1. FORMWORK ACCEPTANCE.

IN ACCEPTANCE OF FORMWORK
IT NEED TO BE CHECKED:

- sections and spacing of props and its bracing;

- leaktightness of formwork;
- initial deflection size;
- correctness of shuttering realization in vertical and horizontal direction;
- removal from the formwork of any impurities;
- coating the shuttering by the low adhesive agents;
- control of permissible dimension deviation.

2. CONCRETE MIX HANDLING – TRANSPORTATION BY PUMP,

TECHNOLOGY, METHODS.

MOBILE AND SELF-PROPELLED, available in form of complete, unified

sets of general use:
-automobile pumps with distributors,
-mobile distributors,
-pumps on trucks
-mixer with pump and distributor.
STATIONARY, made of sets destinated for specific conditions of work place.
Set consist of:
-pump,
-distributor,
-pipeline.

Pumps occurring in sets with pipelines and distributors on truck’s chassis

are chosen to its used pipe’s diameters, lengths, pipeline’s tips and
extension arms. On monograms is being checked necessary reach and
productivity of the pump dependent of pipeline pumping pressure.

Before starting the concreting with stationary sets it is nessesary to chose

adequate to conditions concrete pump by the diameter and length of
conduit (with taking to the considerations curvatures and elevations), and
reach of distributor.

Ensuring required monolithism of concreted element and connected with

that continuous of concreting, requires choosing a pump with necessary
efficiency , which is a result of mixing time.
 Necessary pump output in concreting the elements by layers is determined
by formula:

where:
V –volume of placed layer,
tpw–time of bonding start of used cement,
tur–time of mixing the concrete mix.

The range of pumping is a fares distance of mix shiftiness when

transported in horizontal straight-line pipeline with chooses: diameter of
the pipeline, consistency of mix and efficiency of pumping. Occurred in
reality changes of direction of pipeline and upward transportation cause
increasing of resistance, which are taken into account as additional length
of horizontal pumping in straight direction. Necessary substitute pumping
distance is determined by formula:

where
Lo–sum of length of horizontal projection straight segments of pipeline,
αk–sum of deviation angles of pipeline way,
sk–deputy length which correspond to shift resistance by changing the
direction of flow by 90o; sk= 10 -12 m,
hw–height difference of shifted mix,
sh–deputy length corresponding

Necessary reach of distributor is a distance from vertical rotation axis of

extension arm to outlet of pipe release, existing in passing the concrete mix in
planned, farthest places to lay it down.
For necessary reach decides:
-placement of distributor by the structure,
-shape and height of structure,
-Shape and dimensions of concreting area.
Necessary reach of distributor is calculated similar like for cranes and compare
with height and reach monograms of work.
 3. GOAL OF CONSOLIDATION PROCESS, FERET FORMULA,
POROSITY.

Main factors causing the increase of porosity, and consequently decreasing the
quality of the concrete:
 considerably high –from workability conditions quantity of water in the
concrete mix than it is needed for hydratation process; excess of water
evaporating from concrete cause it’s capillary porosity;
 inserting to concrete mix –mainly during the mixing time -some amount
of air bobbles (even to 10% of volume);That bobbles make defects of
concrete structure.
Decreasing of porosity can be obtained by:
 taking W/C < 0,38 providing required consistency and workability by
adding adequate amount of superplasticizer -it leads to elimination of
capillar porosity;
 proper compaction–permits to elimination of air bobbles from the mix and
tight filling of formwork and covering reinforcement bars.

The goal of consolidation process is elimination in placed concrete mix of

air and sometimes exceed of water, without decreasing its uniformity due
to component segregation.

4. VIBRATION COMPACTION – GENERAL INFORMATIONS,

INTERNAL VIBRATORS.

Most common and universal method used to consolidate concrete mix of

consistency K-1, K-2, K-3 in all construction elements.
WARNING! Using vibration method with mix consistency K-4 and K-5
can provide to component segregation.
  Method refers on transmitting vibrations from mechanism into the
concrete.
 Concrete mix moved into vibration changes its rheology properties –
significantly decreases internal friction of the mix.
 Concrete mix deliquescence by influence of gravity force.
 By the effect of buoyancy forces from the mix escapes trapped in it’s air
 Proper compaction take place by the reason of settlement

Essential technological vibration parameters:

 frequency, amplitude and speed of generated vibrations
 force of vibrator
 time of vibration

Absence of generally used method of vibration parameters is because of

concrete composition, properties of mix and it’s components.
The experimental optimization should be done for vibration parameters.

 The more irregular shape of aggregate’s grain the greater amplitude (by
using the same frequency of vibration).
 The greater size of aggregate’s grain the greater amplitude and lower
frequency.
 The greater volume density of grains the greater frequency (for chosen
amplitude).
 The lower indicator of consistency, the bigger and longer damping of
vibration and vibration time.
 Time of vibration is established experimentally –it’s extension can lead to
segregation.

