PDF 31references

References
References
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Release Date: August 2014
1 of 50
References
Overview of the References

This section provide technical information including theories, equations, processes, and assumptions used
in OFM. It is divided into the following sections:
n General References
n Decline Curve Analysis
n Well Deliverability Analysis
n Forecast Schedule Settings
n Oil Properties
n Gas Properties
n Water Properties
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References
General References
Al-Marhoun, M.A.: "PVT Correlations for Middle East Crude Oils," J. Pet. Tech., (May 1988) 650-662.
Beggs, H.D.: "Oil System Correlations," Petroleum Engineering Handbook, H.C. Bradley (ed.) SPE,
Richardson, TX (1987) 1, Chap. 22.
Blasingame, T.A., Johnston, J.L., and Poe, R.D., Jr.: "Properties of Reservoir Fluids," Texas A&M University
(1992).
Carlile, R.E. and Gillett, B.E.: "Digital Solutions of an Integral," Oil and Gas J. (July 19, 1971) 68-72.
Coker, A.K.: "Program Calculates Z-Factor for Natural Gas," Oil and Gas J. (Feb. 15, 1993) 74-75.
Craft, B.C., Hawkins, M.F., and Terry, R.E.: Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering, Second Edition,
Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ (1991).
Cragoe, C.S.: "Thermodynamic Properties of Petroleum Products," Bureau of Standards, U.S. Department
of Commerce, Misc. Publication No. 97 (1929) 22.
Dake, L.P.: Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering, Developments in Pet. Science series, Vol. 8, Elsevier
Scientific Publishing Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1978).
Dranchuk, P.M., Purvis, R.A., and Robinson, D.B.: "Computer Calculations of Natural Gas Compressibility
Factors Using the Standing and Katz Correlation," Inst. of Pet. Technical Series, No. IP 74-008 (1974).
Garb, F.A.: Waterflood Calculations for Hand-Held Computers, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX (1982).
Glaso, O.: "Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations," J. Pet. Tech. (May 1980) 785-795.
Gray, E.H. and Sims, H.L.: "Z Factor Determination In A Digital Computer," Oil and Gas J. (July 20, 1959)
80-81.
Hollo, R., Holmes, M., and Pais, V.J.: HP-41CV Reservoir Economics and Engineering Manual, Gulf
Publishing Co., Houston, TX (1983).
McCoy, R.L.: Microcomputer Programs for Petroleum Engineers, Vol 1, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX
(1983).
Meehan, D.N.: "Crude Oil Viscosity Correlation," Oil and Gas J. (Nov. 10, 1980) 214-216.
Meehan, D.N.: "Improved Oil PVT Property Correlations," Oil and Gas J. (Oct. 27, 1980) 64-71.
Meehan, D.N.: "Program Determines Gas Constants," Oil and Gas J. (Nov. 24, 1980) 140-141.
Rollins, J.B., McCain, W.D. Jr., and Creeger, J.T.: "Estimation of Solution GOR of Black Oils," J. Pet. Tech.
(Jan. 1990) 92-94.
Smith, C.R., Tracy, G.W., and Farrar, R.L.: Applied Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 1, OGCI Publications, Tulsa,
OK (1992).
Standing, M.B.: Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems, Ninth Printing, Soc. of
Pet. Eng. of AIME, Dallas, TX (1981).
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References
Takacs, G.: "Comparisons Made For Computer Z-Factor Calculations," Oil and Gas J. (Dec. 20, 1976) 64-
66.
Theory and Practice of the Testing of Gas Wells, Third Edition, Energy Resources Conservation Board,
Calgary, Alberta, Canada (1975).
Thomas, L.K., Hankinson, R.W., and Phillips, K.A.: "Determination of Acoustic Velocities for Natural Gas," J
.Pet. Tech., 22, 889-895.
Trube, A.S.: "Compressibility of Natural Gases," Trans., AIME, 210, (1957) 355-357.
Villena-Lanzi, J.J.: "A Correlation for the Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Black Oil at Pressures
Below the Bubble Point," M.S. Thesis, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX (1985).
Yarborough, L. and Hall, K.R.: "How to Solve Equation of State for Z-Factors," Oil & Gas J. (Feb. 18, 1974)
86-88.
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References
Nominal Versus Effective Decline Rates

