2.4 + 7.8 + 0.5 = 14.2 mm
Load combination 2
ufin,2 = 2.2(1 + 0.6) + 1.5(1 + 0.6) + 6.6(0.7 + (0.3)(0.6)) + 0.9(1 + (0)(0.6))
ufin,2 = 3.5 + 2.4 + 5.8 + 0.9 = 12.6 mm
Final deflection check Actual final deflection (mm) Limit on final deflection (mm) Utility rate
max(14.2, 12.6) = 14.2 4400/250 = 17.6 81 %
C.4.2 Serviceability limit state – vibration – unit point load check

Design equations Deflection under unit point load, a ≤ 16500/(Lef)1.1
[Table 7.2]
1000k ampk distL eq 3
[Expression 7.4] a =
a =
48(EI) joist
EIjoist = 11000(41.7 × 106) = 0.459 × 1012 Nmm2
Modification factors Joist is a single span joist → Leq = Lef = 4400 mm

[7.2.2(2)] Solid timber joists → kamp = 1.05
[Expression 7.5] kdist = max[0.30, kstrut(0.38 – 0.08ln(14EIb/sj4))]
[7.2.2(2)] One line of strutting, kstrut = 0.97

Joist spacing, sj = 400 mm
[Table A.7] MOE of 22mm P5 particleboard = 3000 N/mm2
[7.2.2(2)] MOE of 15mm plasterboard = 2000 N/mm2
EIb = EIdeck + EIplastbd
EIb = 3000[(1000)(22)3/12] + 2000[(1000)(15)3/12]
EIb = 2.66 × 109 + 0.56 × 109 = 3.22 × 109

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
kdist = max[0.30, 0.97(0.38 – 0.08ln(14(3.22 × 109)/(400)4))]

= max[0.30, 0.324]
= 0.324
Unit point load check aactual alimit Utility rate
1000(1.05)(0.324)( 4400) 3 16500

= 1.62
81 %
= 1.32 1.1
48(0.459 × 1012 ) 4400
C.4.3 Serviceability limit state – vibration –

fundamental frequency
Design equations f1 > 8 Hz
[7.2.1(1)]
50π El joist
[Expression 7.2] f1 =
2 0.5
Lef  2P   πa  
w t s j +  1  sin 2  1  
 Lef   Lef  
[Expression 7.3] wt = max [0.75, w]
Fundamental frequency Lef = 4400 mm

check EIjoist = 0.459 x 1012 Nmm2
w = 0.5 kN/m2
[7.2.1(2)] sj = 0.4m
P1 = 360 N
a1 = 2200 mm
50π 0.459 × 1012
f1 =
4400 2 2(360) 2  π × 2200 
( )( )
0.75 0.4 +
4400
sin 
 4400 
f1 = 8.1 Hz → Utility rate of 99 %

Appendix C
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
C.5 Summary of design
Design requirement Utility rate
ULS – Bending strength 55 %
ULS – Shear strength 23 %
ULS – Bearing strength 22 %
ULS – Strength at hole location 63 %
SLS – Final deflection 81 %
SLS – Vibration – unit point load check 81 %
SLS – Vibration – fundamental frequency 99 %

Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
NOTE The text in regular

font style describes the
Appendix D:
subject being addressed
in the calculation, whilst
Design example for a sheathed
the bold text in brackets timber‑frame wall under horizontal
relates to clause/table/
expression references from wind loading
Concise Eurocode 5.
Layout of design example

D.1 General arrangement and loading acting on racking walls
D.1.1 Plan of house
D.1.2 Characteristic vertical loads
D.1.3 Characteristic horizontal wind loads
D.2 Generic load combinations pertaining to racking strength
D.3 Determination of design fastener loads
D.3.1 Specification of racking wall
D.3.2 Design lateral load of sheathing-framing nail
D.3.3 Design lateral load of nail joining wall panel to wall panel
D.3.4 Design lateral and withdrawal loads of nail joining wall panel
to floor
D.4 Racking design of 1st floor storey of rear wall
D.4.1 Load capacities of nailing specifications in racking wall
D.4.2 General arrangement and number of wall diaphragms in
racking wall
D.4.3 Design loading acting on wall diaphragm
D.4.4 Design of wall diaphragm
D.5 Racking design of ground floor storey of rear wall
racking wall

