3-Phase IM

Engr.
Rafiqul Islam Rony

BSc, EEE, CUET, MSc, BUET, MIEB-32123
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Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation
3-∅ Induction Motor
Written By:-
Engr. Rafiqul Islam
B.Sc., EEE, CUET, M.Sc., BUET, MIEB-32123
E-mail: ronyeee06@yahoo.com
Cell: 01768-736619
Facebook Group: https://web.facebook.com/groups/737505183065475/

Engr. Rafiqul Islam Rony
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 How does an induction motor works?
It has two parts rotor & stator. When 3-∅ supply is provided to a stator a rotating magnetic field
will produce & it will rotate at synchronous speed. This revolving flux cuts the conductive bar of
rotor an induces an emf. As the rotor winding is short circuited current will start to flow in a
direction opposite of the revolving magnetic field and leads to a twisting motion or torque in the
rotor.
 Two 480V, 100hp IM are manufactured. One is designed for 50Hz operation and another one
is designed for 60Hz operation, but they are otherwise similar. Which of the machine is larger?
A lower frequency need larger core & coils for the motor, that’s why 60Hz motor will run faster
& lighter because of core that do not saturate as easily
So, 50Hz motor is larger than 60Hz motor
 Hoe the direction of rotation of a 3-phase IM can be reversed?
The direction of rotation of a 3-phase IM can be reversed by interchanging any two supply lines
of the IM.
Let the phase sequence of the three phase applied voltage at stator is RYB. Now if it sequence is
changed into RBY, then rotation of field is reversed. However the number of poles and the
speed at which magnetic field rotates will remain unchanged.
 Why star delta are preferred with IM?
 Starting current is reduced 3-4 times & hence it causes less losses.
 During starting period reduces voltage at 3 times that is why current also reduces up to
3 times and hence less motor burning is caused.
 In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor winding.
 Why the PF of a 3∅ IM is low at no load?
Because of air gap, the reluctance of the magnetic circuit of a 3∅ IM is very high. Consequently
the current drawn by the motor on no load is largely magnetizing current. The no load current
lagging the applied voltage by a large angle. For this reason, the PF of a lightly loaded 3∅ IM s
very low.

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 What are the advantage &disadvantage of wound rotor motors compared to squirrel cage
motors?
Advantage:
 High starting toque and low starting current

 Smooth acceleration under heavy load
 No abnormal heating during starting
 Good running characteristics after rotor resistance is cut out
 Adjusting speed
Disadvantage:
 The initial & maintenance cost are than squirrel cage motors.
 Poor speed regulation when run with resistance in rotor circuit.
 Draw the star delta circuit connection for starting an IM?
 Draw the Auto-Transformer connection for starting an IM?

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𝑵𝒔−𝑵𝒓 120𝑓
 Slip:- s= 𝑵𝒔
*100% ; hence rotor speed Nr= Ns(1-S); Where Ns= 𝑃
 Rotor Current Frequency: fr= s*f= Slip* Supply frequency
 When the rotor is at standstill or stationary then s=1

 As the rotor pick up speed, the relative speed between the rotating flux and the rotor
decreases so, slip s decreases & hence rotor current frequency decreases.
 If the rotor revolves at synchronous speed then s=0
 Rotor Current & PF:-
At standstill:
𝑬𝟐 𝑬𝟐
Rotor current/phase: I2= =
𝒁𝟐 √𝑹𝟐𝟐 +𝑿𝟐𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
Rotor p.f= Cos∅2= 𝒁𝟐=
√𝑹𝟐𝟐 +𝑿𝟐𝟐
When running at slip s:
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐 𝒔∗𝑬𝟐
Rotor current/phase: I2'= =
𝒁𝟐′ √𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐
𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝟐
Rotor p.f= Cos∅2'= =
𝒁𝟐′ √𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐
 Rotor Starting Torque:-
Tst∞E2*I2*Cos∅2
 Tst=K* E2*I2*Cos∅2
𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
 Tst=k*E2* * [At Starting Torque]
√𝑹𝟐𝟐 +𝑿𝟐𝟐 √𝑹𝟐𝟐 +𝑿𝟐𝟐
𝟐
𝑬𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐
 Tst=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐
 Condition For Maximum Starting Torque:-
R2= X2 => rotor resistance/phase= rotor reactance/phase
 Effect of change of supply voltage:-

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𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐
 Tst=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐
Since, E2∞V; Where V=Supply voltage
 T∞V2
 Torque Under Running Condition:-
Tr∞E2'*I2'*Cos∅2'
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐 𝑹𝟐
 Tr= E2'* ∗
√𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 √𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐
Finally,
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐
 Tr= K* 𝑹𝟐𝟐 +(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐
 Maximum Torque Under Running Condition:-
R2=s*X2
 Torque-Slip Characteristics:-
 At s=0, T=0, so torque and slip curve starts from the origin.
 At s↑, then T↑, as sX2 is negligible as compared to R2.
𝑹𝟐
 At s=𝑿𝟐, torque becomes maximum.
 At s↑ beyond corresponding maximum torque then T↓.

