World experience in Building Codes

Sharing best practice experience

from different regions

Phase 2 CEEDS Workshop in Bangkok

8-10 September 2010, Bangkok

IEA, International Energy Agency,

Jens Laustsen
Senior Policy Analyst for Efficiency in Buildings

© OECD/IEA, 2010
Energy efficiency – critical
part of sustainable energy
future

Can deliver larges

reductions in CO2
emissions at low costs

With solution that

already exist
© OECD/IEA, 2009
 What the world needs !
Long term GHG mitigation
Mtoe 18 000 Other renewables
16 000
Biomass
14 000
Hydro
12 000
10 000 Nuclear
8 000 Gas
6 000 Oil
4 000
Coal
2 000
WEO-2008 total
0
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

World energy demand expands by 45% between now and 2030 – an average
rate of increase of 1.6% per year – source WEO 2009
© OECD/IEA, 2009
 World abatement of energy-
energy-related
CO2 emissions in the 450 Scenario

42
Gt

Reference Scenario Share of abatement %

40 2020 2030
38 Efficiency 65 57
36 End-use 59 52
34 13.8 Gt Power plants 6 5
3.8 Gt Renewables 18 20
32
Biofuels 1 3
30
Nuclear 13 10
28
CCS 3 10
450 Scenario
26
2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

• Efficiency measures account for two-thirds of the 3.8 Gt of abatement in 2020,

• with renewable energy contributing close to one-fifth
WEO 2009
© OECD/IEA, 2009
Energy efficiency in buildings is climate
change abatement at low costs
• Why ? - They are feasible on long term !
Renewable Energy

End Use Efficiency

IEA: Energy technology perspective 2008 McKinsey institute: Climate reports 2007 - 2009

Many recent studies shows exactly the same trends !

© OECD/IEA, 2009
Best Practice Examples

Buildings with little or no energy use

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Frankfurt/M Germany Sophienhof
FAAG/ABG Frankfurt Architect Fuessler

New Buildings
Blocks of Flats
160 dwellings
14 767 m²
Passive House Technology
15 kwh / m² per year

Payback = 9 – 10 years
Extra costs Buildings stay for 50 –
= 3-5% of the total costs 100 years !
© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Zero Carbon Example UK
Zero Carbon Buildings
BedZet, London, UK have been on agenda
in UK since 2005.

All new building to be

zero carbon by 2016
(residential) / 2019
(commercial / public).

4 Purchase
carbon offsets

3. Incorporate renewable
energy and green power

2 Improve energy efficiency

1. Avoid need for energy use

passive heating, cooling and ventilation

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Zero Energy or Plus
Solar Siedlung Vauban Freiburg, Germany

Low energy buildings – 15 kWh per year.

Large solar photo voltage systems.
Feed in tariffs guaranteed by German government.
These building produce much more than they use !
Actually they are power stations !
© OECD/IEA, 2010
Energy efficiency in
Building Codes

Demands for new constructions

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 German Building Codes
Energy standard refurbishment

300

Germany
250
Demands refurbishment
200
Demands new
kWh7(m²a)

Primary losses
Losses in system
150
Minus 30 % Hot sanitory water
Energy demand
100
Minus 50 %
50

0
gs

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us
30

50
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© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Active and intelligent buildings

kWh per m² per year

Danish Building
Code 2010 -
probably highest Danish Building Research Institute calculated additional costs by
EE demands in reduction of 25 % in 2010 to be 5%.
A reduction on 50 % would have 10 % additional construction cost.
the world
With time these will drop to 3 % versus 6 %.
© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Control New Buildings Dk
8

1 6 7

1
3 4 9 0 National
Data Base
Permission to Permission to
Build Use END
 European Policy (EPBD)
• New European Directive forces all 28 member states of European
Union to follow these examples of Denmark, Germany and UK.
• A recast EPBD (Energy Performance in Buildings)
• Claims that all member states must implement:
• Innovative Building Codes
new buildings must be
close to zero energy in 2020
• Certification of buildings by
construction, sale and rent.
• Large public buildings regular
• New EPBD directive was
published 18 May 2010

• More European countries

expected to follow.
© OECD/IEA, 2010
 US Building Energy Codes
New Legislation / Implementation on the Way
• National energy codes with aggressive energy savings targets:
• 30% savings upon date of enactment;
• 50% savings in 2014 (homes), 2015 (comm.);
• 5% more savings every 3 years.
• Voluntary code organizations
get first chance to update
codes (ASHRAE, IEEC),
with help from DOE.
• DOE will establish energy
codes if organizations fail.

California – Long-Term Energy

Efficiency Strategies Plan:
• Net Zero Energy Buildings, NZE
• 2020 – NZE Homes
• 2030 – NZE Commercial Buildings
Source: Ken Menzer, NAIMA,

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 What to do if the climate is hot ?
Need for looking at other elements

Looking at experience and demands close to equator

 Intelligent design - example
The basic steps of Integrated Design Process (IDP):

consider right building size and use; The image cannot be display ed. Your computer may not hav e enough memory to open the image, or the image may hav e been corrupted. Restart y our computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, y ou may hav e to delete the image and then insert it again.

consider building orientation, form,

thermal mass;

specify a high-performance building
envelope;

maximize passive heating, cooling,
ventilation and use of day-light;

use renewable energy sources as
much as possible;

install efficient systems to meet
remaining loads;

ensure that individual energy-using devices are
as efficient as possible, and properly sized; and

ensure proper commission of systems &
devices
© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Generic Architecture
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Misr University for Science

and Technology, Cairo

Source Professor Ahmed Abdin,

Cairo Technical University

Old solutions –
generic architecture
used in new ways

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 Generic Architecture
Protected against the sun !
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and Technology, Cairo

Source Proffessor Ahmed Abdin,

Cairo Technical University

Old solutions –
generic architecture
used in new ways
But using sunlight !