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
D.1 General arrangement and loading acting on

racking walls
This example covers the racking, sliding and overturning design of the rear
wall of a two-storey house under wind loading.
D.1.1 Plan of house

Figure D.1 – Plan of house
D.1.2 Characteristic vertical loads

Characteristic reactions Reaction from permanent load = 4.3 kN/m
from roof on front and Reaction from snow load = 2.5 kN/m
rear walls Reaction from loft storage load = 1.0 kN/m
Wind uplift reaction = 1.1 kN/m
Characteristic reactions Reaction from permanent load = 1.3 kN/m

from intermediate floor Reaction from floor imposed load = 3.7 kN/m
on gable walls
Characteristic reaction Reaction from permanent load = 0.1 kN/m

from intermediate floor
on front and rear walls
Characteristic Self-weight of each storey of wall = 0.6 kN/m

permanent load of walls

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
D.1.3 Characteristic horizontal wind loads

The same characteristic horizontal wind loads are assumed to act from both
the eastward and westward directions.
Figure D.2 – Elevation showing characteristic wind loads on rear wall
D.2 Generic load combinations pertaining to

racking resistance
Load combination with The load combination, which is governing for racking resistance, sliding
minimum vertical load resistance and the overturning check, is wind load (Qk,wind) in combination
with permanent load (Gk,j) only as shown below:
γG Gk,j + γQ Qk,wind
where γG = 1.0 and γQ = 1.5
Load combination with A second load combination, which for a building of more than 3 storeys,
maximum vertical load may be governing in respect of the compression loads on leeward studs, is
wind load (Qk,wind) in combination with permanent load (Gk,j) and vertical
variable loads (Qk,floor, Qk,snow & Qk,stor) as shown below:
γGGk,j + γQQk,wind + γQψ0,floorQk,floor + γQψ0,snowQk,snow + γQψ0,storQk,stor

where γG = 1.35, γQ = 1.5, ψ0,floor = 0.7, ψ0,snow = 0.5, ψ0,stor = 1.0
Only the first load combination involving minimum vertical load is necessary
for this design example.

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
D.3 Determination of design fastener loads
D.3.1 Specification of racking wall

Framing members: 38 × 140 strength class C16 timbers
External sheathing: 9 mm thick OSB/3
Internal sheathing: None
Nail connecting external sheathing-to-framing:

50 mm long 2.85 mm diameter smooth nail
Nail connecting wall panel to wall panel:
Nail connecting wall panel to floor:
D.3.2 Design lateral load for external sheathing-to-framing nail

Input parameters d = Nail diameter = 2.85 mm
t1 = Headside dimension = 9 mm
t2 = Pointside dimension = Nail length – t1 = 50 – 9 = 41 mm
[Table 8.3] fh,1,k = Embedment strength in OSB
= 65 d–0.7 t0.1 = 65(2.85)–0.7 (9)0.1 = 38.9 N/mm2
[Table 8.3] fh,2,k = Embedment strength in C16 timber (characteristic density
ρk = 310 kg/m3)
= 0.082ρk d-0.3 = 0.082(310)(2.85)-0.3 = 18.6 N/mm2
8.1.2.1(5) & 8.1.2.1(6) My,Rk = Nail characteristic yield moment
= 0.3fu,kd2.6 = 0.3(600)2.852.6 = 2741 N/mm
[Expression 8.2] β = fh,2,k /fh,1,k = 0.478