There are two types of decline rates:
n Nominal: Generated from the negative slope of the curve formed by the natural logarithm of the
production rate (lnq) versus time (t). Nominal decline is a continuous function used for deriving
other mathematical relationships.
Equation:
n Effective: Represents the drop-in production rate from (qi to q1) divided by the production rate at
the beginning of the period. If the time period is one month, the decline rate is the monthly effective
decline. If the time period is one year, the decline rate is the annual effective decline. The effective
decline is a stepped function and, therefore, is usually in better agreement with actual production
practices.
Equation:
where = Initial Rate
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References
Nominal Decline Rate
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References
Effective Decline Rate
where = Initial rate
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Exponential Decline Conversions

The following equations are used for nominal and effective decline rates:
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References
Harmonic Decline Conversions

The following equations are used for nominal and effective decline rates:
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Hyperbolic Decline Conversions

The following equations are used for nominal and effective decline rates.
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Decline Rate Parameters

Decline Parameters has two settings:
n Decline Type
n Initial Decline Rate (Di)
Decline Type
The Decline Type setting provides the following options:
n Historical Regression: The actual forecast decline type will be determined by the historical
regression. It can be an analytical solution, or one of the Arps’ equations if Empirical solution is used
and Fit Type is set as Best Fit.
n Exponential: Arps’ exponential decline equation (b = 0).
n Hyperbolic: Arps’ hyperbolic decline equation with user defined b value.
n Harmonic: Arps’ harmonic decline equation (b = 1.0).
n Flat Rate: The Start Rate will be used throughout the forecast schedule.
Initial Decline Rate (Di)

The initial Decline Rate (Di) has five options (this setting is for Arps’ equations only. It is only ignored if
Decline Type is set as Historical Regression with analytical solutions). The options are listed below:
n Historical Regression: The initial decline rate will be determined by historical regression, Start
Time and Reinitialize settings.
n User Defined: User defined initial decline rate.
n Calculate from Reserves and End Rate: The initial decline rate is calculated to achieve the
desired reserves and end rate. Schedule Reserves or Total Reserves is required. When both of the
reserves are set, the schedule reserves will be used. Adequate schedule duration (forecast time)
should be set for reaching the reserves and the end rate; otherwise, the forecast may be ended by
the time limit.
n Calculate from Reserves and Schedule Time: The initial decline rate is calculated to achieve
the desired reserves at the end of a forecast schedule. Schedule Reserves or Total Reserves is
required. When both of the reserves are set, the schedule reserves will be used. Also, user should
make sure that the forecast will not be end by the end rate.
n Calculate from End Rate and Schedule Time: The initial decline rate is calculated to achieve
the desired end rate at the end of a forecast schedule. User should make sure that the forecast will
not be end by the schedule reserves or total reserves if one or both reserves are set.
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References
Note: If variables are used as End Rate, Schedule Reserves, or Total Reserves, the values of the variables
are evaluated at the Starting Time of a forecast schedule.
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References
About Well Deliverability Analysis

With well deliverability analysis (WDA), you can analyze data from the following tests:
n Flow-after-flow (back pressure analyses)
n Isochronal
n Modified isochronal
Historical Data Regression of WDA

WDA uses the following empirical equation:
Where:
= Flow rate
= Index, which represents the characteristics of a flow system
= Factor, which represents the current flow potential
Pwf is the flowing bottom hole pressure
Pws is the shut-in pressure (average pressure, stabilized pressure)
You can find parameters which describe the characteristics of the delivery potential of a flow system at a
given stage during a well's developing and producing process.
WDA uses pressure and flow-rate data, which can be obtained from transient flow tests, or over a long
term of production process. The data processing and analysis method are critical for correctly analyzing
data and is dependent on how the data is collected.
Related Topics
About Input/Output Data of WDA
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References
About Input/Output Data of WDA