Vibrators used for compaction of concrete mix in monolithic constructions can

be divided by:
INTERNAL–transmitting vibrations directly to the mixture,
ADHESIVE –transmitting vibrations on concrete mix by the formwork to which
it is hanged,
SUPERFICIAL–vibration slabs and manipulator heads, transmitting vibrations
on free surface of mixture while moving on it.
INTERNAL VIBRATORS
 Are used for consolidation of concrete blocks,
foundations, thick slabs, beams and columns with
cross sections bigger than 30 cm;
 Vibrating head is working element, it’s submerged in
concrete blend, it transfers vibrations directly to the
concrete blend;
  Optimal parameters –vibration frequency 50 -100Hz and acceleration
bigger than 4 g;
 efficiency –up to 50 m3/h

 Thickness of consolidating layer -up to 50 cm;

 Distance between submerged vibrators can not be greater than 1,5

distances of its working range R;

 Speed of drawing vibration head can not exceed 8 cm/s;

 Time of vibration in one place should not exceed 30 s;

 Vibrator has to be submerged in earlier placed and consolidated layer on

depth 6-10 cm;

 Vibrating head can not be in contact with reinforcement.

5. TIME OF CONSTRUCTION REBOARDING

Time of reboarding depend on:

-concrete resistance,
-boarding work method.
Conflict: safety –price
Proper curing of concrete and temperatures T >15oC allow to assume
approximated terms of boarding disassembly:
 2 days or Rb=2,5 MPa – for beams side boarding, vaults, arches and
columns with cross sections area over 1600 cm2;
 4 days or Rb=5 MPa – like above, but cross section area up to 1600 cm2
and for concrete walls;
6. CONCRETE WORKS DURING LOW AND HIGH TEMPERATURES
LOW TEMPERATURES
Low temperature has different influence on concrete works that is why, we
can divide it on three ranges:
 10 do 0oC –cool –setting and hardening of concrete are delayed. After 28
days concrete reach 30-60% of resistance which it can reach during works
in 15oC temperature.
 0 do -5oC –light frost –hydration is stopped, there is risk that part of
water can freeze.
 -5 do -15oC –hard frost –as above
Below -15oC concrete works are not practiced.

Range of harmfulness of freeze-up of concrete depend on concentration of

concrete when freeze-up occurred. There are three characteristic periods
of harmfulness of freeze-up of concrete:
 Time before start of concrete hardening –harmfulness is small because
freeze-up cause almost only higher porosity of concrete. Curing of
concrete is stopped, after heating it last again.
 Time between start and end of concrete hardening –ice not only relax
concrete, but also disturb hardening and moreover burst new created
crystals of hydration products.
 Time between end of hardening and attainment of safety resistance of
concrete –when freeze-up occurs later then the harmfulness of concrete is
lower. We can assume, that safety resistance of concrete is equal 7-
10MPa.

If the temperature of concrete reach critical temperature, then we should

strive for obtain concrete resistance for influence of freezing water inside
pores.
Critical temperature is the temperature when freeze 50% of free water
which is able to freeze. National instructions recommend to take
temperature equal-1oC as a critical.
Concrete works should be done in way which allow concrete to reach the
resistance for minus temperature as soon as it is possible.
Concrete works should be done in the way which allow concrete to obtain
requested properties in requested time inspite of low temperatures.
Placing and carrying of concrete should be done in proper way. We
should not be too careful if there is not such necessity because it cause
rising of building costs.
 Methods of concrete works during low temperatures:
 10 to0oC -cool–chemical methods and concrete mixture modification.
Excess of water should be avoided. It is allowed to use keeping heat
methods.
 0 --5oC –light frost–like above + warm concrete mixture.
 -5 --15oC –hard frost–like above + additionally surface or screw element
heating, eventually using special tents („cieplaki”).Below temperature -
15oC concrete works are not practiced.

HIGH TEMPERATURES

Problems connected with concrete mixtures:

 Larger requirement for water;
 Less workability caused by water evaporation and connected with this
building place adding water tendency
 Concreting processes are more difficult because of accelerated concrete
setting. Possibility that cold working weld can appear
 Difficulties with controlling aeration in concrete mixtures with air
admission additions;
 Increased tendency to occur microsplits and scratchescaused by plastic
shrinkage.

Problems connected with concrete:

 Decreased resistance after 28 days and further resistances caused by both
increased amount of water used to preparing concrete mixture and higher
temperatures during concrete works and first days of setting;
 Increased tendency to occur scratches caused by plastic shrinkage and
internal thermal stresses;
 Decreased concrete durability and increased corrosion of reinforcement
risk caused by scratches and cracks;
 Increased air and water permeability;
 Not proper and weak working connections can cause risk of different
looks of external surfaces;
 Different grade of hydration of concrete and different W/C ratio can cause
differences in surface color.

In summertime we should:
 Use concretes made from components which properties will be proper to
work in high temperatures;
 Use proper designed concrete mixtures;
 Use cooled concrete;
 Use concrete mixtures with proper workability;
 All concrete works should be realized without any breaks;
 Concrete works should be realized during the best weather conditions, it
should be planned earlier;
 Time table of works should allow some flexibility in concrete works,
 Concrete and concrete mixture should be protected against loss of
moisture;
 Heat exchange and cooling of concrete should be quaranteed.