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 Relation between starting torque & maximum torque:-
𝑻𝒔𝒕 𝟐∗𝒂∗𝒔
 =
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒂𝟐 +𝒔𝟐
 Speed Regulations:-
𝑵𝒐−𝑵𝑭.𝑳
%age of speed regulation= *100%
𝑵𝑭.𝑳
 Power stage in Induction Motor:
 Induction Motor Nameplate:

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Where,
 What will happen if 60Hz motor will operated from a 50Hz supply?
60−50
Since, ∗ 100% = 20%
50
Operated with 20% slower speed from nameplate rating & terminal voltage is reduced to 80%
 Torque and speed curve of an IM:-

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 Why single phase IM is not self-starting?
Unlike three phase induction motors, single phase induction motors are not self-starting. The
reason behind this is very interesting.
Single phase induction motor has distributed stator winding and a squirrel-cage rotor. When fed
from a single-phase supply, its stator winding produces a flux (or field) which is only alternating
i.e. one which alternates along one space axis only. It is not a synchronously revolving (or
rotating) flux as in the case of a two or a three phase stator winding fed from a 2 of 3 phase
supply. Now, an alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel-cage rotor cannot
produce rotation (only a revolving flux can produce rotation). That is why a single phase motor is
not self-starting.
 How to make the single phase IM self-starting?
To make a single phase IM self-starting, we would somehow produce a revolving stator

magnetic field. This may be achieved by converting a single phase supply into two phase supply
through the use of an additional winding. Single phase motor can be self-start by using a split
phase motor, capacitors motors & shaded pole motors.
 How would you reverse the direction of rotation of a capacitor start induction run motor?
By reversing either the running or starting winding leads where they are connected to the lines.
Both must not be reversed.
 What is a universal motor? How can be universal motor can be reversed?
The universal motor is so named because it is a type of electric motor that can operate
on AC or DC power.
By reversing either the field leads or armature leads but not both.
 Where do we require single phase IM?
Single phase IM are required where 3-phase supply is not available, efficiency is of lesser
importance, equipment is portable, and rating is less than one H.P.
Mathematical Analysis

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 A slip ring IM runs at 290rpm at full load, when connected to 50Hz supply. Determine the
number of poles and slip.
Since N is 290rpm; Ns has to be near it say 300RPM. If Ns is assumed as 300rpm

120∗𝑓
Ns= => P= 20.68=20
𝑃
𝑵𝒔−𝑵𝒓 𝟑𝟎𝟎−𝟐𝟗𝟎
Slip: - s= 𝑵𝒔
*100%= 𝟑𝟎𝟎 *100%= 3.33%
 A 4-pole , 3-Phase IM operate from a supply whose frequency is 50Hz, Calculate:
 The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.

 The speed of rotor when the slip is 0.04
 The frequency of the rotor currents when the slip is 0.03
 The frequency of the rotor currents at standstill.
120𝑓
Ns= 𝑝
= 1500rpm=magnetic field speed
Nr=Ns (1-S) = 1440rpm=rotor speed
fr =s*f= 0.03* 50= 1.5Hz=rotor frequency
fr =s*f= 1* 50= 50Hz=rotor frequency at standstill
 The stator of a 3-∅ IM has 3 slots per pole phase. If supply frequency is 50Hz, calculate
 Number of stator poles produced and total number of slots on the stator.
 Speed of rotating stator flux
P= 2*n= 2*3=6; No of slot= 3*6*3=54

𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟓𝟎
Ns= 𝒑
= 𝟔 = 1000rpm
 A 3-∅ IM having a Y-connected rotor has an induced emf of 80 volts between slip rings at
standstill on open circuit. The rotor has a resistance and reactance per phase of 1Ω and 4Ω
respectively. Calculate current /phase and power factor when a. slips rings are short circuited
b. slip rings are connected to a star connected rheostat of 3Ω per phase.
When slip rings are short circuited:

80
Rotor emf/phase= √3= 46.2V

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Rotor impedance/ phase= √(12 + 42 ) = 4.12Ω

46.2
Rotor current/phase= 4.12= 11.2 Amp
𝑅2 1
Power Factor=Cos∅=𝑍2 = 4.12= 0.25
When 3Ω are connected with slip ring:
Rotor impedance/ phase= √(42 + 42 ) = 5.65Ω

