DESIGN BASIS

FOR
EARTHQUAKE

General Revision (due to change in organization name) &

0 18.01.07 SUBM BLJ MKB
Issued for Implementation
0 12.08.98 Issued for Implementation RA RP RP
Word

Rev. Date Description Prpd. Chkd. Appd.

Standard Number Rev.
DESIGN BASIS
FOR GENERAL CIVIL
04-DB-002 0
Saipem Triune Engineering Pvt. Ltd.,
New Delhi Sheet 1 of 9
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 SCOPE

2.0 CATEGORIZATION OF STRUCTURE / EQUIPMENT

3.0 DESIGN ACCELERATION DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

3.1 HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION

3.2 VERTICAL ACCELERATION

4.0 INCREASED PERMISSIBLE STRESSES

5.0 METHODS OF SEISMIC DESIGN

5.1 FUNDAMENTALS NATURAL PERIOD OF STRUCTURE / EQUIPMENT

5.2 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

5.3 COMBINATION OF RESPONSES DUE TO MULTI-COMPONENT

SEISMIC ACCELERATION

5.4 DAMPING

5.5 DUCTILE DETAILING

5.6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATION FOR STORAGE TANKS

FIG. 1 SEISMIC SPECTRA FOR MATHURA REFINERY (Yet to be furnished)

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 1.0 SCOPE

This document lays down the procedure to be followed for seismic analysis and
design of structures / equipment in this project. The procedure is generally
based on IS: 1893-2002, however, intensity of earthquake is to be taken as per
site specific response spectrum attached herewith.

2.0 CATEGORISATION OF STRUCTURES / EQUIPMENT

Structures / equipment shall be classified into the following four categories.

Category – I:

Structures / equipment whose failure can lead to extensive loss of life / property
to population at large in the surrounding of the plant complex.

Spheres, its supporting structure and foundation; Ethylene storage, its

supporting structure and foundation; LNG tank, its supporting structure and
foundation. None of structure / equipment falls in this category under this
contract.

Category – II:

Structures / equipment whose failure can lead to serious fire hazard/extensive

damage within the plant complex.

Structures / equipment which are required to handle emergencies immediately

after an Earthquake.

All equipment (tower, vessel, exchanger, cooler, filter, CBD drum, stripper,
column, reactor, boiler, compressor/turbine, crystallisers, etc.) and its
foundations; Equipment supporting structures (technological structures in unit
and off-site) and their foundations; Stacks within units and furnaces, their
foundations; Hydrogen storage bullets, slop tanks, benzene storage tanks, their
foundations; Piping; Flare line, flare KOD, flare stack, water seal drum, their
foundations.

Category – III:

Structures / equipment whose failure, although expensive does not lead to

serious hazard within the plant complex.

Pipe rack in unit/off-site and its foundations; Foundations for isolated

equipment not covered In Category-I and Category-II; Control room building, sub
station (if combined with control room), their foundations; Compressor house,
turbine house, their foundations; Flare trestle. Stacks off-site, ID/FD fans, duct
supports, their foundations; Cooling tower. their foundations; Fire water
reservoir, their foundations; Waste water treatment plant including the treatment
plant building, pump house, their foundations; Equipment like tempered water
cooler/drum, pre/inter/after condenser, coaleser, their

foundations; Nitrogen storage vessel, air receiver, chemical closing vessel, their
foundation; Off-site storage tanks, their foundations.

Category – IV:

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 All non-plant and non-hazardous structures / equipment fall within this category.

All non-plant structures like sub-station (if not combined with control room),
process operator’s room, their foundations; Office building, workshop, service
building, canteen, gate house, ware house, MCC room, their foundations.

3.0 DESIGN ACCELARATION DUE TO EARTHQUAKE

3.1 HORIZONTAL ACCELARATION

For structures/equipment, horizontal acceleration spectra for the site shall be

obtained from Fig.1 by multiplying the acceleration coordinates by the following
factors:

CATEGORY MULTIPLICATION FACTOR

I 1.0
II 0.5
III 0.3
IV not applicable
See clause 3.1.1

The digitised values of the spectra, for various percentages of damping, are
given in table-1.This figure/table includes the effect of seismic zone factor (Z),
response reduction factor (R) and importance factor (I) as defined in IS:1893. As
such values of accelerations obtained from the above figure/table by the use
of above multiplication factors shall not be further modified by Z, R or I. the
live loads to be considered in combination with these acceleration values has
to be approximately taken as per the latest edition of IS:1893.

3.1.1 For category IV structures, the design horizontal seismic coefficient shall be
determined as follows :

αh = Z(Sa /g)/2R where, Z=0.24; R= Response reduction factor as per Table 7 of

IS:1893-2002.
Sa /g = Average response coefficient for rock or soil based on appropriate natural
period
and damping of the structure as per Fig. 2 and Table 3 of IS: 1893-2002

3.2 VERTICAL ACCELARATION

Vertical acceleration values shall be taken as 2/3 of the corresponding horizontal

values.

