The Effect of Carbon on the
Microstructure and Properties of C-Mn
All-Weld Metal Deposits
Carbon promotes acicular ferrite, at the expense of grain
boundary polygonal ferrite, and causes grain refinement of
SYNOPSIS. The effect of 0.05 to 0.15%
carbon on the microstructure and prop-
erties of shielded metal arc welds con-
taining 0.6 to 1.8% Mn has been investi-
gated. It was found that carbon pro-
moted acicular ferrite, at the expense of
grain boundary polygonal ferrite, and
caused grain refinement of the reheated
regions. The hardness of the deposits
increased, and the tensile properties
were defined by equations of the form:
a = a + b (C) + c (Mn) 4- d (C • Mn).
With regard to impact properties, it
was found that carbon tilted the Charpy-
V curves and substantially reduced the
degree of scattering. Optimum tough-
ness was achieved at a manganese level
of 1.4% when the carbon content was in
the intermediate range, i.e., 0.07 to
0.09%.
Introduction
Previous work (Ref. 1), conducted as
part of a joint program within Sub-Com-
mission HA of the International Institute of
Welding, established, for low carbon
deposits, that manganese increasingly
refines weld metal microstructures and
gives rise to optimum impact properties
at a concentration of about 1.5%.
The present work is a continuation of
the program. Its main aim is to ascertain
whether the optimum with regard to
manganese is displaced, depending on
the carbon level of the deposit.
Paper selected as an alternate for the 64th
AWS Annual Convention, Philadelphia, Penn-
sylvania, April 24-29, 1983.
G. M. EVANS is with Welding Industries Oerli-
kon Buehrle Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland.
the reheated regions
BY G. M. EVANS
Experimental Procedure
Electrodes
Low hydrogen, iron powder type elec-
t r o d e s - c o d e d A, B, C and D - w e r e
prepared as in previous work (Ref. 1).
The manganese content of the coverings
was varied to yield deposited metals
containing 0.6, 1.0, 1.4 and 1.8% M n ,
respectively.
At each of these manganese levels
different amounts of graphite were add-
ed to the coatings to produce four nom-
inal levels of carbon in the deposited
metals-namely, 0.045, 0.065, 0.095 and
0.145% C. The core wire diameter of the
16 batches of experimental electrodes
thus prepared was 4 mm (0.16 in.), and
the coating factor (D/d) was 1.68.
Weld Preparation
The joint geometry was that specified
in ISO 2560. Welding was done in the flat
position, and three weld beads per layer
were deposited (Ref. 1). The total num-
ber of runs required to fill the individual
joints was 27. Direct current (electrode
positive) was employed, the amperage
being 170 A, the voltage 21 V, and the
heat-input was nominally 1 k j / m m (25
kj/in.). The interpass temperature was
standardized at 200°C (392°F).
Mechanical Testing
Two subsize weld metal tensile speci-
mens were machined and tested for each
of the different deposits. Also, approxi-
mately 35 Charpy-V notch specimens
were struck to obtain a full transition
curve. The impact specimens were in the
as-welded condition. On the other hand,
the tensile specimens underwent hydro-
gen removal treatment at 250°C (482°F)
WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1313-s
for 14 hours (h).
Results
Chemical Composition
The chemical analyses of the weld
metal deposits are given in Table 1. The
compositions were essentially on target,
the nominal values for carbon being
0.045, 0.065, 0.095 and 0.145% at each
of the four manganese levels previously
(Ref. 1) designated as A, B, C and D. The
silicon contents were relatively well bal-
anced, the increase with increasing car-
bon being slight. Of note is the fact that
both sulfur and phosphorus were low
throughout.
Metallographic Examination
General. Transverse sections were
prepared, and detailed examination was
carried out on the top weld beads and on
the adjacent super critically heat-affected
zones as described previously (Ref. 1).
To illustrate the changes due to car-
bon, as observed in the light microscope,
typical micrographs for the extremes are
shown in Figs. 1-4 for the 1.4% Mn
level.
As-Deposited Weld Metal. The top
weld bead of each of the test weldments
was examined at the Welding Institute,
U.K., and the microstructural compo-
nents were quantified according to the
scheme proposed by Abson and Dolby
(Ref. 2) and by Pargeter (Ref. 3).
Point counting was carried out at
X500, and the constituents were identi-
fied as follows:
• Grain boundary ferrite.
• Polygonal ferrite.
• Ferrite with aligned M-A-C.
• Acicular ferrite.
Table 1—Weld Metal Chemical Compositions and Tensile Properties