M y,Rk 2741
[Expression 8.1] κ = = = 0.305
fh,1,kd t 12 38.9(2.85)9 2
[8.1.2.1(4)] krope = 1.1
[Expression 8.3] Ff,Rk,1 = krope fh,1,k t1 d η

Characteristic lateral
load, Ff,Rk,1 As 0.1 ≤ κ < 1.0, η = min[0.93β0.25 κ0.33, 0.44(βt2/t1)0.55]
[Table 8.1] η = min[0.93(0.478)0.25(0.305)0.33, 0.44(0.478(41)/9)0.55]
η = min[0.523, 0.675] = 0.523
Ff,Rk,1 = (1.1)(38.9)(9)(2.85)(0.523) = 574 N

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
[2.3.3] Design lateral k modFf,Rk,1

Ff,Rd,1 =
load, Ff,Rd,1 γM
[Table 2.6] For connections, γM = 1.3

For instantaneous load duration and service class 2,
[Table 3.1] kmod,timber = 1.1
[Table 3.1] kmod,OSB = 0.9
[3.1(2)] kmod,joint = √[(1.1)(0.9)] = 0.99
k modFf,Rk,1 (0.99)(574)
Ff,Rd,1 = = = 437 N
γM 1.3
D.3.3 Design lateral load for wall panel-to-wall panel nail

Input parameters d = Nail diameter = 3.1 mm
t1 = Headside dimension = 38 mm
t2 = Pointside dimension = Nail length – t1 = 75 – 38 = 37 mm
[Table 8.3] fh,1,k = fh,2,k = Embedment strength in C16 timber (characteristic
density ρk = 310 kg/m3)
= 0.082ρk d–0.3 = 0.082(310)(3.1)–0.3 = 18.1 N/mm2
My,Rk = Characteristic nail yield moment
[8.1.2.1(5) & 8.1.2.1(6)] = 0.3fu,kd2.6 = 0.3(600)3.12.6 = 3410 N/mm
[Expression 8.2] β = fh,2,k/fh,1,k = 1.0

M y,Rk 3410
[Expression 8.1] k = = = 0.042
fh,1,kd t 12 18.13 ) 2
( .138
[8.1.2.1(4)] krope = 1.1
[Expression 8.3] FvRk = krope fh,1,k t1 d η

Characteristic lateral As κ < 0.1, η = min[(2.55-5κ)(κβ/(1+ β))0.5, κ + (0.4βt2/t1)]
load, Fv,Rk η = min[(2.55-5(0.042))(0.042/(1+ 1))0.5, 0.042 + (0.4(1)(37)/38)]
[Table 8.1] η = min[0.339, 0.431] = 0.339
Fv,Rk = (1.1)(18.1)(38)(3.1)(0.339) = 795 N
k modFy,Rk
[2.3.3] Design lateral Fv,Rd =
γM
load, FvRd
[Table 3.1] For solid timber under instantaneous load duration and service class 2,
kmod = 1.1
k modFy,Rk (1.1)(795)
Fv,Rd = = = 672 N
γM 1.3

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
D.3.4 Design lateral and withdrawal loads for wall

panel-to-floor nail
Although a longer (90 mm) nail is used, the same design lateral load is
utilized for the wall panel-to-floor nail as for the wall panel-to wall panel nail.
 f ax,k d t pen
8.1.5.2(2) Characteristic Fax,Rk = min  2
withdrawal load, Fax,Rk  fhead,k d h
d = Nail diameter = 3.1 mm
tpen = Pointside penetration = Nail length – 38 = 90 – 38 = 52 mm
dh = Nail head diameter = 7.1 mm
[8.1.5.2(3)] fax,k = Withdrawal strength in C16 timber (characteristic density
ρk = 310 kg/m3)
= 20 x 10–6(310)2 = 1.92 N/mm2
[8.1.5.2(5)] fhead,k = Head pull-thro’ strength in C16 timber (characteristic density
ρk = 310 kg/m3)
= 70 x 10–6(310)2 = 6.73 N/mm2
Fax,Rk = min[1.92(3.1)52, 6.73(7.1)2] = min[310, 340] = 310 N
[2.3.3] Design k modFax,Rk