4.0 INCREASED PERMISSBLE STRESSES

Material Stresses

Whenever seismic forces are considered along with the other normal design
forces, the permissible stresses in material shall be governed by the respective
codes as per which the structure/equipment is being designed. In the absence of
such code/standard, provision of IS: 1893 shall be used.

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 For permissible Increase In Allowable Bearing Pressure of Soil and Pile
Capacity, provisions of IS: 1893 shall be used.

5.0 METHOD OF SEISMIC DESIGN

5.1 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD OF STRUCTURE/EQUIPMENT

For category I, II and III structures/equipment, fundamental natural period shall

be calculated using Eigen value analysis, by subspace iteration or by any of the
other approved methods. Elaboration of such methods is out of scope of this
document. For category IV Structures / equipment, the fundamental natural
period shall be determined using clause 7.6 of IS:1893 – 2002.

5.2 METHOD OF ANALYSIS

5.2.1 If fundamental time period is less than or equal to 0.04 second the equipment /
structure may be treated as a rigid body and shall be designed by the seismic
coefficient methods taking αh corresponding to the zero period of site
dependent spectra. It has been observed that generally horizontal heat
exchangers and horizontal storage vessels mounted directly on the foundations
having nominal support height fall in this category. For category IV structures /
equipment the method of analysis shall be based on IS:1893-2002.

5.2.2 If fundamental time period is greater than 0.04 second and less than 0.5 second,
the design shall be based on response spectrum methods, as per provisions of
IS 1893.

5.2.3 For tall columns, vessels, chimney and any structure/equipment with
fundamental natural
period greater than or equal to 0.5 second, considering their dynamic
characteristics, only the response spectrum method, method of analysis (see
para 5.2.3.1) shall be applied for seismic design.

In response spectrum method, αh is given by the site dependent spectra for the
calculated time period and applicable damping value (see 5.4)

Site dependent spectra includes the effect of R, I and Z factors and the values of
these factors should be considered as unity.

5.2.3.1 Steps involved in response spectrum methods.

a) Calculate all natural periods above 0.04 second and their mode shapes to
achieve mass participation of 85% or higher. Lumping of mass shall be
taken into account for all major equipments.

b) Pick up the acceleration of structure corresponding to each time period

from the site dependent spectra curve. For appropriate damping factor.

c) Calculate the response (i.e. displacement, bending moment, shear force

etc.) of structure for each mode.

d) Combine the responses of different modes at each node by SRSS (Square

root of sum of squares)

e) Combine the responses in three spatial directions by SRSS.

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 5.2.4 Provision of Para 7.12.2.1 of IS: 1893 (Part 1) – 2002 should not be used for
equipment. Para 7.12.2.1 is partially reproduced below for ready reference.

Tower, tanks parapets, smoke stacks, chimneys and other vertical cantilever
projections attached to buildings and projecting above the roofs shall be
designed for five times the horizontal seismic coefficient.

Use of the above provisions will give rise to large earthquake forces leading to
uneconomic design. In such cases it is recommended that response spectrum
method be used taking the main structure and equipment together. Whether to
model the equipment together along with the structure, or to consider its mass
only, is governed by the natural time period of equipment vis-à-vis natural time
period of structure and equipment together Equipment with fundamental time
period of less than 0.04 sec. or with a height less than 4 metres, need not to
modelled with structure.

5.2.5 Design method given in Para 5.3 of IS:1893:1984 for stack like structures is on
the conservative side. Use of response spectrum method (Para 5.2.3.1) to such
type of structures is considered to be more realistic. It has been observed that
carrying out a more rigorous analysis using response spectrum method and
considering all natural periods above 0.04 sec., values of bending moment and
shear force at the pedestal are considerably lower.

5.2.6 For seismic analysis of piping, seismic coefficient methods is not valid and one
has to resort to the use of response spectrum method. Thermal loading calls for
a flexible system while seismic loading calls for a rigid system and the designer
has to make an optimum choice. Generally it is seen that pipes are provided with
support in the vertical direction with little or no support in the horizontal plane.
As far as possible supports which restrain the motion of pipe in horizontal
plane, should be provided without exceeding the seismic forces and moments
on the equipment / vessel nozzles.

5.2.7 Earthquake shall not be considered to act simultaneously with wind.

5.3 COMBINATION OF RESPONCES DUE TO MULTI-COMPONENT SEISMIC

ACCELERATIONS

All types of structures / equipments shall be designed for multi-component

earthquakes. The structure / equipment should also be separately checked for
all three unidirectional (two horizontal directions along the principle directions
of structure and the vertical direction) earthquake. However the combination of
responses for multi component earthquakes shall be performed only when the
response spectrum method of analysis is applied for the seismic design. The
multi-component responses should be combined by considering one of the
following two criteria:

(i) When the lateral force resisting elements (frame, shear walls) of a
structure are
oriented along two principle (horizontal) directions, or, when a structure
has circular symmetry in horizontal plane, only one horizontal (worst
principal direction) earthquake responses should be combined with the
vertical earthquake response.

