SUMMARY OF THE METHODS IN TEACHING

INDUCTIVE METHOD
- discovery in nature
- this helps the students to discover rules/truths for themselves (specific to
general)
- the students learn through their own activity
- whatever is learned retains longer
- however, when lesson appears to be so lengthy, it becomes too formal

STEPS
a. preparation
b. presentation
c. comparison and comparison
d. generalization
e. application

DEDUCTIVE METHOD
- by which generalization is applied to specific cases (general to specific)
- this begins with a law, rule, definition, formula/concept
- this teaches the students to delay judgment until truth is proven
- however, there’s no value in securing drill or for emotional outcomes

STEPS
a. statement of the problem
b. generalization
c. inference
d. verification

PROBLEM METHOD
- means doubt, uncertainty, difficulty
- this involves reflective thinking
- students are trained in reasoning, how to act in a new situation, get out of a
difficult situation and find solution
- this aims at the development of personality
- however, students might form hasty conclusion

STEPS
a. recognition
b. statement of hypothesis
c. critical evaluation
d. verification

PROJECT METHOD
- it is self-directing and self-propelling
- it is a significant, practical unit of activity of a problematic in nature, planned and
carried to completion.
- this aims at the development of responsibility, initiative and creativity
- however, this tends to be expensive

STEPS
a. purposing
b. planning
c. executing
d. evaluating
LABORATORY METHOD
- laboratory means place for experiment
- this provides firsthand experience
- is also called a research method because the science classroom offers many
opportunities for scientific investigation
- this supports the principle, “learning by doing” which makes learning lasts
- however, this tends to be expensive as well and this has to be adjusted
according to the needs/levels of students

STEPS
a. introductory step for orientation and motivation
b. work period
c. culminating activities

DEMONSTRATION METHOD
- this shows the correct thing right at the start
- telling-or-showing

LECTURE METHOD
- telling method
- more on exposition not narration (telling)
- this involves clarifying/explaining a major idea
- used in a great deal in the lower grades as there is much that needs explaining
- this is to serve as a guide through a great mass of information characteristics of
subject areas
- this provides adequate explanation for students to begin new work
- however, this violates the principle, “learning by doing”

STEPS
a. preparation
b. procedure

EXPOSITORY METHOD
- more on explaining and interpreting
- used when ideas/principles can be learned only by explanation

STEPS
a. approach
b. presentation
c. application

INTEGRATIVE METHOD
- aims at making learning a total process through combination