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DESIGNS [CD]
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY GB6013 - UKM [TESL
GROUP]
GROUP MEMBERS
4. TYPES OF CD
5. KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF CD
important NOTE:
Correlation can be positive or negative.
There is no perfect 1:1 relationship between
items
Correlations cannot tell us the cause of any
relationship.
WHEN DO WE USE CD?
simple example:
Yule (1897)
theory of regression & the ability to predict scores using info based on
correlating correlation coefficients.
Spearman (1904)
Spearman's rho
Fisher (1935)
significant testing & ANOVA
vitally important to
correlational
research as they
allow researchers
The direction to determine: The type of
of the
association
association
The existence
of extreme
scores
The form of
the
relationship
Linear Non-Linear
Positive Negative
Positive Non-Linear Negative
Degree of association
-square the correlation and use the r value to measure the strength
Coefficient of determination
.66 –.85 - good prediction can result from one variable to the other.
- considered very good.
.86 and above - typically achieved for studies of construct validity or test– retest
reliability.
- when two or more variables are related, correlations this high are
seldom achieved.
- Significant testing - determine whether the value is
meaningful
- The null hypothesis would be no relationship or
association among the scores in the population.
r squared
- expresses the magnitude of two variables or sets of scores.
- represents the effect size
Multiple Variable Analysis
-Partial Correlations
-Multiple Regression
Partial Correlation
-Determine the amount of variance that an intervening
variable explains in both the independent and dependent
variables.
-Used because of various number of variables as
predictors of the outcome.
-These variables are called as the mediating or
intervening variable.
-The variables ‘stands between’ the independent and
dependent variables and influences both of them.
Multiple regression.
Regression line
- Is a line ‘best fit’ for all of the points of scores on the
graph.
- The line comes the closest to all the points on the plot.
- Calculated by drawing a line that minimizes the squared
distance of the points
from the line.
Multiple Regression / Multiple Correlation
1.locate the studies on a single topic and notes the results for all
the studies.
2.Calculates an overall result for all of the studies and reports this
information.
rather indicates
an association
between two or more variables
Sample r.q. :
1. - Is creativity related to IQ test
scores for elementary children?
Identify two (associating two variables)
variables that - What factors explain a student
maybe related teacher’s ethical behaviour
during student-teaching
avoid the experience? (exploring a
complex relationship)
“shotgun
approach” - Does high school class rank
predict a college student’s grade
point average in the first
semester of the college?(prediction)
HOW TO CONDUCT CD?
at least 30
individuals;
select randomly
2.
Identify
heterogeneous sample
sample to produces wide ranges of scores
study compared to homogenous
narrowed group of sample; helps to determine the
population may true relationship between
influence the variables.
strength of the
correlation
relationships
HOW TO CONDUCT CD?
4.
Collect Data
and Monitor
Potential multiple independent
variables are collected to
Threats understand complex
prediction studies require data relationships
collection at more than one
point in time. In such cases,
researchers often assign
numbers to participants to
ensure that data remains
confidential
Iowa Assessment National Average Time Spent on
Student
Standard Score Homework Nightly
Matthew 142 0
Jane 167 10
Daniel 130 10
Jose 180 10
Armando 150 30
Kelby 194 15
Loren 162 20
Samantha 202 15
Andrew 216 50
Britney 216 45
Kiedis 219 40
Ethan 223 60
Dakota 230 65
Mia 244 90
Damarcus 270 80
Alejandro 252 75
HOW TO CONDUCT CD?
findings of correlational
research is often presented in a
correlational matrix
Is the researcher concerned about the form of the relationship so that an appropriate
statistic is chosen for analysis?
Has the researcher identified the predictor and the criterion variables?
If a visual model of the relationships is advanced, does the researcher indicate the
expected direction of the relationships among variables? Or the predicted direction
based on observed data?
ISBN-13: 978-0133831535
ISBN-10: 0133831531