Tensile properti e s ( a )
Average
Composition, %
OR,
content, % designation C Mn Si S P N/mm2*" N/mm* EL, % R.A., %

A 0.045 0.65 0.30 0.006 0.008 406 462 35.4 78.8

B 0.044 0.98 0.32 0.006 0.008 432 481 35.8 78.8
0.045
C 0.044 1.32 0.32 0.006 0.007 451 512 32.0 78.8
D 0.045 1.72 0.30 0.006 0.008 488 549 29.6 76.0
A 0.059 0.60 0.33 0.007 0,008 407 483 31.2 80.6
B 0.063 1.00 0.35 0.006 0.008 451 516 32.4 80.6
0.065
C 0.066 1.35 0.37 0.005 0.007 469 545 29.2 78.8
D 0.070 1.77 0.33 0.006 0.008 511 588 28.4 77.9
A 0.099 0.65 0.35 0.008 0.009 433 512 31.8 78.8
B 0.098 1.05 0.32 0.007 0.009 477 546 30.0 78.8
0.095
C 0.096 1.29 0.30 0.007 0.009 506 576 30.8 77.9
D 0.093 1.65 0.33 0.007 0.007 535 602 27.8 74.0
A 0.147 0.63 0.40 0.008 0.007 480 569 32.8 76.0
B 0.152 1.00 0.41 0.007 0.007 517 605 27.4 75.0
0.145 0.148
C 1.40 0.38 0.007 0.007 536 636 27.4 75.7
D 0.141 1.76 0.36 0.006 0.007 606 691 25.6 71.9

(a) o E = yield stress; <TR = ultimate tensile stress; El. = elongation; R.A. = reduction in area.
(b) psi = 145.0377 X N / m m 2 .

• Ferrite-carbide aggregate.
• Carbide.
The quantitative data obtained are
plotted in Fig. 5; they show that the
amount of grain boundary ferrite and
polygonal ferrite decreased as the carbon
content was increased. In the main, the
change was compensated for by an
increase in the amount of acicular ferrite
rather than an increase in the proportion
of the side plate structures, i.e., ferrite
with M-A-C. The ferrite-carbide aggre-
gate also increased but only at the lowest
levels of manganese.
A visual impression of the microstruc-
tural change in the top bead is obtained higher carbon level is more classically
from Fig. 1. Here it is seen that the Widmanstatten in nature. A further
measured reduction in polygonal ferrite is observed difference is in the size of the
reflected in thinner ferrite veins. Of fur- microphase regions occurring between
ther note is the fact that the columnar the laths. Subsequent examination in the
grain width also decreased. This latter scanning electron microscope (SEM) con-
phenomenon is quantified in Fig. 6, the firmed that amounts of these martensite
main variation occurring over the lower / austenite (M / A) phases increased
end of the investigated carbon range. An substantially as the carbon content was
additional point is that the average grain increased.
width was slightly reduced throughout by Reheated Weld Metal. Studies of the
the addition of manganese. coarse grained regions also revealed dif-
Examination of the acicular ferrite in ferences in microstructure as exemplified
Fig. 2 shows changes in the aspect ratio in Fig. 3. With increasing carbon, the
of the ferrite laths; the structure at the width of the ferrite envelopes delineating

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Fig. 2 — Photomicrographs of acicular ferrite in

Fig. 1 — Photomicrographs of top beads (co- columnar regions, 1.4% Mn. A—0.045% C; Fig. 3 — Photomicrographs of coarse grained
lumnar), 1.4% Mn. A-0.045% C; B-0.145% B-0.145% C. X100 (reduced 38% on repro- regions, 1.4% Mn. A-0.045% C; B-0.145%
C. XI00 (reduced 38% on reproduction) duction) C. X200 (reduced 38% on reproduction)

314-s I NOVEMBER 1983

the prior austenite grain boundaries equivalent over the experimental ranges
decreased and thus enhanced the etching investigated. The microstructure became
response. The grain interiors transformed more duplex with increasing carbon as
to a fine acicular structure, and the shown in Fig. 4, and the second phases
changes were essentially a reflection of tended to separate, to an increasingly :®^A
those occurring in the as-deposited weld greater extent, along the primary segre-
metal. gation bands. The form and structure of
Comparison of the two photomicro- the second phase particles were revealed
graphs in Fig. 4 shows that grain refine- by deep etching in a mixture of bromine
ment also occurred in the fine grained and methanol, followed by examination
reheated regions. The results of linear in the SEM at X5000 magnification. The &
intercepts made at X630 are plotted in phases were identified, by the British
Fig. 7. The effects of carbon and manga- Steel Corporation, as: Fig. 4 - Photomicrographs of fine grained
nese were found to be approximately • Cementite films. regions, 1.4% Mn. A-0.045% C; B-0.145%
C. X630 (reduced 38% on reproduction)