46.2
Rotor current/phase= 5.65= 8.15Amp
𝑅2 4
Power Factor=Cos∅=𝑍2 = 5.65= 0.707
So if we add the external resistance to the rotor via slip rings current will reduce & PF increase.
 A 3-∅, 400V, Y-connected IM has a star connected rotor with a stator to rotor turn ratio of 6.5.
The rotor resistance and standstill reactance per phase are 0.05Ω and 0.25Ω respectively.
What should be the value of external resistance per phase to be inserted in the rotor circuit to
obtain maximum torque at starting & what will be rotor starting current with this resistance.
The starting torque is maximum when R2=X2, Let r be the resistance per phase to be connected
for obtaining maximum torque at starting.
R2+r=X2
 r= X2-R2= 0.25Ω-0.05Ω= 0.20Ω
400
Rotor induced emf/phase= = 35.5V
√3∗6.5
Rotor impedance/ phase= √(0.252 + 0.252 ) = 0.35Ω

35.5
 A 150-Kw, 3000-V, 50-Hz, 6pole Y-connected IM has a star connected slip ring rotor with a
transformation ratio 3.6(stator/rotor). The rotor resistance is 0.1Ωphase and it’s per phase
leakage reactance is 3.61mH. The stator impedance may be neglected. Find the starting
current and starting torque on rated voltage with short circuited slip rings.
3000
Rotor induced emf/phase= = 481V
√3∗3.6
Per Phase rotor reactance, X2= 2*Pi*50*3.61*10^-3= 1.14Ω
Rotor impedance/ phase= √(0.12 + 1.142 ) = 1.15Ω

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481
Rotor current/phase= 1.15= 418Amp
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟓𝟎
Ns= 𝒑
= 𝟔 = 1000rpm=17 rps
𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟖

We Know starting torque, Tst=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏𝟒𝟎
= 496N-m
 The star connected rotor of an IM has a standstill impedance of (0.4+j4) Ω per phase and the
rheostat impedance per phase is (6+j2) Ω. The rotor has an induced emf of 80V between slip
rings at standstill when connected to its normal supply voltage. Find
 Rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit.

 When the slip-rings are short circuited and motor is running with a slip of 3%
At standstill:
80
Rotor induced emf/phase= = 46V
√3
Total impedance Z2=0.4+j4+6+j2= 8.77<43°
46
At running condition:
Rotor induced emf/phase, Er=s*E2= 1.38V
At running condition rheostat value gradually cut out.
Total impedance Zr=0.4+j0.03*4= 0.4+j0.12= 0.42<17°
1.38
 A 3-phase, slip ring, IM with Y-connected rotor has an induced emf of 120V between slip rings
at standstill with normal voltage applied to the stator. The rotor winding has a resistance per
phase of 0.3Ω and standstill reactance per phase of 1.5Ω. Calculate
 Rotor current/phase when running short circuited with 4% slip

 The slip & rotor current per phase when the rotor is developing maximum torque.
At running condition:
120
Rotor induced emf/phase E2= = 69.2V
√3
Rotor induced emf/phase, Er=s*E2=2.77 V
Total impedance Zr=0.3+j0.04*1.5= 0.3+j0.06= 0.31<11°

2.77
At maximum torque condition:

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0.3
R2=s*X2 => s=1.5= 0.2
At 0.2 slip Rotor induced emf/phase, Er=s*E2=13.85 V
Total impedance Zr=0.3+j0.2*1.5= 0.3+j0.3= 0.42<11°

13.85
Rotor current/phase= = 33Amp
0.42
 Calculate the torque exerted by an 8pole, 50Hz, 3∅ IM operating with a 4% slip which
develops a maximum torque of 150Kg-m at a speed of 660rpm. The resistance per phase of
the motor is 0.5Ω.
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟓𝟎
Ns= 𝒑
= 𝟖 = 750 rpm
Nr= 660rpm
𝟕𝟓𝟎−𝟔𝟔𝟎
sb= 𝟕𝟓𝟎
= 0.12
s=0.04
Tb= 150Kg-m
𝟐 𝟐
We Know T=Tb*[𝑺𝒃 ] = 150* 𝟑+𝟎.𝟑𝟑= 150*0.60=90 Kg-m
𝒔
+
𝒔 𝒔𝒃
 A 3-∅ IM is driving full load torque which is independent of speed. If line voltage drops to 90%
of the rated value, find the increase in motor copper loss.
s1*V12=s2*V22 [When T remains constant]

 s1*V12= s2* (0.90V1)2
 s1*V12= s2*0.81* V12
𝒔𝟐
 𝒔𝟏
= 1.23
Again, I2∞sV
𝑰𝟐 𝒔𝟐∗𝑽𝟐
So, 𝑰𝟏=𝒔𝟏∗𝑽𝟏= 1.23*0.9= 1.107
Cu loss nearly proportional to I2

