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by using SPSS Ver.15 software to study the possibility of predicting

the mechanical properties of high performance concrete by using non-

destructive test.

Magudeaswaran and Eswaramoorthi (2013)79 studied strength

properties of silica fume and fly ash concrete, such as compressive

strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. Seven HPC

mixtures were cast and tested with cement replacement of fly ash 0,

2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15% by weight of cement and silica fume as

addition 0, 5, 10, 15, 25 and 30% by weight of cement. The results

show that compressive strength was increased by 13.9% for

replacement of cement by 10% fly ash and 5% addition of silica fume,

split tensile strength is increased by 12.15% for replacement of

cement by 15% fly ash and 7.5% addition of silica fume and flexural

strength increased by 16% for replacement of cement by 15% fly ash

and 7.5% addition of silica fume by weight of cement.

Shanmugapriya and Uma (2013)107 conducted experimentation

on high performance concrete with partial replacement of cement by

silica fume. The target mean strength of concrete was fixed 60 MPa

and percentage of silica fume are used in this investigation are 2.5, 5,

7.5, 10 and 12.5%. The cubes and cylinders of standard size are cast

and tested for 28 days and concluded that maximum values of cube

compressive strength and split tensile strength were obtained at 7.5%

replacement of cement by silica fume.

Subhro chakraborty and Samaresh Pan (2014)113 studied the

effect of partial replacement of cement by silica fume on compressive

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strength by incorporation of 0, 5, 10 and 15% at different water binder

ratio of 0.3, 0.34, 0.38 and 0.42 maintaining constant binder content

of 525 kg/m3 and coarse aggregate to fine aggregate rations are 60:40.

Results are showed that maximum compressive strengths are attained

at 10% replacement of cement by silica fume of all water binder ratios.

2.3.1.2 Superplasticizer

Kung-Chung Hsu et al., (1999)73 studied the adsorption

behaviour of Sulfonated melamine formaldehyde (SNF) in cement for

different initial concentration and reported that its concentration

decrease rapidly in the first 5 min after its addition in to all cement

slurries. In most of the cases its concentration reaches a constant

value when adsorption time is greater than 10 min and suggests a

relationship between the SNF adsorption behaviour on cement

particles and the workability of concrete.

Chiara et al., (2001)27 conducted rheological tests on cement

paste and these tests were used to select the type and dosage of

mineral admixtures that improved concrete workability. Six different

mineral admixtures are tested, only the ultrafine fly ash gave the best

results by reducing the viscosity and yield stress. These rheological

properties were not achieved by increasing the water or the high range

water reducing admixture dosage. The cement paste rheological data

was also compared with mini slump and marsh cone. They concluded

that tests are unreliable for measuring the workability.

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2.3.2 Aggregates

The various properties of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate

are as follows.

2.3.2.1 Coarse aggregate

Appa Rao (2001)18 investigated the influence of high-strength

cement with silica fume on long term strength of mortar and studied

the effect of aggregate size, specific surface area on compressive

strength. He observed that early strength was developed by the

addition of silica fume in mortars. It also found that size of the

aggregate and its specific surface play significant role on the strength

of the mortar. The strength of mortar increased initially and then

gradually decreased as the grain size and specific surface of aggregate

increased. The modulus of elasticity also increased as the compressive

strength of the mortar increased. He also observed strength losses in

silica fume and non-silica fume mortars at the age of 180 days.

2.3.2.2 Fine aggregate

Ta Peng et al., (2001)120 investigated the effect of fineness

modulus of fine aggregate on high performance concrete. The

properties of the 6 mixes were investigated including slump, slump

flow, unit weight and compressive strength, splitting tensile strength,

static modulus of elasticity and poison’s ratio and dynamic modulus

of elasticity and showed the aggregate mixture incorporating the

coarse aggregate in a denser packing structure. Fine aggregate with

fineness modulus in the range of 2.18 and 3.24 does not substantially

affect compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of HPC.

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Ahmed et al., (2012)5 studied the strength development of

concrete with fine aggregate was partially replaced with silica fume.

Models were developed to predict the compressive strength of

concrete. Fine aggregate replacement levels are ranged from 0 to 15%

and water cement ratio varied from 0.50 to 0.60 and compressive

strength test were conducted at the age of 7, 28 and 56 days.

Conclude that the compressive strength of concrete made by fine

aggregate replaced by silica fume was higher than the control concrete

and these models are useful for proportioning concrete mixes

incorporation of silica fume as fine aggregate replacement material0

2.3.3 Method of Mix Design

Concrete mix design involves complicated issues and the correct

ways to perform this can be achieved with expert’s advice and

experience, mix designs of HPC is more complicated because HPC

includes more materials, like superplasticizer and supplementary

cementitious materials (e.g. silica fume, fly ash, fillers, etc.). In

addition, maintaining a low water binder ratio with adequate

workability makes the design process more complicated.

Aitcin (1998)7 proposed the methods and guidelines for the use

of silica fume in concrete, ACI 234R-964 are useful for the mix design

of HPC and concluded that traditionally and experienced civil

engineers has to do mix design largely based on their knowledge.

Bharatkumar et al., (2001)25 presented the modified mix design

procedure which utilizes optimum water content and the efficiency

factor of mineral admixture. The results showed that it is possible to

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utilize the cement effectively by adopting the lower water binder ratio

with higher cement replacement materials.

Islam Laskar and Talukdar (2008)57 proposed the procedure for

mix design to investigate the effect of high range water reducing agent

dosage, maximum size of coarse aggregate percentage, sand and zone

of sand on yield stress and plastic viscosity. Mix design of high

performance concrete has been evaluated and concluded that it is

possible to make mix design of concrete based on plastic viscosity and

yield stress at the design stage for a given target strength of concrete.

Also they concluded that dosage beyond 7 Liters/cum does not

significantly improve the rheological parameters and both the

rheological parameters are minimum at sand content is equal to 28%.

Aminul Islam Laskar (2011)15 presented the mix design

procedure for high performance concrete, correlation in between

rheological parameters and compressive strength used instead of

using water cement ratio and compressive strength relationship. In

the proposed mix design water cement ratio and aggregate volume to

paste volume were determined from the rheological parameters and

also able to estimate rheological parameters like plastic viscosity and

yield stress for a given target strength.

Vinayagam (2012)130 formulated a simplified design mix

procedure for HPC by combining BIS and ACI code methods mix

design and literature available on HPC. On the above procedure, the

mix design is arrived for M80 and M100. The HPC mixes were tested

experimentally for compression, flexure, split tension and workability