Single Channel Microwave Photonics Digital Beamforming Radar Imaging

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Single channel microwave photonics digital beamforming radar imaging

system
Zerihun Gedeb TEGEGNE, Cyril DECROZE, Philippe DI BIN, Thomas FROMENTEZE and Christelle
AUPETIT-BERTHELEMOT
XLIM research institute- University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert THOMAS, 87060 LIMOGES, Cedex,
France
beamforming the physical layer is not reconfigurable and the

Abstract— We propose and demonstrate the first single analog part is fixed [2]. It is more flexible as the beam steering
channel real-time microwave photonics digital beamforming is performed numerically by applying a complex weighting on
radar imaging system based on a silica photonics summator. digitized baseband signals [3]. However, in such architecture
Considering a set of microwave signals received by an antenna
there are many digital receiving chains, one own receiver at
array, the number of receiving chains is concentrated into a
single channel by achieving an analog time-division multiplexing each of the radiating elements as depicted in Fig. 1. The down-
of radio-frequency (RF) modulated optical signals using well- converting to an intermediate frequency (IF) and digitizing the
calculated optical fiber lengths and a microwave photonics captured echo signals are realized for each individual antenna
summator. This single channel output guarantees a simplified element. Then the required image is constructed by the signal
architecture and minimizes the required number of analog-to- processing unit.
digital converters. A fixed fiber length difference is implemented
To achieve a high image resolution, it requires the use of
to introduce a true time delay between each channel in order to
time-interleave them. The image of the scenes is then retrieved by ultra-wide band (UWB) hardware components connected to
de-multiplexing the received signal and applying digital many antennas [4]. However, large array synthesis imposes
beamforming techniques. The potential applications of this the implementation of redundant and burdensome
structure are to implement in a short-range radar imaging architectures [1]. To minimize the number of receivers (while
system. keeping the same number of antennas) recent techniques based
on passive coding (microwave analog multiplexing) devices
Index Terms— Radar imaging, Microwave photonics, were proposed [5] [6] [7] as shown in Fig. 2 where a single
Photonics summator, Photonics multiplexer, digital receiving chain is used for a given array of antenna.
beamforming, photonics beamforming Nevertheless, the proposed passive microwave multiplexing
devices (based on the design of oversized mode mixing
I. INTRODUCTION cavities) are cumbersome and limited in terms of the number
Radar imaging offers solutions in the field of security such of input antennas. Indeed, for a fixed volume, increasing the
as body scanners, through walls vision, target detection in number of input antennas will increase the insertion losses and
opaque environments, or non-destructive testing of luggage. minimize the signal to noise ratio of the decorrelated signals
The focus in this field is the optimization of the radiation (due to channels cross-correlation).
aperture to ensure maximum resolution while realizing real-
time refreshable system. However, today's solutions struggle
to combine sensitivity, resolution, low processing time and
compactness. In analog beamforming, the beam steering is
performed in an analog way by using a controlled phase
shifter that provides a true-time-delay (TTD). Its performance
is bandwidth limited and has high scanning time with a
complex and reconfigurable architecture [1] [2]. Digital
beamforming ranks among the most efficient and flexible
solutions by achieving the analog-to-digital conversion of the
received signals processed by a computing unit. In a digital
Manuscript received July 13, 2017. This work was partially supported by
LABEX SIGMA-LIM.
Zerihun Gedeb Tegegne, Cyril Decroze, Philippe Di Bin, Thomas
Fromenteze and Christelle Aupetit-Berthelemot are with XLIM research Fig. 1: Digital beamforming architecture in the receiving mode in
institute- University of Limoges, 123 Avenue Albert THOMAS, 87060 far field application set up. PAA: phase array antenna, RFR: RF
LIMOGES, Cedex, France (author contact e-mail: philippe.dibin@xlim.fr).
receiver, ADC: analog-to-digital converter.
© 2017 IEEE
0733-8724 (c) 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/JLT.2017.2775661, Journal of
downgraded signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth limitations, cost