𝑰𝟐𝟐
𝑰𝟏𝟐
= 1.23
Thus a reduction in 10% line voltage about 23% increase in Cu loss.
 A 230-V, 6-pole, 3∅, 50-Hz , 15Kw IM drives a constant torque load at rated frequency, rated
voltage and rated Kw output and has a speed of 980rpm and an efficiency of 93%. Calculate

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 The new operating speed if there is a 10% drop in voltage and 5% drop in frequency
 The new output power. Assume all losses remain constant.
120𝑓 120∗50 120𝑓2 120∗47.5

Ns1= = = 1000 rpm; f1=50Hz; V1=230V; V2= 207V; f2= 47.5; Ns2= = = 950rpm
𝑝 6 𝑝 6
𝑁𝑠−𝑁𝑟 1000−980
s= 𝑁𝑠
*100%= 1000 *100%= 2%
𝑠1∗𝑉1^2 𝑠2∗𝑉2^2 𝑠1∗𝑉12 ∗𝑓2 50255

We know, 𝑓1
= 𝑓2 => s2= =
𝑓1∗𝑉2^2 2142450
= 0.0234
Nr=Ns*(1-s) = 950*(1-0.0234) = 928rpm
Again, P∞TN, since T is constant, So P∞𝑵

𝑷𝟐 𝑵𝟐 𝟗𝟐𝟖
= = =
𝑷𝟏 𝑵𝟏 𝟗𝟖𝟎
0.95 => P2= 0.95*15= 14.25Kw
 A 3phase 400/200V, Y-Y connected wound rotor IM has 0.06Ω rotor resistance and 0.3Ω
standstill reactance per phase. Find the additional resistance required in the rotor circuit to
make the starting torque equal to the maximum torque of the motor
𝑇𝑠𝑡 2𝑎𝑠 2𝑎
Tst=Tmax => 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥=1=> 𝑎2 +𝑆 2=1=> 𝑎2 +1=1 [At starting condition s=1]
 a^2-2a+1=0
 a=1
𝑅2+𝑟
Now, a= 𝑋2
0.06+𝑟
 1=
0.3
 r = 0.3-0.06= 0.24Ω
 A 746Kw, 3-∅, 50Hz, 16 pole IM has rotor impedance of (0.02+j0.15) Ω at standstill. Full load
torque is obtained at 360 rpm. Calculate
 The ratio of maximum o full load torque

 The speed of maximum torque
 The rotor resistance to be added to get the maximum starting torque
120𝑓 120∗50 375−360 𝑅2

Ns= 𝑝
= 16 = 375 rpm; Nr=360 rpm; sf= 375
= 0.04; a=𝑋2= 0.133
𝑇𝑓 2∗𝑎∗𝑆𝑓 0.01046
 =
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑎 2 +𝑠𝑓2
= 0.020
= 0.523

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𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
 𝑻𝒇
= 1.91
Nr=Ns (1-a) = 375*(1-0.1333) = 325 rpm [a=slip at maximum torque]
At starting maximum torque, R2+r=X2=> r= 0.15Ω-0.02Ω=0.13Ω
 The rotor resistance and reactance per phase of a 4-pole, 50Hz, 3-Phase IM are 0.025Ω and
0.12Ω respectively. Make simplifying assumption, state them and:
 Find speed at maximum torque

 Find value of additional rotor resistance per phase required to give three fourth
maximum torque at starting
0.025
At maximum torque corresponding slip will be a= 0.12
= 0.2083
120𝑓 120∗50
Ns= 𝑝
= 4 = 1500rpm
Nr=Ns*(1-a) =1188rpm
Tst=3/4*Tmax => 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥=3/4=> 𝑎2 +𝑆 2=3/4=> 𝑎2 +1=3/4 [At starting condition s=1]
 3*a^2-8*a+3=0
 a = 0.45
𝑅2+𝑟
a =0.45= => r= 0.054-0.025= 0.029Ω
𝑋2
 A 50Hz, 8-pole IM has a FL slip of 4%. The rotor resistance/phase 0.01Ω and standstill
reactance/phase 0.1Ω. Find the ratio of maximum to full load torque and the speed at which
the maximum torque occurs.
120𝑓 120∗50 𝑅2
Ns= 𝑝
= 8 = 750 rpm; sf= 0.04; a=𝑋2= 0.1
𝑇𝑓 2∗𝑎∗𝑆𝑓 0.008
 =
= 0.0116 = 0.689
𝑻𝒎𝒂𝒙
 𝑻𝒇
= 1.45