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metals containing Mn as follows: electrode A-0.6% Mn, electrode B- 1.0% Mn, electrode C-1.4% Mn and electrode D- 1.8% Mn

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1315-s

 • Martensite / austenite (M / A).
• Bainite / Fine pearlite (B / P).
The volume fractions were found to
increase with increasing carbon content
as shown in Figs. 8 and 9 for the 0.6 and
1.4% Mn levels, respectively.
Hardness Testing
Average hardness values, obtained for
the last weld bead to be deposited in
each case, are plotted in Fig. 10. The
trends are essentially linear, the increase
over the range for manganese being 50
DPN (i.e., VHN) compared to approxi-
mately 30 DPN (i.e., VHN) for the experi-
mental range of carbon contents.
Hardness traverses along the center
line of deposits welded with electrode C,
at the two extremes of carbon, are plot-
ted in Fig. 11; the difference of 30 DPN
(Le., VHN), as encountered for the top
beads, is reflected throughout most of
the weldments.
Mechanical Properties
Tensile Results. The tensile test results
are presented in Table 1. The yield
strengths and the ultimate tensile

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different manganese levels as follows: A —0.6%;B— 1.0%, C— 1.4% and at different manganese levels as follows: A —0.6%, B— 1.0%, C— 1.4%
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Fig. 8 Effect of carbon content on percentage microphases in fine grained regions, 1.4% Mn (cementite films, martensite/austenite, bain-
grained regions, 0.6% Mn ite/pearlite)

316-s | NOVEMBER 1983

strengths are plotted against carbon con-
tent in Figs. 12 and 13, respectively. O n
assuming the tensile properties to be
linearly related to both carbon and man-
ganese, the following regressions were
obtained:
1. For yield strength (in N/mm 2 ):
o-E = 335 4- 439 C 4- 60
Mn 4- 361 C • Mn
2. For ultimate tensile strength (in N /
mm 2 ):
O-R = 379 4- 754 C 4- 63
Mn 4- 337 C • Mn
Impact Results. Charpy-V impact
curves, obtained from the average of the
scatter bands, are plotted in Fig. 14. It is
seen that the upper shelf was depressed
by the addition of carbon, whereas the
lower shelf tended to be raised.
On reconsidering the absorbed energy
as a function of manganese (Fig. 15), the
optimum composition for the transition
range was found to occur at about 1.4%
Mn, independently of the carbon level of
the deposits.
The relative effects of carbon and
manganese on lateral shift are depicted in
Fig. 16. Here the Charpy-V temperatures
(1) corresponding to an arbitrary level of 100
) are plotted against composition. At the
low manganese level (A), carbon was
found to be marginally beneficial, where-
as at the high level (D) carbon was
deleterious. For the intermediate manga-
(2) nese content (C), optimum toughness
was achieved at an intermediate carbon
content of 0.09%. Comparison of the
t w o graphs in Fig. 16 shows, for the
specific ranges, that manganese had a far
greater influence on lateral shift than
carbon.
An additional feature to the tilting of
the average Charpy-V curves was the
observed fact that the degree of scatter-
ing decreased as the carbon content
increased. The phenomenon is illustrated
in Fig. 17 for the two extremes of carbon
at the 1.4% Mn level. The situation for the
low carbon level is seen to be undesir-
able, the transition being extremely steep
and such that full bi-modal fracture
occurred at - 4 0 ° C (-40°F).
Discussion
It is generally accepted (Refs. 4-6) that
the addition of carbon to low strength
ferritic weld metal causes the yield and
tensile strengths to increase and ductility
to decrease. Furthermore, the hardness
increases and, at a constant grain size, the
yield-to-tensile strength ratio decreases.
The role of different alloying elements is
known to be complex; carbon in isola-
tion, for example, behaves differently

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DISTANCE FROM TOP S U R F A C E OF PLATE, m m .
as-deposited weld metal at different manga-
nese levels as follows: A—0.6%, B—1.0%, Fig. 11.-Effect of carbon on yield stress at different manganese levels as follows: A-0.6%,
C-1.4% andD- 1.8% B- 1.0%, C- 1.4% and D- 1.8%

