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UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Practice report superposition, Thevenin and


Norton theorem
ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS Teacher: Mario Vega 3rd A
163110328 Aguirre Sánchez César Omar 163111585 Hernández Hernández Edwin Yahir
172110524 Villegas Marconi Juan Daniel 172110752 Estrada Cruz Pedro


Resume—During the following practice the theorems of II. CIRCUIT ANALYSIS
superposition, Thevenin and Norton were used to verify the The analysis of them, very often deals with voltages, currents
effectiveness of these theorem in the analysis of more complex
electrical circuits using more than one voltage source and with
and powers. And through this, you could analytically
configurations of bridge circuits. determine a circuit before assembling it and even discover the
reasons why an array of elements does not work. However, it
I. INTRODUCTION is important to consider the way in which such arrangements
are made: series, parallel or combinations.
The series circuits - parallel with a single source of voltage,
T he Electrical resistance is the opposition to electric current
through a closed electric circuit, that is, it is an element that
stops the flow of electric current acting as an obstacle to it.
can always be reduced to a single mesh, for further study.
However, there are more complex circuits, and for them and
Any device or consumer connected to an electrical circuit their analysis the Kirchhoff rules are used, described below:
represents a load, resistance or obstacle for the circulation of
the electric current Kirchhoff's First Law: It is an expression of energy balance
applied at a point of the electrical network or circuit, which
In general, electrons seek to move through the circuit in the results in the equations of a node of the network. This law
most orderly way possible, but as the resistance increases, the indicates that the sum of all the currents that arrive at a node at
order in which they travel decreases (otherwise for less a given moment must be equal to the sum of all those that
resistance). When you have a high resistance, the electrons come out at that moment. That is to say that the total sum is
begin to collide with each other releasing energy in the form equal to zero. If this were not fulfilled, there would be a
of heat. This situation causes the temperature of the conductor current surplus in one of the senses; its integral over time
to always rise a little and, in addition, to acquire higher values would determine an amount of electric charge that would
at the point where the electrons find greater resistance to their accumulate in, or leave, the node under analysis. Therefore the
passage. node would be a sink or a source of charges, which is opposed
to the concept of energy conservation.
To know the value of a resistance without taking
Σ𝐼𝑖=0 (1)
measurements, it is necessary to have a color code that allows
us to know these values without problems.i
𝐼𝑒=𝐼𝑠 (2)
Second law of Kirchhoff: This second law also refers to an
15
energy balance, but in this case, it is generalized to the
Magnetización (kA/m)

circulation by a closed path of the circuit, that is, it refers to a


10 mesh and to the tensions (resistances) that develop in it, and
therefore, the expressions constitute the network's mesh
5 equations. In a network with the same characteristics indicated
for the first law, the sum of all the voltages (potential
differences) when traversing a network starting from a point
0
and returning to it, it must be compensated. That is, the
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5
potential difference in a mesh must be zero.
Campo aplicado (104 A/m)
Σ𝑉𝑖=0 (3)
Fig. 1 Illustration 2, color codes for resistors.
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

III. SUPERPOSITION THEOREM having resistance r, not having an electromotive force, the
The superposition theorem can only be used in the case of potentials at the points A and A’ take on different values of V
linear electric circuits, that is, circuits formed only by linear and V’, but the current i flowing in the wire is given by the
components (in which the amplitude of the current passing formula in which R, represents the
through them is proportional to the amplitude of voltage at resistance of the primitive system, measured between the
their extremities). The superposition theorem helps to find:
points and considered as electrodes [Thevenin’s italics].
- Voltage values, in a position of a circuit that has more than
_ _�

one voltage source.


- Current values, in a circuit with more than one voltage
source.
This theorem states that the effect two or more sources have
on a resistance is equal, to the sum of each of the effects of
each source taken separately, replacing all remaining voltage
sources with a short circuit.
This theorem states that the effect that two or more sources
have on a resistance is equal, to the sum of each of the effects
of each source taken separately, replacing all remaining Fig. 3 circuit to Thevenin circuit.
voltage sources by a short circuit, and all remaining current
sources by an open circuit. For example, if the total voltage of Thus, Ohm’s law applies, not only to simple electric motor
a circuit depended on two voltage sources: circuits that have well defined poles, like a battery or a DC
machine, but to any network of conductors that one would
consider such as an electric motor at arbitrary poles, given that
the electromotive force is, in each case, equal to the pre-
existing [Thevenin’s italics] potential difference at two points
chosen for poles.
Short circuit: It is called short circuit to failure in an
This rule, which has not been mentioned before today [italics
appliance or electrical line by which the electrical current
not present in the original], is very useful in certain theoretical
passes directly from the active conductor to phase to neutral or
calculations. From a practical viewpoint, it permits immediate
ground, between two phases in the case of polyphase systems
evaluation, by two easily obtained experimental means, of the
in alternating current or between opposite poles in the case of
current that flows in a given branch attached to any network of
current.ii
conductors, without being otherwise preoccupied with the
detailed constitution of the network. iii