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 For a 3-phase slip ring IM, the maximum torque is 2.5 times the full load torque and the
starting torque is 1.5 times the full load torque. Determine the %age reduction in rotor circuit
resistance to get a full load slip of 3%. Neglect stator impedance
Tmax= 2.5*Tf………………. (1)

Tst= 1.5* Tf………………….. (2)
By dividing 2÷1
𝑇𝑠𝑡
So, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.6
2𝑎𝑠
 𝑎 2 +𝑠2
=0.6
 0.6𝑎^2-2a+0.6=0
 𝑎 =0.333
𝑅2
So, a= 𝑋2=> R2= 0.33X2
𝑇𝑓 2𝑎𝑠𝑓 0.06𝑎 1
We know, 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥= 𝑎2 +𝑆𝑓2 = 𝑎2 +0.0009= 2.5=0. 4
 0.4a^2 -0.06a+0.000036=0
 a = 0.15
𝑅2
So, a= 𝑋2=> R2= 0.15X2
𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝑹𝟐−𝟎.𝟏𝟓𝑿𝟐
So, %age reduction in rotor circuit resistance = 𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝑿𝟐
%100%= 54.54%
 A 4 pole, 50Hz, 3∅ IM develops a maximum torque of 162.8N-m at 1365 rpm. The resistance of
the Y-connected rotor is 0.2Ω/phase. Calculate the value of resistance that must be inserted in
series with each rotor phase to produce a starting torque equal to half the maximum torque
120𝑓 1500−1354
Ns= 𝑝
= 1500rpm; Nr= 1354rpm; sf= 1500
= 0.09; X2=0.2/0.09= 2.22Ω
𝑇𝑠𝑡 2𝑎
Also, Tst=0.5Tmax => 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥= 0.5=> 𝑎2 +1=0.5 => a= 0.26
𝑅2+𝑟
So, a = 𝑋2
=> R2+r=0.57=> R2=0.37Ω
 A 4-pole, 50Hz, 7.46Kw motor has at rated voltage and frequency, a starting torque of 160%
and a maximum torque of 200%of full load torque. Determine
 Full load speed

 Speed at maximum torque
Tst= 1.6Tf………………… (1)

Tmax= 2Tf………………… (2)
By dividing (1÷2)

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 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥
= 0.8=𝑎2 +𝑆 2= 𝑎2 +1
 0.8a^2-2a+0.8=0
 a= 0.5=Slip at maximum torque
120𝑓
Ns= 𝑝
= 1500rpm
Now we need full load slip
𝑇𝑓 2𝑎𝑠𝑓 𝑆𝑓
 =
=0.5= 0.25+𝑆𝑓2 =0.5
 0.5sf2-sf+0.125=0
 sf= 0.14
Nr=Ns (1-sf) = 1500*(1-0.14) = 1290 rpm [sf=F.L Slip]
 A 3phase IM having a 6 pole Y-connected stator winding runs on 240V, 50Hz supply. The rotor
resistance and standstill reactance are 0.12Ω and 0.85Ω per phase. The ratio of stator to rotor
turns is 1.8. Full load slip is 4%. Calculate
 Developed torque at full load

 Maximum torque
 Speed at maximum torque
240
Rotor induced emf/phase E2= = 77V
√3∗1.8
120𝑓
Ns= 𝑝
= 1000rpm=16.66rps
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟖𝟔

We Know F.L torque, Tfl=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟏.𝟔𝟑= 52.7N-m
0.12
Slip at maximum torque, s= = 0.15
0.85
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑𝟐𝟎

We Know for maximum torque, Tmax=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑.𝟐𝟕= 98N-m
Nr=Ns (1-s) = 1000*(1-0.15) = 850 rpm [s=slip at maximum torque]
 A 440V, 3-∅ , 50Hz, 4pole, Y connected IM has a full load speed of 1425rpm. The rotor has an
impedance of (0.4+j4) Ω and rotor/stator turn ratio of 0.8. Calculate
 Full load torque

 Rotor current & full load Cu loss
 Power output if windage & friction losses amount to 500W
 Maximum torque and the speed at which it occurs
 Starting current

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 Starting torque
440
Rotor induced emf/phase E2= ∗ 0.8= 203V
√3
120𝑓
Ns= = 1500rpm=25rps
𝑝
1500−1425
F.L slip: s= 1500
= 0.05
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟐𝟒𝟕𝟖

We Know F.L torque, Tfl=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟑𝟏.𝟒𝟏= 78.89N-m
𝟐𝟎𝟑∗𝟎.𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟎.𝟏𝟓
Rotor current/phase= 𝟎.𝟒+𝒋(𝟒∗𝟎.𝟎𝟓)= 𝟎.𝟒+𝒋𝟎.𝟐= 22.7Amp
F.L Cu loss= 3*22.72*0.4= 619watt

𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
We know, T= 9.55* 𝑵
=> Pout= 11.77Kw
So, Shaft Power=11.77-0.5= 11.27Kw

𝟎.𝟒
Maximum torque occur at slip, a= =0.1
𝟒
𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝒔∗𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟓

We Know maximum torque, Tmax=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+(𝒔∗𝑿𝟐)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟎.𝟐𝟔= 98.38N-m
Nr=Ns (1-s) = 1500*(1-0.1) = 1350 rpm [s=slip at maximum torque]
At starting, s=1
𝟐𝟎𝟑
Starting current/phase= 𝟎.𝟒+𝒋𝟒= 50.5A
𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟒𝟗𝟒𝟓𝟎

We Know starting torque, Tst=k*𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐∗𝒑𝒊∗𝑵𝒔* 𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑿𝟐𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓𝟑𝟖
=19.48 N-m
 A 3-phase, 6pole, 50Hz IM develops 3.73Kw at 960 rpm. What will be stator input if the stator
loss is 280watt?
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟗𝟔𝟎
Ns= 𝒑
= 1000rpm; Nr= 960rpm; s= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 0.04
Rotor output= (1-s)*rotor input
 Rotor input= 3.885Kw
So, Stator input= stator losses+ rotor input= 3.885+0.280= 4.165Kw
 The power input to a 500V, 50Hz, 6pole ,3∅ IM running at 975 rpm is 40Kw. The stator loss are
1Kw and the friction & windage loss total 2Kw. Calculate

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 The slip
 The rotor Cu loss
 Shaft power
 The efficiency
120𝑓 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟗𝟕𝟓
Ns= 𝑝
= 1000rpm; Nr= 975rpm; s= 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
= 0.025
Rotor input= 40-1= 39Kw
RCL=rotor Cu loss= s* rotor input= 0.975Kw
Rotor output= (1-s)*rotor input= 38.025Kw
Shaft power= 38.025-2=36.05Kw

𝟑𝟔.𝟎𝟓
ŋ= 𝟒𝟎
*100%= 90%
 A 100Kw (output), 3300V, 50Hz, 3-Phase Y-connected IM has a synchronous speed of 500rpm.
The F.L slip is 1.8% and FL power factor 0.85. Stator Cu loss 2440W, Iron loss 3500W,
Rotational Loss 1200W. Calculate
 Rotor Cu loss
 The line current
 The full load efficiency
Shaft Output= 100Kw
Rotor output= 100+1.2= 101.2Kw
Rotor output= (1-s)*rotor input= 101.2 => Rotor input= 103.055Kw
RCL=rotor Cu loss= s* rotor input= 1.855Kw
Stator Input= 103.055+2.440+3.5= 108.995Kw

𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟗𝟗𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
We know, P= √3* VL*IL*Cos∅ => IL= = 22.43A
√𝟑∗𝟑𝟑𝟎𝟎∗𝟎.𝟖𝟓
𝟏𝟎𝟎
ŋ= *100%= 91.75%
𝟏𝟎𝟖.𝟗𝟗𝟓
 The power input to the rotor of a 440V ,50Hz, 6-pole,3 –phase IM is 100Kw. The rotor
electromotive force is observed to make 120 cycles per minute. Calculate a. the slip b. the

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rotor speed c. mechanical power developed d. rotor copper loss per phase e. speed of the
stator field with respect to the rotor field.
120𝑓
fr= 2Hz Also, fr=s*f => s= 0.04; Ns= 𝑝
= 1000rpm
Nr=Ns*(1-s) = 960rpm
Mechanical power developed= rotor output= (1-s)*rotor input= 96Kw
RCL=s*rotor input= 4Kw
RCL/phase= 4/3=1.333Kw
Speed of the stator field with respect to the rotor field= 1000-960= 40rpm
 An 18.65Kw, 4pole, 50Hz, 3∅ IM has friction & windage losses of 2.5% of the output. The FL
slip is 4%. Compute for full load a. the rotor Cu loss b. the rotor input c. the shaft torque d. the
gross electromagnetic torque.
Rotor output= 18650+466= 19116watt

