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  • Digital archive documents life and works of Tamil scholar

    Transféré par

    Prem Kumar
    799 vues117 pages
    The document discusses the life and works of Tamil scholar T.N. Ramachandran. It provides a brief biography, noting that he was born in 1952 in Tamil Nadu, obtained a PhD from Annamalai University in 1971, and worked as a professor of Tamil at various institutions. The summary highlights that Ramachandran made significant contributions to the fields of Tamil literature, linguistics and culture through his publications, lectures and role in preserving ancient Tamil works.

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    The document discusses the life and works of Tamil scholar T.N. Ramachandran. It provides a brief biography, noting that he was born in 1952 in Tamil Nadu, obtained a PhD from Annamalai University in 1971, and worked as a professor of Tamil at various institutions. The summary highlights that Ramachandran made significant contributions to the fields of Tamil literature, linguistics and culture through his publications, lectures and role in preserving ancient Tamil works.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    799 vues117 pages

    Digital archive documents life and works of Tamil scholar

    Transféré par

    Prem Kumar
    The document discusses the life and works of Tamil scholar T.N. Ramachandran. It provides a brief biography, noting that he was born in 1952 in Tamil Nadu, obtained a PhD from Annamalai University in 1971, and worked as a professor of Tamil at various institutions. The summary highlights that Ramachandran made significant contributions to the fields of Tamil literature, linguistics and culture through his publications, lectures and role in preserving ancient Tamil works.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 117

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    ~8;ITUlW - eutteir, ru/mr ~'FlTUW - {6Lthm{h, ~c!:p8;8;W ~8;ITUl ru/wlTmw - IillITWfTIT~,

    [ ru/mr@VTlT~ ~LWUUW - QU(!!jLfj/{hW

    ~th W IT - IL uillT

    ~Uth~ - @(£l8;8;mr

    ~lFmW - @(!!j8;m&

    ofbUUmTW - ~<mfI8;~W

    <ff,(JWUW - Q{hITL8;8;W, $1T..v1J8;lTm ofJ,'4I6W - UmL

    ~mlF - ru/(!!jUUW

    @,,,;W - @wmw @gma-ltllI(!!juuw

    @!6~llar - (Jru{E{hrm

    U, ~ firrmum~, @. IL firrmW/w @rurDg)Jm GlulT(!!jth{hWlTm Gl{hrTrmmiD (yl rmmrT 8; 67 rD g)J eu (!!j W.

    .IL-W:- Ilth{6W UlTwrm (JUITWW - ~mrLrm -

    @uth~mw. ~Il/Dmw @UlTwrm

    !LIJUITWW @~mru;ir

    1J~IT8;W - n_1J~IT8;W eoeueani: - @~rumTW .oJfiJ{hrm - @.oJfiI/Drm

    '8;' firrmW/w QWrUGlUlc!:pth~ 'Qj' firrmW/w GlwrUQUlc!:pthm{h8c IJlFlT!6~ {hLfj/!:PJ..v ~.oJ8;8;IT~. 67rDiD n_u5)mll8c IJlFlT{ElJ{h ~.oJ8;(!!jW.

    !L-W:-

    @~IJUIT~, /DrmlJmlT(£l lJaUIT{h GlwrUGlUJC!:Pth(JI6ITQL..v~rTW ~IT

    n_uilQUc!:pthm{h8c lFlTlT{E~ {ffIrmlJiD 9.oJ8;8;UQU!f)JLll.

    IL-W:-

    '{h' firrmW/w QWrUGlUlc!:pth~W {hrmlJmlT(£l

    GlWrUQUlC!:PthlJ{hlT(£l IJlF(!!jW GlUITc!:p~ GlulT(!!)th{hwlTm

    @mLuilrD IJlFlTth~ ~.oJ8;(!!jW.