Input data:
n Flow rate, q
n Flowing bottom hole pressure, Pwf
n Shut-in pressure (average pressure, stabilized pressure), Pws
n Reference pressure, Pref
n Pws for
Output data:
n n
n C
n AOF - Absolute open flow potential
n AOF = C(Pws^2 – Pref^2)^n
n Pws could be the maximum
n System functions:
n @DcaResults("WDA AOF , Case1)
n @DcaResults("WDA n" , "Case1")
n @DcaResults("WDA C" , "Case1")
Related System Functions

@DCAResults (DCA Results) System Function
Related References
About Well Deliverability Analysis
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References
Formation Volume Factor, Oil

Standing1, as presented by Beggs2
Where:
= Oil FVF, bbl/STB
= Solution GOR, scf/STB
= Temperature, °F
Vasquez and Beggs2
Where:
= Oil FVF, bbl/STB
= Temperature, °F
- = Refer to table
= Corrected gas gravity (refer to formula under gas-specific gravity)
Note: If separator conditions are not known, then the uncorrected gas gravity ( ) may be used.
Table: Constants for Vasquez and Beggs Correlation
Petrosky and Farshad
Where:
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References
= Oil FVF, bbl/STB
= Temperature, °F
Al-Marhoun3
Where:
= Oil FVF, bbl/STB
= Temperature, °R
Glaso4
Where:
Footnotes
1 Standing, M.B. Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon Systems, Reinhold Publishing
Corp., New York, NY (1952).
2 Vasquez, M. and Beggs, H.D. "Correlations for Fluid Physical Property Prediction," J. Pet. Tech. (June
1980) 968-970.
3 Al-Marhoun, M.A.: "PVT Correlations for Middle East Crude Oils," J. Pet. Tech., (May 1988) 650-662.
4 Glaso, O.: "Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations," J. Pet. Tech. (May 1980) 785-795.
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References
API Gravity
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References
Isothermal Compressibility, Oil

Saturated Oil
McCain, Rollins, and Villena1

For = known and = known,
For = known and = unknown,
For = unknown and = unknown,
Where:
= Isothermal compressibility, psi-1
= Solution gas-oil ratio at bubblepoint pressure, scf/STB
= Weighted average of separator gas and stock-tank gas specific gravities
= Temperature, °R
Undersaturated Oil
Where:
= Average gas specific gravity (air = 1)
= Oil API gravity, °API
= Temperature, °F
= Pressure, psia
Vasquez and Beggs2
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References
Where:
= Isothermal compressibility, psi-1
= Solution gas-oil ratio at bubblepoint pressure, scf/STB
= Temperature, °F
= Pressure, psia
Footnotes
1 "The Coefficient of Isothermal Compressibility of Black Oils at Pressures Below the Bubble Point," SPE
Form. Eval., (Sept. 1988) 3, No. 3, 659-662.
1980) 968-970.
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References
Solution Gas-Oil Ratio

Standing1
where:
= Temperature, °F
Vasquez and Beggs2
where:
= Temperature, °F
- = Refer to Constants for the Vasquez and Beggs Correlation
Table: Constants for the Vasquez and Beggs Correlation
where:
= Bubblepoint pressure, psia
= Temperature, °F
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References
Lasater3
where:
= Effective molecular weight of stock-tank oil
= Mole fraction of gas in the system
= Temperature, °F
and where:
Footnotes
1980) 968-970.
3 "Bubble Point Pressure Correlation," Trans., AIME, 213, (1958) 379-381.
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References
Stock Tank Gas-Oil Ratio

Rollins, McCain, Creeger
where:
= Stock tank GOR, scf/STB
= Stock tank oil specific gravity
= Separator gas specific gravity
= Separator pressure, psia
= Separator temperature, °F
Related Topics
Creating or Changing PVT Entities
Related System Functions

@PvtGORStk (Stock Tank GOR)
22 of 50
References
Total Formation Volume Factor Formula

