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Resume—During the following practice the theorems of II. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
superposition, Thevenin and Norton were used to verify the The analysis of them, very often deals with voltages, currents
effectiveness of these theorem in the analysis of more complex
electrical circuits using more than one voltage source and with
and powers. And through this, you could analytically
configurations of bridge circuits. determine a circuit before assembling it and even discover the
reasons why an array of elements does not work. However, it
I. INTRODUCTION is important to consider the way in which such arrangements
are made: series, parallel or combinations.
The series circuits - parallel with a single source of voltage,
T he Electrical resistance is the opposition to electric current
through a closed electric circuit, that is, it is an element that
stops the flow of electric current acting as an obstacle to it.
can always be reduced to a single mesh, for further study.
However, there are more complex circuits, and for them and
Any device or consumer connected to an electrical circuit their analysis the Kirchhoff rules are used, described below:
represents a load, resistance or obstacle for the circulation of
the electric current Kirchhoff's First Law: It is an expression of energy balance
applied at a point of the electrical network or circuit, which
In general, electrons seek to move through the circuit in the results in the equations of a node of the network. This law
most orderly way possible, but as the resistance increases, the indicates that the sum of all the currents that arrive at a node at
order in which they travel decreases (otherwise for less a given moment must be equal to the sum of all those that
resistance). When you have a high resistance, the electrons come out at that moment. That is to say that the total sum is
begin to collide with each other releasing energy in the form equal to zero. If this were not fulfilled, there would be a
of heat. This situation causes the temperature of the conductor current surplus in one of the senses; its integral over time
to always rise a little and, in addition, to acquire higher values would determine an amount of electric charge that would
at the point where the electrons find greater resistance to their accumulate in, or leave, the node under analysis. Therefore the
passage. node would be a sink or a source of charges, which is opposed
to the concept of energy conservation.
To know the value of a resistance without taking
Σ𝐼𝑖=0 (1)
measurements, it is necessary to have a color code that allows
us to know these values without problems.i
𝐼𝑒=𝐼𝑠 (2)
Second law of Kirchhoff: This second law also refers to an
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energy balance, but in this case, it is generalized to the
Magnetización (kA/m)
III. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM having resistance r, not having an electromotive force, the
The superposition theorem can only be used in the case of potentials at the points A and A’ take on different values of V
linear electric circuits, that is, circuits formed only by linear and V’, but the current i flowing in the wire is given by the
components (in which the amplitude of the current passing formula in which R, represents the
through them is proportional to the amplitude of voltage at resistance of the primitive system, measured between the
their extremities). The superposition theorem helps to find:
points and considered as electrodes [Thevenin’s italics].
- Voltage values, in a position of a circuit that has more than
_ _�
V. NORTON THEOREM
Norton's theorem for electrical circuits is dual of Thévenin’s
theorem. It is known in honor of the engineer Edward Lawry
Norton, Bell Laboratories; He published it in an internal report
in 1926. The German Hans Ferdinand Mayer came to the same
conclusion simultaneously and independently.
IV. THEVENIN THEOREM It establishes that any linear circuit can be replaced by an
In the theory of electrical circuits, the theorem of Thevenin equivalent current source in parallel with equivalent
states that if a part of a linear electric circuit is comprised impedance. When replacing a current generator with a voltage
between two terminals A and B, this part in question can be generator, the positive terminal of the voltage generator must
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting only of a voltage match the positive terminal of the current generator and vice
generator in series with a resistance, so that when connecting versa.iv
an element between the two terminals A and B, the tension
that falls in it and the intensity that crosses it are the same both
in the real circuit and in the equivalent. Thevenin's theorem
was enunciated for the first time by the German scientist
Hermann Von Helmholtz in the year 1853, but it was
rediscovered in 1883 by the French telegraph engineer Léon
Charles Thevenin (1857-1926), from whom it takes its name.
Thevenin's theorem is the dual of Norton's theorem.1 So Norton's Theorem states that any linear circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent source of intensity in parallel with
Theorem: Assuming any system of linear interconnected impedance. When a current source is replaced by a voltage
conductors, and containing some electromotive forces source, the terminal positive of the current source has to match
distributed in any way, one considers two points A and A’ with the positive ending of the voltage source at the time of
belonging to the system and actually having the potentials and applying Norton's theorem.
V’. If the points A and A’ are connected by a wire ABA’
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
Practice 2
Objective of the practice: Find equivalent circuit by
Thevenin and Norton theorem
Protoboard circuit
Resistance ohm
RA 100
RB 100
Fig. f) Circuit diagram RJ RC 470
RD 470
RE 100
RF 470
RG 100
RH 470
RI 470
RJ 330
ii
LABORATORIO VII- TEOREMA DE SUPERPOSICION
Juan Camilo Rojas, Diana Carolina Sánchez, Brenda Natalia Sánchez.
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
Bogotá D.C., Colombia
iii
Origins of the Equivalent Circuit Concept: The Voltage-Source Equivalent
Don H. Johnson Computer & Information Technology Institute
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Rice University, MS366
iv
Protoboard circuit http:/ / www. ece. rice. edu/ ~dhj/ norton/ Nortonmemo. pdf
v
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL Y MECÁNICA
CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL. “TEOREMA
DE NORTON” Electrónica industrial – 4212, Ing. Dionicio Augusto Valdivia
Garate