Fax,Rd =
withdrawal load, Fax,Rd γM

[Table 3.1] For solid timber under instantaneous load duration and service class 2,
kmod = 1.1
k modFax,Rk (1.1)(310)
Fax,Rd = = = 262 N
γM 1.3
D.4 Racking design of 1st floor storey of rear wall

Nailing specification for 50 long 2.85φ nails at 150/300 centres → Ff,Rd,1 = 0.437 kN, sn = 0.15m
sheathing 1 Ff,Rd,1[1.15 + s n ] 0.437 [1.15 + 0.15]
[9.4.2.6.2(4)] → fp,d,1 = = = 3.79 kN/m
sn 0.15
Nailing specification for No 2nd sheathing.
sheathing 2 → fp,d,2 = 0, χ = 0
[Table 9.1]
[9.4.2.6.2(2)] Total fp,d,t = fp,d,1 + χfp,d,2 = 3.79 kN/m

design shear capacity
per unit length of
perimeter sheathing
fasteners

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Nailing specification for 75 mm long 3.1φ nails at 150 centres → Fv,Rd = 0.672 kN
wall panel-to-wall panel → Design shear capacity of wall panel-to-wall panel connection
connections 0.672
= = 4.48 kN/m
0.15
[9.4.2.6.2(8)] > fp,d,t Therefore OK
Nailing specification 90 mm long 3.1φ nails at 600 centres → Fv,Rd = 0.672 kN

for wall panel-to-floor → Fax,Rd = 0.262 kN
connections
→ Design shear resistance of wall panel-to-floor connection
0.672
= = 1.12 kN/m
0.6
→ Design withdrawal capacity of wall panel-to-floor connection,
0.262
fw,d = = 0.44 kN/m
10 0.6
, 10
,
 
[Expression 9.11] → µ = min  w,d = min  0.44 = 0.12
f
f  3.79
 p,d,t 

racking wall
Height of racking wall (2438 mm) is height of sheathing plus head
binder thickness.
Figure D.3 – General arrangement and number of wall diaphragms

in racking wall
[9.4.2.3(2)] Number of Maximum window height = 1.2 m < 0.65 H

wall diaphragms Minimum height under window = 0.9 m ≥ 0.25 H
→ No racking discontinuities → Racking wall comprises one wall diaphragm
of 5.146 m length

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Window dimensions Aggregate area of window openings 2(1.2)(1.135)

p= = = 0.22
[9.4.2.6.2(7)] HL (2.4)(5.146)
Kopening = 1 – 1.9p = 0.58

Design horizontal Design horizontal wind load = γQ Qk,wind = 1.5(3.6) = 5.4 kN
wind load
Design destabilizing Walls of Design horizontal Distance to Design destabilizing

moments which wind load (kN) at 1st floor wall moment at:
storey? top of wall sheathing (m)
Top Base Top of Base of

sheathing, sheathing,
Md,dst,top Md,dst,base
1st 5.4 0.038 2.438 0.21 13.17
Σ = 0.21 Σ = 13.17
Design stabilizing Walls Design u.d.load (kN/m) Total Contribution

moment from vertical of design to
load acting directly on which Wall Floor/roof Wind Total vertical Md,stb (kNm)
storey? permanent permanent uplift (wt,d) load (kN)
wall diaphragm [=0.5wt,dL2]
[=wt,dL]
1st 0.6 4.3 –1.65 3.25 16.7 43.0
Σ = 16.7 Σ = 43.0
[9.4.2.5(4)] It is assumed that passive load can be mobilized from the windward return
wall up to an outstanding distance of H.
Design stabilizing Walls Design u.d.load on Total Design Design Contrib.