General Equation
where:
= Total FVF, bbl/STB
= Oil FVF, bbl/STB
= Gas FVF, bbl/SCF
= Initial solution GOR, scf/STB
Al-Marhoun1
where:
= Total FVF, bbl/STB
= Temperature, °R
= Absolute pressure, psia
Glaso2
where:
= Total producing GOR, scf/STB
= Average specific gravity of total surface gases (air = 1)
= Temperature, °F
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References
Footnotes
1 Al-Marhoun, M.A.: "PVT Correlations for Middle East Crude Oils," J. Pet. Tech., (May 1988)
650-662.
2 Glaso, O.: "Generalized Pressure-Volume-Temperature Correlations," J. Pet. Tech. (May
1980) 785-795.
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References
Viscosity, Oil
"Live Oil": Saturated
Beggs and Robinson1
where:
= "Dead oil" viscosity, cp
Chew and Connally2
where:
"Live Oil": Undersaturated
Vasquez and Beggs3
where:
= Oil viscosity at bubblepoint pressure, cp
= Pressure, psi
= Bubblepoint pressure, psia
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References
"Dead Oil"
Ng and Egbogah4
Solving for , the equation becomes:
where:
= Temperature, °F
Beggs and Robinson1
where:
= Temperature, °F
Beal5
where:
= Temperature, °F
Footnotes
1 Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R. "Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems," J.Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1975)
1140-1141.
2 Chew, J.N. and Connally, C.A. "A Viscosity Correlation for Gas-Saturated Crude Oils," Trans., AIME, 216,
(1959) 23-25.
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References
1980) 968-970.
4 Ng, J.T.H. and Egbogah, E.O. "An Improved Temperature-Viscosity Correlation for Crude Oil Systems,"
paper 83-34-32 presented at the 34th Annual Technical Meeting of the Petroleum Society of CIM, Banff,
May 10-13, 1983.
5 Beal, C. "The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and Its Associated Gases at Oil Field
Temperatures and Pressures," Trans., AIME, 165, (1946) 94-115.
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References
Formation Volume Factor, Gas

Real Gas Law
where:
= t3 /SCF
= Temperature, °F
If standard conditions (sc) are 14.7 psia and 60 degrees Fahrenheit (520R), then
Or
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References
Gas Deviation Factor

Gas Deviation Factor1
where:
= Pseudocritical pressure, psia
= Pseudocritical temperature, °R
Since the z-factor is on both sides of the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem equation, an iterative technique is
necessary to converge on a single solution for the z-factor. The Newton-Raphson method is recommended,
as shown below:
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References
where:
In their original paper, Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem included FORTRAN code for calculating z-factors.
Borges2 suggests a modification of the code to account for high-density gases. The modified code is as
follows:
FORTRAN Code for Calculating Z-Factors (after Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem)