and high design complexity [16]. An optical solution consists
in gathering many optical signals onto a single photodiode in
order to reduce the required number of photodiodes and
analog-to-digital converters. This minimizes the complexity
and cost of the system. Using a conventional N-optical coupler
that generates losses estimated at about 10 log(N) (with N the
number of input optical fibers) [17] is impossible to be used as
an efficient concentrator in photonics beamforming antenna
systems. Although multi-wavelength concept [18] and
wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) approach [19]
present a lower level of loss and low-noise solution, it is costly
and complex due to the need of tunable lasers and numerous
colored stabilized lasers, respectively. Another solution we
propose in this paper, can be achieved by spatial concentration
of the incoming optical signals onto a single high-speed planar
photodiode by using a silica capillary. This spatial
concentration device is called microwave photonics
summation device (MPSD) which has been developed at
XLIM laboratory from 2011 [20] [21]. Such a system is cost
Fig. 2: Digital beamforming architecture based-on passive coding effective and less complex compared to WDM solution, and
(analog multiplexing) device in the receiving mode in far field the power transmission ratio is increased by a factor of N
setup. compared to N-conventional optical fiber coupler solution.
Integrating the MPSD with the digital beamforming would be
Beamforming techniques based-on photonics technologies
an eminent solution as it simplifies the architecture and
have been implemented since the 1980s [8] [9] thanks to the
minimizes the insertion losses. Hence, the MPSD could be
inherent advantages brought by the photonics technology such
used to build a short-range MWP radar imaging system by
as small size, low weight, large bandwidth, low transmission
replacing the microwave analog multiplexing part shown in
loss, tunable capability and immunity to electromagnetic
Fig. 2.
interference [10]. The implementation of true-time-delay
(TTD) and phase shifters is enabling via microwave photonics In this paper, the proof of concept of a single acquisition
(MWP) signal processing techniques [11]. In photonics channel MWP digital beamforming PAA radar system based-
beamforming, the time delay or phase shift of microwave on MPSD in S-band frequency range is demonstrated. The
signals is achieved in the optical domain, by providing a time designed optical fiber and MPSD-based setup allow a single
delay to an optical carrier signal that is modulated with the output channel guaranteeing a simplified architecture that
electrical signal of interest. Optical delay can be achieved by requires a single analog-to-digital converter. Decorrelation
either variable length delay lines, variable-propagation- between all the received signals is achieved in optical domain
velocity lines based on optical filters [9] or dispersive optical by time domain multiplexing based on optical fiber delay
fibers [12]. To achieve photonics beamforming in the lines. The time-interleave between channels is attained by
reception mode the incoming waveforms are gathered by the introducing different fiber lengths to provide a fixed time
phased antenna array (PAA) and then are routed, delayed and delay between each channel. While time-domain multiplexing
summed by the optical system to generate the required and concentration of all signals to the single output channel
radiation aperture [13]. In transmission mode, the generated are achieved by optical processing, the de-multiplexing and
microwave signal is transmitted by optical fiber to PAA with digital beamforming are performed numerically which leads to
appropriate phase delays (either different fiber length or a one-shot acquisition on a single channel and real-time signal
simply adjusting the polarization controller) to achieve the processing. Although our future goal is to build a short-range
required radiation aperture in the required direction [14]. photonics radar scanner with high resolution and real-time
Recently, MWP radar system based on photonics de-chirping image rate, this paper focuses on feasibility demonstration in a
of linear frequency modulated continuous-waves has been also simplified case with a far-field target detection, uniform 1D
demonstrated in [15]. antenna array, limited number of antennas and omnidirectional
radar cross section (RCS). This scheme can be implemented in
The complexity of MWP beamforming systems in
a short-range radar imaging applications in the field of
reception mode PAA can be optimized by minimizing the
security.
number of conversion chains. However, the difficulty lays in
the PAA reception mode while low loss high-speed
II. MICROWAVE PHOTONICS RADAR SYSTEM
summation devices able to achieve an analog sum of large
numbers of microwave modulated optical signals with respect Here we present the proposed radar system mainly based
to their amplitude and phase were unavailable. on a microwave photonics reception mode beamforming. It is
developed based-on MPSD to aggregate numerous different
Direct detection of individual modulated optical signals length optical channels from each receiver antenna array into a
associated with electrical combiner circuits suffers from
single output channel as shown in the schematic diagram in