V. NORTON THEOREM
Norton's theorem for electrical circuits is dual of Thévenin’s
theorem. It is known in honor of the engineer Edward Lawry
Norton, Bell Laboratories; He published it in an internal report
in 1926. The German Hans Ferdinand Mayer came to the same
conclusion simultaneously and independently.
IV. THEVENIN THEOREM It establishes that any linear circuit can be replaced by an
In the theory of electrical circuits, the theorem of Thevenin equivalent current source in parallel with equivalent
states that if a part of a linear electric circuit is comprised impedance. When replacing a current generator with a voltage
between two terminals A and B, this part in question can be generator, the positive terminal of the voltage generator must
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting only of a voltage match the positive terminal of the current generator and vice
generator in series with a resistance, so that when connecting versa.iv
an element between the two terminals A and B, the tension
that falls in it and the intensity that crosses it are the same both
in the real circuit and in the equivalent. Thevenin's theorem
was enunciated for the first time by the German scientist
Hermann Von Helmholtz in the year 1853, but it was
rediscovered in 1883 by the French telegraph engineer Léon
Charles Thevenin (1857-1926), from whom it takes its name.
Thevenin's theorem is the dual of Norton's theorem.1 So Norton's Theorem states that any linear circuit can be
replaced by an equivalent source of intensity in parallel with
Theorem: Assuming any system of linear interconnected impedance. When a current source is replaced by a voltage
conductors, and containing some electromotive forces source, the terminal positive of the current source has to match
distributed in any way, one considers two points A and A’ with the positive ending of the voltage source at the time of
belonging to the system and actually having the potentials and applying Norton's theorem.
V’. If the points A and A’ are connected by a wire ABA’
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

To calculate the equivalent Norton circuit:  R7=68 Ω


1. The output current is calculated, 𝐼 ,when the output  R8=68 Ω
is short-circuited, that is, when a zero load is placed  V1=4.91v
between A and B. This current is 𝐼 .  V2=6v
2. The output voltage is calculated, 𝑉 , when no  V3=5.17v
external load is connected, that is, with an infinite Resistance Voltage Current
resistance between A and B. is equal to 𝑉 R1 7.41v
divided by 𝐼 v R2 0.46v
R3 2.34v
R4 0.048v
VI. PRACTICES AND CHECKS R5 2.29v
 Practice 1 R6 3.42v
Objective of the practice: Find voltage, current intensity for R7 0.07044v
each component by superposition. R8 5.168v

Fig. c) Original circuit diagram


Fig. d) Circuits diagrams

 Practice 2
Objective of the practice: Find equivalent circuit by
Thevenin and Norton theorem

Protoboard circuit

Fig. e) Original circuit diagram

Connected to the three sources


 R1=47 KΩ
 R2=470 Ω Protoboard circuit
 R3=4.7 kΩ
 R4=100 Ω
 R5=4.7 kΩ
 R6=3.3 kΩ
UNIVERSIDAD POLITECNICA METROPOLITANA DE HIDALGO AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Resistance ohm  Norton practice


RA 100
RB 100
RC 470
RD 470
RE 100
RF 470
RG 100
RH 470
RI 470
RJ 470

 Thevenin practice Fig. h) Circuit diagram RJ

Fig. i) Norton equivalent circuit

Resistance ohm
RA 100
RB 100
Fig. f) Circuit diagram RJ RC 470
RD 470
RE 100
RF 470
RG 100
RH 470
RI 470
RJ 330

Fig. g) Thevenin equivalent circuit Reference


i
H. Helmholtz (1853) "Über einige Gesetze der Verthei-
lung elektrischer Ströme in körperlichen Leitern mit An-
wendung auf die thierisch-elektrischen Versuche”,
Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 89, n.º 6, páginas 211– 233,

ii
LABORATORIO VII- TEOREMA DE SUPERPOSICION
Juan Camilo Rojas, Diana Carolina Sánchez, Brenda Natalia Sánchez.
Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas
Bogotá D.C., Colombia
iii
Origins of the Equivalent Circuit Concept: The Voltage-Source Equivalent
Don H. Johnson Computer & Information Technology Institute
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Rice University, MS366
iv
Protoboard circuit http:/ / www. ece. rice. edu/ ~dhj/ norton/ Nortonmemo. pdf
v
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL Y MECÁNICA
CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL. “TEOREMA
DE NORTON” Electrónica industrial – 4212, Ing. Dionicio Augusto Valdivia
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