moment from passive of return wall (kN/m) design shear vertical load to Md,stb
vertical load of which load on capacity from return (kNm)
windward return wall storey Wall Floor/ Wind return (kN) of wall
perm roof uplift wall connection
perm. outstand to return
of H wall
1st 0.6 0 0 2.4(0.6) 2.4(4.56) min(1.4, 10.9) 7.2

= 1.4 =10.9
Σ = 1.4 Σ = 7.2

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Figure D.4 – Loads acting on wall diaphragm

Design against Design destabilizing moment at bottom leeward corner,
overturning Md,dst,base = 13.17 kNm
Design stabilizing moment at bottom leeward corner,
Md,stb = 43.0 + 7.2
= 50.2 kNm
→ Md,dst,base < Md,stb Therefore OK
Design against sliding Coefficient of friction = 0.4

[9.4.2.5(2)] Sliding resistance = Frictional resistance + Shear resistance from floor fixings
= 0.4(16.7) + (5.146)(1.12) = 12.5 kN
Sliding resistance > Design horizontal wind load of 5.4 kN Therefore OK
[9.4.2.6.2(1)] Design racking strength, Fi,v,Rd = Kopening Ki,w fp,d,t L

Racking design L = 5.146m, fp,d,t = 3.79 kN/m, Kopening = 0.58
[9.4.2.6.2(5)] Ki,w = min{1.0, [1 + (H/μL)2 + (2Md,stb,n/μfp,d,tL2)]0.5 – (H/μL)}

H = 2.4m, μ = 0.12, Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top = 50.0 kNm
Kiw = min{1.0, [1 + 15.10 + 8.30]0.5 – 3.89} = 1.00
Design racking strength, Fi,v,Rd = (0.58)(1.0)(3.79)(5.146) = 11.3 kN
→ Fi,v,Rd > Design horizontal wind load of 5.4 kN Therefore OK
Serviceability check Kiw fp,d,t ≤ 8(L/H)

[9.4.2.6.2(3)] (1.0)(3.79) ≤ 8(5.146/2.4) By inspection OK

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
D.5 Racking design of ground floor storey of rear wall
D.5.1 Load capacities of nailing specifications of racking wall

Nailing specification for 50 long 2.85φ nails at 50/100 centres → Ff,Rd,1 = 0.437 kN, sn = 0.05m
sheathing 1 Ff,Rd,1[1.15 + s n ] 0.437 [1.15 + 0.05]
[9.4.2.6.2(4)] → fp,d,1 = = = 10.49 kN/m
sn 0.05
Nailing specification for No 2nd sheathing.

sheathing 2 → fp,d,2 = 0, χ = 0
[Table 9.1]
[9.4.2.6.2(2)] Total fp,d,t = fp,d,1 + χfp,d,2 = 10.49 kN/m

design shear capacity
per unit length of
perimeter sheathing
fasteners
No wall panel-to-wall
panel connections
within length of
wall diaphragm
Nailing specification 90 mm long 3.1φ nails at 150 centres → Fv,Rd = 0.672 kN

for wall panel-to-floor → Fax,Rd = 0.262 kN
connections → Design shear resistance of wall panel-to-floor connection
0.672
= = 4.48 kN/m
0.15
→ Design withdrawal capacity of wall panel-to-floor connection,
0.262
fw,d = = 1.75 kN/m
0.15
1.0 1.0
 
[Expression 9.11] → µ = min  w,d = min  1.75 = 0.17
f
f 10.49
 p,d,t 

racking wall
Height of racking wall (2476 mm) is height of sheathing plus head binder
thickness and soleplate.