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Elements in very hot climates
In very hot climates shading is a key element
Shading
`

West and East North and south

No windows Small / but
large impact
but wind tunnel

Close
Self Shading
Trees
No windows west and east

Airflow

Traditional housing in Singapore, JL 2009

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Greening of facades
Green makes
cooler and
protects
for sun

Singapore 2009

Renovation

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Zero Energy in Singapore
• High insulation
levels

• Efficient Windows

• Shading / threes

• Greening facades

• Efficient Cooling,
Vent.

• Solar PV

BCA - Academy Singapore – November 2009

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Energy efficiency in Buildings
• Cold Climate:
• High insulation levels
– All parts of building
• Efficient windows
– Keep heat in
• Optimal use of passive solar
– Passive house
• Efficient heating, ventilation
• Use of renewable energy
– Solar thermal
• Holistic approach
• Efficient products
• Hot Climate:
• High insulation levels
– In particular roof, east, west
• Efficient windows
– Keep heat out (÷ east, west)
• Optimal use of shading
– Greening of facades
• Efficient cooling, ventilation
• Use of renewable energy
– PV Photo Voltaic
• Holistic approach
• Efficient products
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© OECD/IEA, 2010
 IEA recommendations

While technological progress is needed to achieve some emissions reductions, efficiency

gains and deployment of existing low-carbon energy account for most of the savings.
 Recommendations G8
Heiligendamm
• Countries that do not currently have mandatory energy
efficiency standards for new buildings in Building Codes should
urgently set, enforce and regularly update such standards.
Those countries that currently have mandatory energy
efficiency standards for new buildings should significantly
strengthen those standards. Energy efficiency standards for
new buildings should be set by national or state government
and should aim to minimize total costs over a 30-year lifetime.

• Countries should support and encourage the construction of

buildings with very low or no net energy consumption (Passive
Energy Houses and Zero Energy Buildings) and ensure that
these buildings are commonly available in the market.
Governments should set objectives for PEH and ZEB market
share of all new construction by 2020. Passive Energy Houses
or Zero Energy Buildings should be used as benchmark for
energy efficiency standards in future updates of building
regulations.

© OECD/IEA, 2010
 Synergy
Figure 12. Development of ultra low buildings and building codes in Germany.

From Frauenhofer Institute 2006, H.E.

• Development brings increase energy efficiency in best practice buildings.

• Building regulation is then used to drive increase efficiency in all new
buildings.
© OECD/IEA, 2008
 Efficiency in new Buildings
Need to increase energy efficiency in new buildings:
• By increasing the requirements for new buildings
regularly in building codes or standards.
• By enforcement and encouragement to follow
these rules.
• By encouraging buildings owners and builders to go
further than the minimum requirements.

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Buildings Codes Buildings

Very Best
better
Practice
than BC
– PH or ZEB Walking Camel
 Existing buildings
• Many building codes also cover existing buildings
• Most often set by:
– Refurbishment / renovation
– Change of use
– Addition of building parts
– Individual components replaced
– New technical systems
• Can cover
– Only new parts
– All building due to feasibility / economy
 Conclusion
• Buildings offers large and compelling possibilities
improvement of efficiency
• Can help on climate and creates jobs
• Cost-efficient way to solve problems
• Building codes and enforcements are a central part of
this
• Buildings can however be better than these codes
• Good examples exist
• Special lesson for hot climates
• IEA will be happy to assist in such processes
• By sharing experience
• Give comments
• etc.
 Thank you

More information on buildings and recommendations:

www.iea.org
www.iea.org/G8/2008/G8_EE_recommendations.pdf

Contact:
Jens.Laustsen@iea.org
Efficiencyinfo@iea.org
25 energy efficiency policy recommendations across 7 priority areas
1. Across sectors 4. Lighting
1.1 Measures for increasing investment in energy 4.1 Best practice lighting and the phase-out of
efficiency; incandescent bulbs;
1.2 National energy efficiency strategies and 4.2 Ensuring least-cost lighting in non-
goals; residential buildings and the phase-out of
1.3 Compliance, monitoring, enforcement and inefficient fuel-based lighting.
evaluation of energy efficiency measures;
1.4 Energy efficiency indicators; 5. Transport
1.5 Monitoring and reporting progress with the 5.1 Fuel-efficient tyres;
IEA energy efficiency recommendations 5.2 Mandatory fuel efficiency standards for
themselves. light-duty vehicles;
5.3 Fuel economy of heavy-duty vehicles;
2. Buildings 5.4 Eco-driving.
2.1 Building codes for new buildings;
2.2 Passive Energy Houses and Zero Energy 6. Industry
Buildings; 6.1 Collection of high quality energy
2.3 Policy packages to promote energy efficiency data for industry;
efficiency in existing buildings; 6.2 Energy performance of electric motors;
2.4 Building certification schemes; 6.3 Assistance in developing energy
2.5 Energy efficiency improvements in glazed management capability;
areas. 6.4 Policy packages to promote energy
efficiency in small and medium-sized
3. Appliances enterprises.
3.1 Mandatory energy performance
requirements or labels; 7. Utilities
3.2 Low-power modes, including standby power, 7.1 Utility end-use energy efficiency schemes.
for electronic and networked equipment;
3.3 Televisions and “set-top” boxes;
3.4 Energy performance test standards and
measurement protocols.
© OECD/IEA, 2010