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 (ii) When the lateral force resisting elements of a structure are not oriented
along two principle (horizontal) directions, the combination of
earthquake responses should be carried out for two
horizontal directions and the vertical direction.

When responses from three (or two) earthquake components are to be

considered the response due to each component may be combined,
using the assumption that when the maximum response from one
component occurs, the response(s) from the other component(s) is/are
30% of the corresponding maximum value(s). All possible combination of
the component responses including variations in sign (plus or minus)
shall be considered.

Let Rx. Ry & Rz indicate any responses quantity (e.g.) axial force in a
frame member,support reaction in a particular direction, membrane stress
of a shell at a point, etc.) of a structure due to accelerations along X, Y &
Z directions (generally the three principle directions of the structure
under consideration). Then the combined response room due to multi-
component earthquake forces is the maximum of the following cases:

± Rx ± 0.3Ry ± 0.3Rz
Rcom = ± Ry ± 0.3Rx ± 0.3Rz
± Rz ± 0.3Rx ± 0.3Ry

The above combination procedure applies to the same response quantity

i.e., deflection / shear / moment /stress or any other response at the
location and direction under consideration.

Note : in view of the limitations in existing computer programs regarding

implementation of the above combinations, and also when the signs of
unidirectional earthquake responses are lost in modal combination, SRSS
approach may be adopted alternatively as:

Rcom = (R2x + R2y + R2z)½

However, it may be noted that the two combination procedures, in

general, will produce different result and in SRSS approach, the sign of
the combined response cannot be preserved.

Example : if Vbx,x, Vbx,y, and Vbx,z, are the base shear values of a tall
column along X direction due to seismic acceleration applied along X, Y
and Z directions respectively, the combined value of base shear along X
will be obtained as.

Vbx.com =max. of ( ± Vbx.x ± 0.3 Vbx.y ± 0.3 Vbx.z

( ± Vbx.y ± 0.3 Vbx.x ± 0.3 Vbx.z
( ± Vbx.z ± 0.3 Vbx.x ± 0.3 Vbx.y

If a SRSS approach is adopted, Vbx,com shall be obtained as

Vbx.com = (V 2bx.x + V 2bx.y + V 2bx.z )½

5.4 DAMPING

Generally, damping increases with increase in stress amplitude or displacement

amplitude or both. Damping exhibited in lower-frequency modes of vibration is
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 generally lower than that exhibited in higher frequency modes. Following
damping coefficients shall be considered for response spectrum analysis:

STRUCTURE / COMPONENT CATEGORY-I CATEGORY-II CATEGORY III

Tall columns,
Lug supported small vessels, 3 2
2
Storage tanks
Large diameter piping (>300 dia)

STRUCTURE / COMPONENT CATEGORY-I CATEGORY-II CATEGORY

III

Integrated systems (i.e. piping

combined with reactor/vessel/
equipment):
a) without lining & fire proofing 4 2.5 2
b) with refractory lining & fire proofing 5 3.5 3

Small diameter piping 2 1 1

Welded Steel Structures 4 2 2

Bolted steel structures 7 4 4

Reinforced Concrete 7 5
5

Above values may be used in conjunction with the methods of analysis given
IS:1893 – 2002 or otherwise.

5.5 DUCTILE DETAILING

Appropriate ductility details of reinforced concrete members should be provided

as per the provisions of IS:13920 to avoid premature failure during earthquake.

In steel structures, members and their connections should be so proportioned

that high ductility is obtained to ensure that premature failure due to elastic or
in-elastic buckling does not occur. Ductile detailing of steel structures should be
carried out as per the provisions of IS:4326 and IS:1893.

5.6 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR STORAGE TANKS

Seismic design of storage tanks shall be carried out as per the provisions of API
650 Appendix-E, API 620 Appendix-L, as applicable. For doubled walled tanks
inner and outer tanks have to be checked separately and the outer tank has also
to be checked for possible inner tank failure.

The value of Z and I (refer API 650 Appendix-E, API 620 Appendix-L) shall be
taken as unity.

The values of CI shall be taken as the site-specific seismic spectral ordinate of

2% damping curve corresponding to the calculated time period of the tank.

The value of C2 shall be taken as the site-specific seismic spectral ordinate for
0.5% damping curve corresponding to the natural period of sloshing.
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 The spectral acceleration values for periods greater than 3.0 seconds may be
considered same as that per 3.0 seconds.

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