SUBROUTINE ZSTAR(TR,PR,ITER,Z)
C TR IS THE PSEUDO-REDUCED TEMP
C PR IS THE PSEUDO-REDUCED PRESS
C Z IS THE GAS COMPRESSIBILITY FACTOR
C DR IS THE REDUCED DENSITY OF GAS
C ITER IS AN ITERATION FLAG
C ITER=0 EITHER OR BOTH TR AND PR ARE OUTSIDE
C RANGE OF CORRELATION
C ITER>0 NUMBER OF ITERATION
DIMENSION A(11)
DATA A/O.3265,-1.070,-0.5339,0.01569,-0.05165,0.5475,
* -0.7361,0.1844,0.1056,0.6134,0.7210/
ITER=0
J=1
DR=1.0
TR2=TR**2
TR3=TR**3
TR4=TR**4
C1=A(7)+A(8)/TR
C0=A(1)*TR+A(2)+A(3)/TR2+A(4)/TR3+A(5)/TR4
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References
C2=A(6)*TR+C1
C3=C1*A(9)
C4=A(10)/TR2
IF(PR-30.0) 1,1,18
1 IF(TR-1.0) 2,2,3
2 J=0
DR=0.0
DELDR=0.1
3 IF(TR-3.0) 4,4,18
4 DO 16 ITER=1,100
IF(J) 5,5,6
5 DR1=DR
DR=DR+DELDR
6 DR2=DR**2
DR5=DR**5
T1=C0*DR
T2=C2*DR2
T3=C3*DR5
T4=C4*DR2
T5=A(11)*DR2
T6=EXP(-T5)
P=(TR+T1+T2+T3)*DR+T4*DR*(1.0+T5)*T6
DP=TR+2.0*T1+3.0*T2+6.0*T3+T4*T6*(3.0+3.0*T5-2.0*T5*T5)
IF(J) 7,7,10
7 PRCAL=P/0.27
IF(ABS(PRCAL-PR)-0.1E-02) 17,17,8
8 IF(PRCAL) 16,17,9
9 DR=DR1
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References
DELDR=DELDR/2.0
GO TO 16
10 DR1=DR-(P-0.270*PR)/DP
IF(DR1) 11,11,12
11 DR1=0.5*DR
12 IF(DR1-3.0) 14,14,13
13 DR1=DR+0.9*(3.0-DR)
14 IF(ABS(DR-DR1)-0.1E-04) 17,15,15
15 DR=DR1
16 CONTINUE
17 Z=0.270*PR/(DR*TR)
18 RETURN
END
Brill and Beggs3
where:
= Pseudocritical pressure, psia
= Pseudocritical temperature, °R
Hall and Yarborough4
where:
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References
= Molecular density, lb.-mol/cu. ft.
= Critical pressure, °R
= Critical pressure, psia
= Temperature, °R
= Universal gas constant = 10.73 when units shown are used
In a follow-up paper from their original discussion, Hall and Yarborough outline the procedure to calculate
z-factor. They derived a single working equation from those listed above. The working equation takes the
form of:
This equation is non-linear and therefore must be solved iteratively by a numerical method such as the
Newton-Raphson technique.
Sarem5
where:
= Pseudoreduced pressure, psia
= Pseudoreduced temperature, °R
= Legendre polynomial of degree m
= Legendre polynomial of degree n
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References
Refer to Sarem’s original paper for more details.
Gopal6
Gopal mathematically reproduces the Standing and Katz chart with 13 equations. Twelve equations model
the chart for pseudoreduced pressures ranging from 0.2 to 5.4. These straight-line equations follow the
general form:
The values of the constants A, B, C, and D vary for each of the 12 equations. For pseudoreduced pressures
greater than 5.4, Gopal uses a single harmonic equation which is applicable for all values of pseudoreduced
temperature. These 13 equations predict the values of the Standing and Katz chart and also address a
more diverse range.
Footnotes
1 Dranchuk, P.M.and Abou-Kassem, J.H. "Calculation of Z Factors For Natural Gases Using Equations of
State," J.Canadian Pet. Tech. (July-Sept. 1975) 34-36.
2 Borges, P.R. "Correction Improves Z-Factor Values For High Gas Density," Oil and Gas J. (Mar. 4, 1991)
54-55.
3 Brill, J.P. and Beggs, H.D. "Two-Phase Flow in Pipes," INTERCOMP Course, The Hague, (1974).
4 Hall, K.R. and Yarborough, L. "A New Equation of State for Z-Factors Calculations," Oil and Gas J. (June
18, 1973) 82-92.
5 Sarem, A.M. "Z-Factor Equation Developed for Use in Digital Computers," Oil and Gas J. (Sept. 18, 1961)
118.
6 Gopal, V.N. "Gas Z-Factor Equations Developed for Computer," Oil and Gas J. (Aug. 8, 1977) 58-60.
34 of 50
References
Isothermal Compressibility, Gas