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CARBON IN W E L D , wt.%. Fig. 13 —Effect o carbon on ultimate tensile strength at different
Fig. 12 — Effect of carbon on yield stress at different manganese levels as manganese levels as follows: A —0.6%, B—1.0%, C—1.4% and
follows: A -0.6%, B- 1.0%, C- 1.4% andD- 1.8% D-1.8%

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1317-s

than when in the presence of manga- tered when varying the manganese con- The tensile properties achieved in the
nese, silicon and oxygen (Ref. 7). tent over the range from 0.6 to 1.8%. On present instance varied linearly with
The present metallographic studies the other hand, increasing carbon did respect to both carbon and manganese,
have shown that the microstructure of lead to the precipitation of increasing the regression equations being in the
as-deposited weld metal is modified by amounts of carbide within the acicular form:
the addition of carbon. O n a macroscale, ferrite.
the main observation was that the prior The microstructure of the reheated
a = a + b (C) 4- c (Mn) 4- d (C • Mn).
austenite grain width decreased, due zones was also modified by the addition
possibly to a change in the solidification of carbon. In the case of the coarse
sub-structure. Carbon was more effec- grained regions, the ferrite envelopes Interaction occurred as indicated by
tive in this respect than manganese, and it tended to be eliminated, and in the fine the lines in Figs. 12 and 13 which are not
is presumed that the relative effects on grained regions the grain size decreased parallel. This is as expected, since it is
dendrite spacing are different. appreciably. The degree of grain refine- known, for wrought materials, that both
On a microscale, carbon was found to ment induced by the increase in carbon elements have an effect on solid solution
increase the amount of acicular ferrite at was essentially the same as that encoun- hardening, grain size and the percentage
the expense of the proeutectoid ferrite tered for the experimental range of man- amount of pearlite (Ref. 8).
occurring at the boundaries of the colum- ganese contents. As expected, the The present data serve to confirm the
nar grains. For an increment of 0.1% C, amount of second phase carbides in the statement made by Heuschkel (Ref. 9)
however, the overall change in micro- fine grained regions increased as the that, for all practical purposes, there is
structure was far less than that encoun- carbon level was raised. little error in assuming 0.04 to 0.14%

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318-s | NOVEMBER 1983

carbon increases yield strength in a linear
manner. Straight line relationships have
been obtained previously for manga-
nese, the specific constants being depen-
dent on process variables, such as inter-
pass temperature (Ref. 10) and heat-input
(Ref. 11).
The addition of carbon to the weld
deposits modified the shape of the Char-
py-V curves by lowering the upper shelf
energy values and making the transition
between the ductile and the brittle mode
of fracture more gradual. Thus, with
increasing hardenability, the critical inclu-
sion distance decreased and the second
phases increasingly served as sites for
micro-void coalescence.
Allen, et al. (Ref. 12), have suggested
that carbide films contribute to the
change in slope of the transition curves.
Also, den Ouden, ef al. (Ref. 7), proposed
that flattening occurs to a greater extent
when carbon is present together with a
certain amount of oxygen. At the lower
end of the transition range, carbon was
beneficial to an extent that depended on
manganese; also, the detrimental influ-
ence of carbides on cleavage (Ref. 12)
was evidently compensated for by the
reduction in grain size. The overall situa-
tion was such that the optimum with
regard to manganese remained at
approximately 1.4%, independent of the
carbon content —Fig. 15. This finding is
contrary to that expected and indicates
that dilution with a high carbon base
material cannot be compensated for by
lowering the manganese level.
Moll and Stout (Ref. 13) and den O u -
den, et al. (Ref. 7), have shown that
commercial weldments have comparable
if not better transition characteristics than
deposits synthesized from pure raw
materials. In addition, Sagan and Camp-
bell (Ref. 4) refer to an instance where a
low carbon content is by no means
desirable. In that case, an extra low car-
bon E7018 electrode, produced with an
ingot-iron core wire, gave a room tem-
perature upper shelf value in excess of
360 | but was inferior to a commercial
product at - 2 0 ° C (-4°F). The require-
ment, therefore, is for an intermediate
carbon level so that the upper shelf is not
depressed too much while still tilting the
curve sufficiently and limiting the scatter
b a n d - F i g . 17.