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Figure D.5 – General arrangement and number of wall diaphragms

in racking wall
Number of wall Racking discontinuity from door.

diaphragms
Maximum window height = 1.5 m < 0.65 H
[9.4.2.3(2)]
Minimum height under window = 0.6 m ≥ 0.25 H
→ No racking discontinuity from window
→ Racking wall comprises one wall diaphragm of length 3.76 m
Aggregate area of window openings (1.5)(1.2)

Window dimensions p= = = 0.20
HL (2.4)(3.76)
[9.4.2.6.2(7)] Kopening = 1 – 1.9p = 0.62

Design horizontal Design horizontal wind load = γQ Qk,wind = 1.5(3.6 + 3.0) = 9.9 kN
wind load
Design destabilizing Walls of Design Distance Design destabilizing

moments which horizontal to ground moment at:
storey? wind load floor wall
(kN) at top sheathing (m)
of wall
Top Base Top of Base of
sheathing, sheathing,
Md,dst,top Md,dst,base
1st 5.4 2.738 5.138 14.8 27.7

Ground 4.5 0.038 2.438 0.2 11.0
Σ = 9.9 Σ = 15.0 Σ = 38.7

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Design stabilizing Walls of Design u.d.load (kN/m) Total Contribution

moment, when wind which design to
load from western storey? Wall Floor/roof Wind Total vertical Md,stb (kNm)
permanent permanent uplift (wt,d) load
direction, from vertical [=0.5wt,dL2]
load acting directly on (kN)
[=wt,dL]
wall diaphragm
1st 0.6 4.3 –1.65 3.25 12.2 23.0
Ground 0.6 0.1 n.a. 0.7 2.6 4.9
Σ = 14.8 Σ = 27.9
[9.4.2.5(4)] It is assumed that passive load can be mobilized from the windward return
wall up to an outstanding distance of H.
Design stabilizing
Walls Design u.d.load Total design Design shear Design Contribut.
moment, when wind of (kN/m) load on capacity (kN) vertical to Md,stb
load from western which return wall of connection load (kNm)
storey Wall Floor/ Wind outstand to return wall from
direction, from
perm roof uplift of H return
passive vertical load of perm. wall
windward return wall
2nd 0.6 0 0 2.4(0.6) = 1.4 2.4(4.56)=10.9 1.4 5.3
1st 0.6 1.3 n.a. 2.4(1.9) = 4.6 10.9 4.6 17.3
Σ = 6.0 Σ = 22.6
Total stabilizing moment, when wind load from western direction,

is 50.5 kNm [=27.9+22.6]

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Figure D.6 – Design loads acting on wall diaphragm when wind load
from western direction
Design stabilizing It is assumed that the rim beam above the wall diaphragm enables the
moment, when wind vertical load from above the adjacent door to contribute to the stabilizing
load from eastern moment. This increases the length of wall from which vertical load can be
direction, from vertical mobilized by an additional 0.986 m (see Figure D.7).
load acting directly on
wall diaphragm Walls Design u.d.load (kN/m) Total design Contribution to
of vertical load Md,stb (kNm)
which Wall Floor/ Wind Total [=wt,d(L+0.986)] [=0.5wt,d(L+0.986)2]
storey? perma- roof uplift (wt,d)
nent perma-
nent
1st 0.6 4.3 –1.65 3.25 15.4 36.6

Ground 0.6 0.1 n.a. 0.7 3.3 7.9
Σ = 18.7 Σ = 44.5
Total stabilizing moment, when wind load from eastern direction, is 44.5 kNm.

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Figure D.7 – Design loads acting on wall diaphragm when wind load
from eastern direction

Design against Design destabilizing moment at bottom leeward corner,
overturning Md,dst,base = 38.7 kNm
Design stabilizing moment at bottom leeward corner,
Md,stb = min[50.5, 44.5]
= 44.5 kNm
→ Md,dst,base < Md,stb Therefore OK
Design against sliding Coefficient of friction = 0.4

[9.4.2.5(2)] Sliding resistance = Frictional resistance + Shear resistance from floor fixings
= 0.4(14.7) + (3.76)(4.48) = 22.7 kN
Sliding resistance > Design horizontal wind load of 9.9 kN Therefore OK
[9.4.2.6.2(1)] Design racking strength, Fi,v,Rd = Kopening Ki,w fp,d,t L