Isothermal Compressibility, Gas1
where:
= Pseudoreduced compressibility
and where the variables c and A are the same as those for the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem z-factor
i i
correlation, as stated previously.
The solution method is as follows:
1. Calculate the z-factor using the Dranchuk and Abou-Kassem correlation.
2. Calculate the reduced density from
3. Calculate the partial derivative of the z-factor from the preceding equation.
4. Calculate the reduced compressibility from the preceding equation.
5. Finally, calculate the gas compressibility from the equation listed first.
Footnote
1 Mattar, L., Brar, G.S., and Aziz, K. "Compressibility of Natural Gases," J. Canadian Pet. Tech. (Oct.-Dec.
1975) 77-80.
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References
Pseudocritical Properties
Standing1
Dry Gas Equations
= Pseudocritical pressure
= Pseudocritical temperature
Wet Gas Equations

where:
Sutton2
where
= Pressure, psia
= Temperature, °R
Footnotes
2 Sutton, R.P. "Compressibility Factors for High-Molecular-Weight Reservoir Gases," paper SPE 14265
presented at the 1985 SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 22-25, 1985.
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References
Pseudoreduced Properties
Theorem of Corresponding States

= Pseudoreduced pressure, psia
= Pseudoreduced temperature, °R
where:
= Temperature, °R
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References
Specific Gravity, Gas
If separator conditions are known, Vasquez and Beggs1 recommend correcting the gas gravity for
separator conditions with the following equation:
where:
= Gas gravity that would result from separator conditions of 100 psig
= Actual separator pressure, psia
= Actual separator temperature, °F
The corrected gas gravity should be used with all fluid correlations. Otherwise, if separator conditions are
not known, use the original, uncorrected gravity.
Footnote
1980) 968-970.
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References
Viscosity, Gas
Lee, Gonzalez, and Eakin1
where:
= gas density, g/cc
= Temperature, °R
Note: For this correlation, the z-factor must include the effects of any contaminants.
Carr, Kobayashi, and Burrows2
This is merely a simplified equation incorporating several preliminary equations, as shown.
= Corrected viscosity at 14.7 psia
where:
= Uncorrected viscosity at
14.7 psia (1 atm)
= N correction
2
= CO correction
2
= H S correction
2
= Temperature, °F
From the Dempsey3 relationship:
where:
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References
= Reduced pressure
= Reduced temperature
Footnotes
1 Lee, A.L., Gonzalez, M.H., and Eakin, B.E. "The Viscosity of Natural Gases," J. Pet. Tech. (Aug. 1966)
997-1000.
2 Carr, N.L., Kobayashi, R., and Burrows, D.B. "Viscosity of Hydrocarbon Gases Under Pressure," Trans.,
AIME, 201 (1954) 264-272.
3 Dempsey, J.R. "Computer Routine Treats Gas Viscosity As A Variable," Oil and Gas J. (Aug. 16, 1965)
141-143.
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References
Z Factor Correction for Contaminants

Wichert and Aziz1
where:
= Sum of the mole fractions of CO and H S in the gas mixture

2 2
= Mole fraction of H S in the gas mixture
2
This correction factor is used to modify the pseudocritical properties as follows:
These modified pseudocritical properties can be used to calculate the pseudoreduced properties for use in a
z-factor correlation.
Footnote
1 Wichert, E. and Aziz, K. "Calculate Z’s for Sour Gases," Hydrocarbon Processing (May 1972) 119-122.
41 of 50
References
Formation Volume Factor, Water

McCain1
where:
= bbl/STB
= Temperature, °F
Footnote
1 McCain, W.D., Jr. The Properties of Petroleum Fluids, Second Edition, Pennwell Publishing Co., Tulsa, OK
(1990).
42 of 50
References
Density, Water
McCain1
where:
= Brine density at 14.7 psia and 60°F, lb/ft3
= Salinity in weight percent solids
where:
= Brine density at reservoir conditions, lb/ft3

= Water formation volume factor at reservoir conditions
Footnote
(1990).
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References
Isothermal Compressibility, Water

Undersaturated
Osif1
where:
= Salinity in g/L
= Temperature, °F
Meehan2
where:
= Water compressibility, psi -1
Saturated
McCain3
where:
and where:
= Temperature, °F
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References
Meehan2
where:
= Water isothermal compressibility, psi-1
= Salinity correction factor
= Correction factor for dissolved gas
= Solution gas-water ratio, SCF/STB
= Temperature, °F
Footnotes
1 Osif, T.L. "The Effects of Salt, Gas, Temperature, and Pressure on the Compressibility of Water," SPE Res.
Eng., (Feb. 1988) 3, No. 1, 175-181.
2 Meehan, D.N. "A Correlation For Water Compressibility," Pet. Eng. Int., (Nov. 1980) 125-126.
(1990).
Related Topics
Creating or Changing PVT Entities
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References
Solution Gas-Water Ratio