Rotor output= (1-s)*rotor input= 19116 => Rotor input= 19912w
RCL=s* rotor input= 797watt
Nr=1500(1-0.04) = 1440rpm
𝑷𝒐𝒖𝒕
TShaft= 9.55* =123.7N-m
𝑵
𝟏𝟗𝟏𝟏𝟔
TGross=9.55* 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎 =1267N-m
 An 8pole, 3∅ , 50Hz IM is running at a speed of 710 rpm with an input power of 35KW. The
stator losses at this operating condition are known to be 1200W while the rotational losses
are 600W. Find a. rotor Cu loss b. the gross torque developed c. the gross mechanical power
developed d. the net torque e. the mechanical power output
120𝑓
Ns= 𝑝
= 750rpm; Nr= 710 rpm; s= 0.0533
Rotor input= 35-1.2= 33.8Kw
RCL= s*rotor input= 1.80Kw
Rotor Output= (1-s)*rotor input= 32Kw
𝟑𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Tg= 9.55* = 430N-m
𝟕𝟏𝟎
Net mechanical power output= 32-0.6= 31.4Kw
𝟑𝟏.𝟒∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Net torque, Tnet= 9.55* 𝟕𝟏𝟎
= 42235N-m
 A 480V, 60Hz, 50hp, 3-∅ IM is drawing 60A at 0.85PF lagging. The stator Cu loss are 2Kw & the
rotor Cu loss are 700W. The friction & windage losses are 600W the core losses are 1800W and
the stray losses are negligible. Find the following quantities

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 The air-gap power PAG

 The power converted Pconv
 The output power Pout
 The efficiency of the motor
Stator Input=√𝟑VIcos∅= 42.40Kw
Rotor Input=Air Gap Power= PAG= 42.40- 2-1.8= 38.60Kw
Output power at rotor Pconv= 38.60- 0.70= 37.90Kw
Output power at shaft Pout=37.90- 0.60= 37.30Kw

𝟑𝟕.𝟑𝟎
Overall efficiency, ŋ = *100%= 87.97%
𝟒𝟐.𝟒𝟎
 A 460V, 25hp, 60-Hz, 4 pole, Y-connected IM has the following impedance in ohms per phase
referred to the stator circuit:
R1=0.641Ω R2=0.332Ω
X1= 1.106Ω X2= 0.464Ω XM= 26.3Ω
The total rotational losses are 1100W and are assumed to be constant. The core loss is lumped
in with the rotational losses. For a rotor slip of 2.2% at the rated voltage and rated frequency,
find the motors
 Speed
 Stator current
 PF
 Pconv & Pout
 𝝉ind & 𝝉load
 Efficiency
𝟏𝟐𝟎𝒇
Ns= 𝒑
= 1800rpm
460
V/Phase= √3
= 266V
𝑉 266
I2’/phase= 𝑅2′
= 15.73+𝑗 1.57= 16.82<-5.7°
(𝑅1+ )+𝑗(𝑋1+𝑋2′ )
𝑠
266
I0/phase= 𝑗26.3= 10.11<-90°
I1/phase= I0+I2’=Stator current/phase= 20.46<-35.15°
PF=Cos35.15°= 0.817 lag

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Stator Input: √3VLCos∅= 13.31Kw
PSCL= 3*I12*R1= 0.81Kw
PAG= rotor input power= 12.5Kw
Rotor output power= (1-s)* rotor input= 12.22Kw=mechanical power developed=Pconv
Shaft power= 12.22- 1.1= 11.125Kw=Pout
Nr=Ns*(1-s)= 1760rpm
𝟏𝟐.𝟐𝟐∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝉ind= 9.55* = 66.30N-m
𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎
𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟐𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝉load=9.55* 𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟎
=60.36N-m
𝟏𝟏.𝟏𝟐𝟓
ŋ= 𝟏𝟑.𝟑𝟏
*100%= 83.6%
 A 2-pole, 50-Hz IM supplies 15Kw to a load at a speed of 2950 rpm.
 What is the motor slip

 What is the induced torque
 What will be the operating speed of the motor if its torque is doubled
 How much power will be supplied by the motor when the torque is doubled
120𝑓 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎
Ns= 𝑝
= 3000rpm; Nr= 2950 rpm; s= 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟎
*100%= 0.017
Since no friction & windage losses were provided, so we may take load power as equal to-
gross mechanical power=15Kw

𝟏𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝝉ind= 9.55* 𝟐𝟗𝟓𝟎
= 48.5N-m
If torque will double then operating slip will double s= 0.034
Nr=Ns*(1-s) = 2898rpm
And at double torque corresponding power will be supplied

𝑷
𝝉ind= 9.55*𝟐𝟖𝟗𝟖= 48.5*2N-m
 P= 29.45Kw
 A 460V, 25hp, 60-Hz, 4 pole, Y-connected IM has the following impedance in ohms per phase
referred to the stator circuit:

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R1=0.641Ω R2=0.332Ω
X1= 1.106Ω X2= 0.464Ω XM= 26.3Ω
 What is the maximum torque of this motor? At what speed does it occurs?
R01= 0.641+0.332= 0.973Ω; X01= 1.106+0.464= 1.57Ω; Z01= √(𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟑𝟐 + 𝟏. 𝟓𝟕𝟐 )= 1.85Ω
𝑹𝟐 𝟎.𝟑𝟑𝟐
At maximum torque slip will be, s= = = 0.16
𝑹𝟐+𝒁𝟎𝟏 𝟐.𝟏𝟖𝟐
𝟏𝟐𝟎∗𝟔𝟎
Ns= 𝟒
=1800rpm; Nr= Ns*(1-s) = 1512rpm
𝟒𝟔𝟎
V1/phase= √𝟑
= 266V
𝟑∗𝑽𝟏^𝟐 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟔𝟎𝟎
At maximum torque power will be= = = 37.45Kw
𝟐(𝑹𝟎𝟏+𝒁𝟎𝟏) 𝟓.𝟔𝟓
𝟑𝟕.𝟒𝟓∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
So maximum torque will be 𝝉max= 9.55* 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟐
= 236N-m

3-Phase IM

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Engr.

Rafiqul Islam Rony

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

3-∅ Induction Motor

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 How does an induction motor works?

 Hoe the direction of rotation of a 3-phase IM can be reversed?

 Why star delta are preferred with IM?

 Why the PF of a 3∅ IM is low at no load?

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 High starting toque and low starting current

 Draw the star delta circuit connection for starting an IM?

 Draw the Auto-Transformer connection for starting an IM?

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Rotor Current Frequency: fr= s*f= Slip* Supply frequency

 When the rotor is at standstill or stationary then s=1

 Rotor Current & PF:-

When running at slip s:

 Rotor Starting Torque:-

 Condition For Maximum Starting Torque:-

R2= X2 => rotor resistance/phase= rotor reactance/phase

 Effect of change of supply voltage:-

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

Since, E2∞V; Where V=Supply voltage

 Torque Under Running Condition:-

 Maximum Torque Under Running Condition:-

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Relation between starting torque & maximum torque:-

 Power stage in Induction Motor:

 Induction Motor Nameplate:

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Torque and speed curve of an IM:-

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

 Why single phase IM is not self-starting?

 How to make the single phase IM self-starting?

To make a single phase IM self-starting, we would somehow produce a revolving stator

 What is a universal motor? How can be universal motor can be reversed?

 Where do we require single phase IM?

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

Since N is 290rpm; Ns has to be near it say 300RPM. If Ns is assumed as 300rpm

 A 4-pole , 3-Phase IM operate from a supply whose frequency is 50Hz, Calculate:

 The speed at which the magnetic field of the stator is rotating.

Nr=Ns (1-S) = 1440rpm=rotor speed

fr =s*f= 0.03* 50= 1.5Hz=rotor frequency

fr =s*f= 1* 50= 50Hz=rotor frequency at standstill

P= 2*n= 2*3=6; No of slot= 3*6*3=54

When slip rings are short circuited:

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

Rotor impedance/ phase= √(12 + 42 ) = 4.12Ω

When 3Ω are connected with slip ring:

Rotor impedance/ phase= √(42 + 42 ) = 5.65Ω

Rotor impedance/ phase= √(0.252 + 0.252 ) = 0.35Ω

Per Phase rotor reactance, X2= 2*Pi*50*3.61*10^-3= 1.14Ω

Rotor impedance/ phase= √(0.12 + 1.142 ) = 1.15Ω

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟑 𝑬𝟐𝟐 ∗𝑹𝟐 𝟔𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟖

 Rotor current at standstill with the rheostat is in the circuit.

 Rotor current/phase when running short circuited with 4% slip

Rotor induced emf/phase, Er=s*E2=2.77 V

Total impedance Zr=0.3+j0.04*1.5= 0.3+j0.06= 0.31<11°

At maximum torque condition:

Electrical High Voltage Jobs Preparation

At 0.2 slip Rotor induced emf/phase, Er=s*E2=13.85 V

Total impedance Zr=0.3+j0.2*1.5= 0.3+j0.3= 0.42<11°

 Rotor Current Frequency: fr= sf= Slip Supply frequency

fr =sf= 0.03 50= 1.5Hz=rotor frequency

fr =sf= 1 50= 50Hz=rotor frequency at standstill

P= 2n= 23=6; No of slot= 363=54

Per Phase rotor reactance, X2= 2Pi503.6110^-3= 1.14Ω

s1V12=s2V22 [When T remains constant]

Nr=Ns(1-s) = 950(1-0.0234) = 928rpm

F.L Cu loss= 322.720.4= 619watt

PSCL= 3I12R1= 0.81Kw