Fig. 3.
The proposed phased array contains one omnidirectional
emitting antenna that illuminates the targets by a single RF
pulse. The signal reflected from the scene to image is collected
by N receiving antenna elements and its magnitude is
amplified by low noise amplifiers (LNA). A single CW laser
diode provides high optical power divided into N channels Fig. 4: Microwave photonics summation device structure [20].
thanks to a 1 × N optical coupler. For each channel, the
Receiver
Imaged scene antenna LNAs EOMs Optical
array fibers
Microwave Image
photonics Oscilloscope
1 L1 processing
summation LNA (acquisition)
& display
2 L2
Targets PD OSC
3 L3
. .. ..
.. . LN .
N
Emitting Legend
Antenna 1xN PM
Microwave
Coupler
CW Laser diode Photonics
15 mW λ=1540 nm
Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of the proposed microwave photonics short range radar system.
optical power is modulated by the RF signal received by the III. MICROWAVE PHOTONICS SIGNAL PROCESSING
corresponding antenna using high-speed electro-optic
modulators (EOMs). The up-converted RF signals are then A radio frequency pulse illuminates the targeted objects
transmitted by optical fibers of different lengths to the MPSD located at a distance and then reflected waves 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) from the
to be converted into a single electrical signal. The pulse scene are collected by an array of N antennas (Fig. 5). The
repetition interval is determined by the fiber length difference signal received by the antenna array is optically modulated,
(i.e. different delays) introduced in each channel. Hence, the propagated through different length optical fiber and summed
increment in length from one fiber to another to time- into a single signal output 𝑦(𝑡).
interleave between channels has to be carefully calculated The output signal 𝑦(𝑡) is measured at the output of the
with the required pulse repetition time and the targeted MPSD (as in Fig. 5). The received signal at each antenna
unambiguous range. The captured RF signal from the 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) is coded by the optical channel impulse response
photodiode undergoes signal acquisitions for reconstructing ℎ𝑖 (𝑡) while it is transmitted through the fiber. Therefore, the
the required information. raw RF signal measured at the output of the summation
device 𝑦(𝑡) can be expressed in frequency domain as:
The structure of the MPSD is an assembly of an optical
concentrator and a planar photodiode (PD) as depicted in Fig. N
4 and described in [20]. The bundle of uncoated input single- = Y( f )
i =1
Si ( f ) ⋅ H i ( f ) ∑ (1 )
mode fibers (SMFs) are inserted into a silica capillary. This
bundle is then drawn by means of a propane-oxygen torch-
based drawing rig. Hence the SMFs are encapsulated in a = Y ( f ) S ( f ) 1× N ⋅ H ( f ) N ×1 [ (2)] [ ]
silica tube, which is tapered to an all-silica air-free multimode
waveguide. The cleaved output face is end-butted to the active
where 𝑌(𝑓), 𝑆𝑖 (𝑓) and 𝐻𝑖 (𝑓) are the Fourier transform of the
surface of a high-speed planar InGaAs PD.
output signal 𝑦(𝑡), the received signal by the ith antenna 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡)
and the ith optical channel impulse response ℎ𝑖 (𝑡) respectively.
N is the total number of channels.
input SMFs (only 4 fibers are used in this work) and an 80 µm

diameter planar InGaAs PD having a -3 dB electrical
bandwidth of 5 GHz [20]. Optical interference isolation of the
MPSD higher than 40 dB is measured [20], indicating that
interferences between the incoming beams can be neglected.
Hence, the sum of the RF signals at the output of the MPSD is
free of optical interference effects. A mean optical loss less
than 1.9 dB over 14 channels is also measured for the
designed MPSD. The increment in length from one fiber to the
other is 6 m, which represents a relative delay of 30 ns
corresponding to a distance of 4.5 m in the round-trip
propagation in air, thus defining the radar unambiguous range.
The MPSD converts these four temporally multiplexed optical
Fig. 5: Theoretical schematic diagram of the microwave signals into a single electrical signal 𝑦(𝑡).
photonics beamforming radar system in receiver mode. The time
delay of the receive pulse from each antenna depends on the
target position and the fiber length.
To retrieve the target direction and distance, the measured

signal 𝑌(𝑓) must be decoded by computing the pseudo-
+
inversion of the channel transfer function matrix 𝐻(𝑓)1×𝑁 .
Then the estimated waveforms 𝑆𝑖 (𝑓) received by each antenna
are:
~ 
 S ( f )  = [Y ( f ) ][ H ( f ) ]
+
(3 )
To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the estimated antenna

signal [𝑆�(𝑓)] is passing through a numerical Gaussian filter. Fig. 6: Microwave photonics phase array radar system with 4
receiver antennas developed at XLIM Laboratory.
Finally, the radiation patter 𝐷(𝜙, 𝑓) is computed for each
observation angles by digital beamforming as presented in (4).
This technique is based on the far-field approach, but near-
field imaging algorithms could also be implemented.
N ∧ 2p f
D(f ,=
f) ∑ S ( f ) × exp(− j
i =1
i
c
d (i − 1) sin(f )) (4)
where c is speed of light, d is antenna inter-element spacing