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WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT 1319-s

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- 8 0 CARBON
1.4% Mn
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0-145% AS WELDED
-100 I l <J = a 4- b (C) + c ( M n ) + d (C • M n ) . international exercise. IIW document IX-J-37-
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MANGANESE IN WELD . 80.
4. Sagen, S. S.. and Campbell, H. C. 1960
Fig. 16 — Effects of carbon and manganese on 9. T h e C h a r p y - V curves w e r e tilted, (April). Factors which affect low-alloy weld
test temperatures corresponding to 1001 the u p p e r shelf being depressed w h e r e a s metal notch toughness. Welding Research
the l o w e r shelf w a s raised. Council bulletin no. 59.
10. The d e g r e e of scattering in the 5. Masubuchi, K., Monroe, R. E., and Mar-
For E7018 electrodes, w h i c h h a v e
C h a r p y V - n o t c h test w a s r e d u c e d . tin, D. C. 1966 (lanuary). Interpretive report on
b e e n p e r m i t t e d t o yield u p t o 1.6% M n weld-metal toughness. Welding Research
since t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f A W S A 5 . 1 - 7 8 1 1 . N o t c h toughness i m p r o v e d at l o w
Council bulletin no. 111.
(Ref. 14), the m o s t suitable range suggest- manganese levels and d e t e r i o r a t e d at
6. Dorschu, K. E. 1977 (October). Factors
e d by the results of t h e present w o r k is high manganese levels. affecting weld metal properties in carbon and
b e t w e e n a p p r o x i m a t e l y 0.07 and 0.09% 12. At an i n t e r m e d i a t e manganese low alloy pressure vessel steels. Welding
carbon. c o n t e n t (1.4%), the toughness initially Research Council bulletin no. 231.
i m p r o v e d a n d t h e n d e t e r i o r a t e d , an o p t i - 7. den Ouden, C , Verhagen, |. G., and
m u m o c c u r r i n g in the range 0.07 t o Tichelaar, C. W. 1975. Influence of chemical
Conclusion
0.09% C. composition on mild steel weld metal notch
13. At any specific c a r b o n c o n t e n t , toughness. Welding lournal 54(3):87-s to
For ISO 2560 t y p e d e p o s i t e d m e t a l ,
94-s.
w e l d e d w i t h basic i r o n p o w d e r elec- o p t i m u m toughness w a s e n c o u n t e r e d at
8. Pickering, F. B. 1978. Physical metallurgy
t r o d e s of a specific slag base t y p e , t h e 1.4% M n .
and the design of steels. Applied Science
f o l l o w i n g o c c u r r e d o n increasing the car- Publishers Ltd.
bon content: Acknowledgments 9. Heuschkel, I. 1973. 1972 Adams Lecture:
1. T h e average w i d t h of the p r i o r weld metal property selection and control.
T h e author wishes t o express his
austenite grains d e c r e a s e d . Welding lournal 52(1):1-2 to 25-s.
thanks t o D r . D. ). A b s o n a n d M r . R. J.
2. T h e a m o u n t o f acicular ferrite 10. Evans, G. M. 1982. Effect of interpass
Pargeter of the W e l d i n g Institute a n d t o temperature on the microstructure and prop-
increased at t h e expense of the p r o -
Dr. R. C. C o c h r a n e of t h e British Steel erties of C-Mn all-weld-metal deposits. Weld-
e u t e c t o i d ferrite.
C o r p o r a t i o n f o r c o n d u c t i n g most of the ing Review 1(1): 14-20.
3. T h e aspect ratio of t h e acicular
metallographic part of the present w o r k 11. Evans, C. M. 1982. Effect of heat-input
ferrite c h a n g e d , increasing the a m o u n t of
under contract. on the microstructure and properties of C-Mn
carbide f o r m e d b e t w e e n the laths. all-weld-metal deposits. Welding lournal
4. Grain r e f i n e m e n t o c c u r r e d in t h e 61(4):125-s to 132-s.
References
high t e m p e r a t u r e r e h e a t e d regions. 12. Allen, N. P., Rees, W . P., Hopkins, B. E.,
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all-weld-metal deposits. Welding journal nese alloys of low carbon content. /. Iron and
6. Increasing amounts of second
59(3):67-s to 75-s. Steel Inst. 174:108.
phases w e r e precipitated in the fine
2. Abson, D. )., and Dolby, R. E. A scheme 13. Moll, R. A., and Stout, R. D. 1967.
grained regions.
for the quantitative description of ferritic weld Composition effects in iron-base weld metal.
7. T h e hardness increased. metal microstructures. IIW document IX-l-29- Welding journal 46(12):551-s to 561-s.
8. T h e yield and tensile strengths 80. 14. American Welding Society. 1978. Spec-
increased linearly, b o t h parameters being 3. Pargeter, R. |. Quantification of ferritic ification for carbon steel covered arc welding
d e f i n e d b y equations of the f o r m : weld metal microstructures — results of an electrodes. AWS A5.1-78.

320-s I NOVEMBER 1983