Racking design L = 3.76m, fp,d,t = 10.49 kN/m, Kopening = 0.62
[9.4.2.6.2(5)] Ki,w = min{1.0, [1 + (H/μL)2 + (2Md,stb,n/μfp,d,tL2)]0.5 – (H/μL)}
H = 2.4m, μ = 0.17, Md,stb,n = Md,stb – Md,dst,top = 29.5 kNm
Ki,w = min{1.0, [1 + 14.10 + 2.34]0.5 – 3.75} = 0.43

Appendix D
Subject and Concise

Eurocode references
Design racking strength, Fi,v,Rd = (0.62)(0.43)(10.49)(3.76) = 10.5 kN
→ Fi,v,Rd > Design horizontal wind load of 9.9 kN Therefore OK
Serviceability check Kiw fp,d,t ≤ 8(L/H)

[9.4.2.6.2(3)] (0.43)(10.49) ≤ 8(3.76/2.4) By inspection OK

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Concise Eurocodes: Loadings on Structures – BS EN 1991: Eurocode 1

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures – BS EN 1995-1-1: Eurocode 5

Concise Eurocodes: Geotechnical design – BS EN 1997-1: Eurocode 7, Part 1

First published in the UK in 2012

© The British Standards Institution 2012

Typeset in Frutiger by Monolith – http://www.monolith.uk.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

ISBN 978 0 580 69452 3

Dedicated to Mike Rumble

Section 2 Basis of design 10

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures vii

2.7 Partial factors for material properties and resistances 18

Section 3 Material properties 20

Section 5 Basis of structural analysis 26

Section 6 Ultimate limit states 28

viii Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

6.3 Members with notches and holes 36

Section 7 Serviceability limit states 39

Section 8 Connections with metal fasteners and connectors 42

Section 9 Components and assemblies 63

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures ix

Section 10 Structural detailing and control 80

Appendix A: Characteristic strengths and moduli for timber

Appendix B: Methods, in accordance with BS EN 1991-1-7

Appendix C: Design example for intermediate floor joist 95

Appendix D: Design example for a sheathed timber‑frame

x Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

For consulting engineers the transition in structural design procedures from a

Concise Eurocode 5 is intended to assist consulting engineers by providing

a) It maintains the same 10 sections as BS EN 1995-1-1 but with most

Concise Eurocode 5, in the left hand margin, cross-references the

The raison d’être for Concise Eurocode 5 is accessibility to the design

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures xi

EC 5-1-1, 1.2 1.2 Normative references

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 1

BS EN 350-2 Durability of wood and wood-based products – Natural

2 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

BS EN 14545 Timber structures – Connectors – Requirements

EC 5-1-1, 1.5 1.3 Terms and definitions

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 3

EXAMPLE A racking wall may comprise a single wall diaphragm or, if

EXAMPLE A wall diaphragm may comprise a single wall panel or

EC 5-1-1, 1.6 1.4 Symbols

Latin upper case letters

4 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

Cd Limiting design value of a serviceability criterion

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 5

Md,stb Design stabilizing moment about leeward end of wall

Latin lower case letters

6 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

fhead,k Characteristic headside pull-through strength

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 7

km Bi-axial bending factor

8 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

x Distance from the line of action of the support reaction to

Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures 9

Section 2 Basis of design

2.1 Basic requirements

to an extent disproportionate to the original cause.

2.2 Principles of limit state design

10 Concise Eurocodes: Design of Timber Structures

–– persistent design situations, which refer to the conditions of normal use;

Md,stb Design stabilizing moment about leeward end of wall

x Distance from the line of action of the support reaction to

ad are the design values of geometric data (e.g. span, member

Rk is the characteristic value of load-carrying capacity or material

Ed is the design value of the effect of actions specified in the

ufin,G = uinst,G (1 + kdef) for a permanent action, G; (2.12)