and ϕ is beam-steering direction. In the next section, this
principle is applied to the experimental results to illustrate the
beamforming generated by the proposed microwave photonics
radar system.
IV. SYSTEM REALIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
A microwave photonics radar imaging system shown in
Fig. 6 is developed at XLIM Laboratory for feasibility
demonstration. It comprises a Vivaldi type emitting antenna
that simultaneously illuminates the whole scene by a single RF
pulse generated by an arbitrary waveform generator (AWG).
On the other hand, an array of 4 receiving patch antennas
operating at central frequency of 1.8 GHz with a 400 MHz
bandwidth are uniformly set with an inter-element spacing of
9 cm. The antenna inter-element spacing is chosen by
compromising between directivity and coupling minimization
using EM simulation. Each receiving antenna is connected to a
LNA that amplifies the magnitude of the captured RF signal
by 25 dB to be injected onto an EOM for optical transmission.
The signals are then transmitted by optical fibers of different
lengths to the MPSD. The structure of the MPSD contains 14 Fig. 7: Radar imaging bench setup.
To investigate the feasibility of the proposed phased array

antenna, the designed system is characterized by using the
bench setup shown in Fig. 7. To well define the transfer
function of each channel 𝐻𝑖 (𝑓), a channel per channel
measurement is previously achieved. Then the radar system is
characterized in anechoic chamber (Fig. 7). A single output
signal which contains all information coming from each
receiving antenna (see Fig. 7) is digitized and measured by a
40 GS/s real-time digital oscilloscope. The signal acquisition
process is performed by Matlab using the equations presented
in section III in order to compute the image of the observed
scene. This technique allows for the realization of real-time
imaging because it is not subjected to the conventional
mechanical or electronic scanning time, but only at the
computation times.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The scene to be imaged comprises two objects positioned
at 2m and 3m of the system and presenting respectively at an
angle with respect to the normal to the antenna array of 0° and
30° as shown in Fig. 8 a). Target-1 is a 7 cm length and 5 mm
diameter screw and target-2 is a metal tube of 1 m height and
5 cm diameter. Fig. 9: Time domain signals for a two targets scene. a) emitted
signal (pulse), b) the raw received signal, 𝐲(𝐭), and c) the
truncated and de-multiplexed signals received at each antenna
after processing.
Fig. 8: a) Two targets located at (2 m, 0 °) and (3 m, 30 °) from

the center of the antenna array, b) Emitting and receiving
antennas.
The emitted signal from AWG and the measured signals

for two targets are shown in Fig. 9 a) and b) respectively. The a)
measured output signal 𝑦(𝑡) contains information on the target 0
position and the direct coupling signal corresponding to the
direct path between the transmitting antenna and the receiving
array as indicted by Di in the Fig. 9 b). The reflected Object 1 @ 2m & 0°
waveforms 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) from the two targets are also shown in Fig. 9 -5
Object 2 @ 3m & 30°
Gain(dB)
b) as labeled by Si. The magnitude of the direct coupling as

well as the reflected waves for the 4th channel (D4 and s4) is
smaller compared to the other three channels; this is due to -10
lower gain of the 4th EOM. Nevertheless, the gain difference
X: -14
between each EOM is compensated in post processing by the Y: -13.43
decoding process described in previous section (eq. (3)). The
direct coupling signal can be removed using a reference -15
-50 0 50
measurement without any target. The received waveform 𝑠𝑖 (𝑡) b) angle (°)
(received by each antenna), which is truncated and de-
multiplexed from the measured signal by the equations
Fig. 10: Experimental results: a) microwave constructed image
presented in section III, is presented in Fig. 9 c) for the two
for two targets and b) radar map cut at Z=2 m and 3 m.
targets located at 2 m and 3 m.
The radar image obtained after a single-shot acquisition