7. MOBILE FALSEWORK – UPPER AND LOWER MOBILE SUPPORT

Falsework consists of temporary structures used in construction to support

spanning or arched structures in order to hold the component in place until
its construction is sufficiently advanced to support itself. This usage is
specifically called centering.

Falsework also includes temporary support structures for formwork used to

mould concrete to form a desired shape,[1] scaffolding to give workers
access to the structure being constructed, and shoring which is temporary
structural reinforcement used during repairs

Depending on the shape of the structure, an upper or a lower mobile

support is used.

The advantages of the upper system are high capacity on curves and free
selection of the bridge cross-section. Moreover, the railway loading gauge
under the new structure is not affected normally.

The variant with the lower mobile support is advantageous due to lower
cost implications. Furthermore, pre-assembled reinforcing elements can
be brought in with the crane (time advantage) and suspensions through the
structure are not required.

8. TYPES OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES AND TYPES OF

CONNECTIONS IN A PRECAST STRUCTURE.

Large-panel systems

 Frame systems

 Slab-column systems with walls

 Mixed systems
Precast columns, precast beams, precast floor slabs, precast walls, precast
staircases,
 9. TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMATIC CLIMBING SYSTEMS,
PROCESSES AND APPLICATION.

Climbing formwork is a special type formwork for vertical concrete structures

that rises with the building process. While relatively complicated and costly, it
can be an effective solution for buildings that are either very repetitive in form
(such as towers or skyscrapers) or that require a seamless wall structure
(using gliding formwork, a special type of climbing formwork).
Various types of climbing formwork exist, which are either relocated from time
to time, or can even move on their own (usually on hydraulic jacks, required for
self-climbing and gliding formworks).
Process
Best known in the construction of towers, skyscrapers and other tall vertical
structures, it allows the reuse of the same formwork over and over and over for
identical (or very similar) sections / stories further up the structure. It can also
enable very large concrete structures to be constructed in one single pour (which
may take days or weeks as the formwork rises with the process), thus creating
seamless structures with enhanced strength and visual appearance, as well as
reducing construction times and material costs (at the joints which would
otherwise require extra reinforcement / connectors)
The climbing formwork structure normally does not only contain the formwork
itself, but also usually provides working space / scaffolds for construction crews.
It may also provide areas for machinery and screens for weather protection, up
to being fully enclosed while yet staying modular around a changing building
structure.
10.PLACEMENT OF CONCRETE MIX, TIME OF MOULDING THE
CONCRETE MIX, METHODS OF PLACEMENT, CONNECTING
OLD AND NEW CONCRETE

TIME OF MOULDING THE CONCRETE MIX

Concrete mix should be placed in formwork and consolidated before cement
bonding starts. When that time is exceeded concrete mix can’t be used in
construction concretes.
Concrete mix after produced should be used in 1,5h duration of time, if it
necessary that time should be determined experimentally.
In normal temperatures the time of concrete mix molding equals:
-wet consistency mixture 2 -4 hours
-plastic consistency mixture 3 -5 hours
-liquid consistency mixture 4 -6 hours.

Low temperature increase that time, while high temperatures essentially shorten
it.
METHODS OF PLACEMENT

1.Horizontal continuous layers;used in case of concreting small areas.

2.Horizontal layers with steps;used in case of big areas of concreting with low
depths.
3.Inclined layers with slope 1:3;used in case of height elements with dense
reinforcement.

1.Height of mix placement to 1 m–no device required;

2.Height of mix placement to 2 m–pouring spout
3.Height of mix placement to 3 m–on the end of pouring spout should be used
additional charging hopper;
4.Height of mix placement above 3 m–telescopic charging hoppers.

Concreting order from technological point of view is most often free. In some
circumstances concreting order is determined by strength matters of formwork
and scaffolding or unfavorable deflection of formwork weighted by concrete.

Concreting gaps:
expansion joint;
-shrinkage–thermalgaps;
-working gaps; general rule of preparing working gaps is to:
make them in places of lowest internal forces,
-concreting together that element which statically belong together,
-place perpendicularly to main compression stresses in that way to avoid in them
tensile stresses.
CONNECTING OLD AND NEW CONCRETE

For obtaining the best connection between old and new concrete the surface of
working gap need to be unequal and rough.
Good connection can be obtain by forging top layer of concrete on depth of 3
cm:
-manually, water or sand jet, shot peening.
Just before placement of new concrete:
-surface of connection is being cleaned
-surface of connection is being abundantly damped with water.
-mortar or sprayed mortar is being placed with thickness of 5 mm
GENERAL CONDITIONS:
 During the concreting time it is necessary to observe behavior of
formwork and scaffolding , if there is no loss of shape correctness of the
structure.
 Speed and height of filling the formwork depends of strength and stiffness
of shuttering which takes concrete pressure.
 During the hot, sunny weather placed mix should be protected against lose
of water.
 In time of rain placed concrete should be immediately protected against
the raining water.
 In places where complicated shape of shuttering or closed-packed
reinforcement make difficult to mechanically consolidate the