McCain1
where:
= Solution gas-water ratio, SCF/STB
= Temperature, °F
= Solution gas to pure water ratio, SCF/STB
and where:
= Temperature, °F
Footnote
(1990).
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References
Specific Gravity, Water

Ashby and Hawkins1
where = Salinity in mg/L
Footnote
1 Ashby, W.H. Jr. and Hawkins, M.F. "The Solubility of Natural Gas in Oil-Field Brines," paper presented at
the 1948 SPE Annual Meeting, Dallas, TX, Oct. 4-6, 1948.
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References
Viscosity, Water
McCain1
where:
= Water viscosity at reservoir pressure and temperature, cp
= Water viscosity at atmospheric pressure and reservoir temperature, cp
and where:
= Temperature, °F
Meehan2
where:
= Water viscosity at reservoir pressure and temperature, cp
= Pressure correction factor
= Uncorrected viscosity at 1 atm for p<212° F and at the saturation pressure of water for
p>212° F
= Temperature, °F
and where:
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References
Footnotes
(1990).
2 Meehan, D.N. "A Correlation For Water Compressibility," Pet. Eng. Int., (Nov. 1980) 125-126.
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References

Copyright © 1998-2014 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.

Trademarks & Service Marks

Country of Origin: USA

Overview of the References

n Decline Curve Analysis

n Well Deliverability Analysis

n Forecast Schedule Settings

Nominal Versus Effective Decline Rates

where = Initial Rate

Nominal Decline Rate

Effective Decline Rate

where = Initial rate

Exponential Decline Conversions

Harmonic Decline Conversions

Hyperbolic Decline Conversions

Decline Rate Parameters

n Initial Decline Rate (Di)

n Exponential: Arps’ exponential decline equation (b = 0).

n Hyperbolic: Arps’ hyperbolic decline equation with user defined b value.

n Harmonic: Arps’ harmonic decline equation (b = 1.0).

Initial Decline Rate (Di)

n User Defined: User defined initial decline rate.

About Well Deliverability Analysis

n Flow-after-flow (back pressure analyses)

Historical Data Regression of WDA

= Index, which represents the characteristics of a flow system

= Factor, which represents the current flow potential

Pwf is the flowing bottom hole pressure

Pws is the shut-in pressure (average pressure, stabilized pressure)

About Input/Output Data of WDA

n Flowing bottom hole pressure, Pwf

n Shut-in pressure (average pressure, stabilized pressure), Pws

n Reference pressure, Pref

n AOF - Absolute open flow potential

n AOF = C(Pws^2 – Pref^2)^n

n Pws could be the maximum

n @DcaResults("WDA AOF , Case1)

n @DcaResults("WDA n" , "Case1")

n @DcaResults("WDA C" , "Case1")

Related System Functions

Formation Volume Factor, Oil

= Oil FVF, bbl/STB

= Solution GOR, scf/STB

Vasquez and Beggs2

= Oil FVF, bbl/STB

= Solution GOR, scf/STB

= Corrected gas gravity (refer to formula under gas-specific gravity)

Table: Constants for Vasquez and Beggs Correlation

Petrosky and Farshad

= Oil FVF, bbl/STB

= Solution GOR, scf/STB

= Oil FVF, bbl/STB

= Solution GOR, scf/STB

Isothermal Compressibility, Oil

McCain, Rollins, and Villena1

For = known and = unknown,

For = unknown and = unknown,

= Isothermal compressibility, psi-1

= Solution gas-oil ratio at bubblepoint pressure, scf/STB

= Weighted average of separator gas and stock-tank gas specific gravities

Petrosky and Farshad

= Solution GOR, scf/STB