and the digital processing (including distance compensation) is
shown in Fig. 10a). The two objects (target-1 and -2) are
perfectly detected at their correct position. The angular
resolution is very strongly limited by the small size of the
antenna array which includes only 4 antennas but it perfectly
matchs with the expected performances. The dynamic is 15
dB, and one can note that with such a value a small object like
a screw is detected. The magnitude of the radar map cut at
Z=2 m and 3 m is presented in Fig. 10 b) for two objects
(located at 2 m and 3 m; angle with 0° and 30° respectively).
The secondary lobes of the array are visible on the sides at a
level of -13.43 dB close to the theoretical -14 dB for a non-
apodized antenna array.
The designed system can see an object located up to 4 m
as shown in Fig. 11 a). It can also detect several objects
simultaneously which are located in the unambiguous range
(4.5 m) as presented in Fig. 11 b) and d). It can also identify
two or more objects closely positioned in range (distance
between two objects) as small as 0.4 m (Fig. 11 d) although
the bandwidth is limited to 400 MHz.
Fig. 12 a) Theoretical radar map computed by Matlab from -90°

to 90° beamsteering direction and for a target located 2 m. b) The
measured radar map cut of Fig. 11-c) at distance=2 m compared
with ideal case.
VI. CONCLUSION
A simple, less complex and low cost microwave photonics
radar imaging system based-on low cost microwave photonics
Fig. 11: Experimental results of the extracted microwave scene summator is proposed. We have demonstrated the feasibility
image at different locations a) an image of a 1 m long and 5 cm of introducing optical functions into a digital beamforming
diameter object located at 4 m, b) an image of a screw and 1 m radar imaging system. The introduction of optics has made it
long object located at 2 m and 4 m respectively, c) an image of
possible to obtain single-channel and single-shot operation
screw having 7 cm length and 5 mm diameter located at 2 m, d)
an image of a screw and 1 m long object located at 2 m and 2.4 m with good dynamics. This solution greatly reduces the bulk
respectively. and weight of existing all-microwave and photonics systems,
while providing much greater design flexibility. The
The experimental results from an object located at 2 m (see performances are in line with expectations. Two objects
Fig. 11 c) is compared to theoretical radar map as shown in located at different position are observed and their actual
Fig. 12 a). The theoretical radar map is computed by using locations are deduced with radiation patterns presenting side
Matlab for the same number of antennas, bandwidth and inter- lobe value less than -13 dB. To improve the resolution it
element space as for the experimental study. This simulation is requires increasing the number of antennas and the bandwidth.
performed by setting a perfect point target with 3D imaging will be possible with a 2D uniform antenna array
omnidirectional radar cross section (RCS) located 2 meters or 2D sparse MIMO array. This radar imaging system can be
away from an array of 4 isotropic ideal antennas. As depicted implemented for short-range security scanning applications.
in Fig. 12 b), the cross range resolution is the same when
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Zerihun Gedeb Tegegne was born in Ambo, Ethiopia, in 1983. He received

his bachelor of science in electrical engineering from Arbamich University,
Arbamich, Ethiopian in 2007 and his master degree in optical communications
and photonics technologies from Politecnico di Torino, Italy, in 2012. He also
received doctoral degree in Optoelectronics, Electronics and Systems from
Université Paris-Est, France, in 2016. Since December 2016, he is a
postdoctoral researcher at XLIM research institute, in France. His research
interest includes the study of microwave photonics multiplexing device,
integrated photonics, optoelectronic devices, radio-over-fiber systems and
microwave photonics radar imaging systems.
Cyril DECROZE received the Ph.D. degree in telecommunications

engineering from the University of Limoges, Limoges, France, in 2002. He is
currently an Associate Professor in the XLIM research institute, and obtained
the accreditation to direct research (HDR) in December 2013. Since 2015, he
is in charge of the Antennas & Signal team at XLIM. His field of research
concerns multiple antennas transmission systems, and associated processing

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

Single channel microwave photonics digital beamforming radar imaging

beamforming the physical layer is not reconfigurable and the

downgraded signal-to-noise ratio, bandwidth limitations, cost

single output channel as shown in the schematic diagram in

input SMFs (only 4 fibers are used in this work) and an 80 µm

To retrieve the target direction and distance, the measured

To improve the signal-to-noise ratio, the estimated antenna

where c is speed of light, d is antenna inter-element spacing

To investigate the feasibility of the proposed phased array

V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 8: a) Two targets located at (2 m, 0 °) and (3 m, 30 °) from

The emitted signal from AWG and the measured signals

b) as labeled by Si. The magnitude of the direct coupling as

The radar image obtained after a single-shot acquisition

Fig. 12 a) Theoretical radar map computed by Matlab from -90°

Zerihun Gedeb Tegegne was born in Ambo, Ethiopia, in 1983. He received

Cyril DECROZE received the Ph.D. degree in telecommunications

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