    Gl U 1T(!!j {E{h 1T{h lLuiI Q Uc!:pthm{h

    @Ul{E~UW - GlUIT¢/

    @UlWrn - $1T~rn. ""'-rDg)Jrurn @u8;filUlW - wmiD, ~rDiDw

    @Ufil8;rn - B<mlill(§rn

    @UlTlFlT - 1J1ill{E{hrn. wrnmrn

    @~(!!j - firfifi!mw

    @~ITUW - :l§1!!6lUlW

    ILth~IJUlIT8;W - ru/mm, Gl{hIT!:PJ..v !LUlJfl;lFW - QlFru/Ul¢/IOlI!f)JTIL, ~¢/lOlImu ILUlTth~UlITUlrn - ~fillflUlrn ILUWlTmW - ~ULJuGlUrT(!!)m t!!B<IillIflUlW - QlF..vIillW

    8;~ - {ffIm~

    8;..vUllTmTW - ~(!!jWmTW 8;ru/ - UIT, QlFrUUjm

    8;ru/(§rn - UITIill~rn. LJ~rurn 8;mr§J8;W - Wf!)1

    8;1T8;W - 8;1T8;m&

    filU8;W - 1J8;lTm

    fiJuww - ~c!:pr§J(!!j fiJUITW8clFr§J8;W - :l§1!ITWrniDW ~!Tth~ - t.61(!!jLJ8;1:P (!!jWUITIiIIJ@!/I8;W - (!!jL(ylc!:p8;(!!j 1J8;ITUW - QIill(!!jfifi!

    26

    27

    IF.ifi;1 - ~!iJpv.iJ

    lFj,t6W - §)dJ

    lFj,fi;1UJW - .!LmrmW lFIEfi;1Urn - fi;1ffiuJiIOYr lFIE(Jt6rrGl1JW - wfilJP~~ lFIErffJUJrr~ - !6Iprul

    lFWUJW - Gl~{!5I, (m8QJlFWUJW - ilruGl~{!5I) lFWUW - .,mmrmw

    lFWUruW - rffJa;JP~~

    lFrTrua;r;;vrrlFrrmr;;v - uv.iJa;mr;;v.ia;I:Pa;w lFffiJa;w - .,mmru

    lFrrLiI - a;1fI

    lFrrt6W - (JlFrrf!)J

    lFrrWrTj,fi;1UJw - fi;1pmw

    iI(J~a;w - ~LLJ

    ~IEmt6 - 6Tmr6m"W

    ~uj,mt6 - J!§!!!iJPW, ~rrLLW ara;w - ~r;;vw

    arj,t6w - tPTtUmw

    arUJ(Jt6lFW - t6rn~rr@ ~IfIUJrn - (9rruJIf!)J GllFm~/U~w - a;~QJ

    (JlFrrfi;1 - §)6'I'iI

    (9rr~w - .,m{!5lQJ

    t6mrlll--j,t6v.iJ - §)f!)Jj,t6v.iJ t6j,!6Iruw - .!Lmrmw t61f1j,fi;1uw - ruf!)Jmw

    t6rT.ia;w - GllFrr!iJ(JurrrT (Debate) t6ruw - (J~rrrnLJ

    t6~rrfi;1a;rrlfl - Glurr(!!jwrrwrT t6rra;w - (JruLma;

    t6rrlFrn - .,mlll--UJrrrn

    t6rruw - wm~ruI

    t6rrrn'lUJw - 8in.r;;vw

    fi;1~w - ~rrlOYr

    Glt6uJruw - a;LQJm

    (Jt6lFW - ~rr@ .

    ~a;uw - ULlll--~W

    ~LlFj,fi;1UW - ~rrlOYr, ~rrlOYr i£rn,

    [rulmri£rn

    ~rrlFW - .,mlflQJ

    rffJUJrrUJrurrfi;1 - rul:P.i(f5muu(Jurrrn rffJrTrurra;lFmu - ~L~.i(f5C!i> rffJj,fi;1mu - .!Lp.ia;w

    tCfi;1ufi;1 - (!Jlmp(JruIEfDrn

    u.ifi;1 - .,mrnLJ

    ulfLmlF - (Jt6rTQJ

    uj,fi;1uw - ~ru6m"W

    uj,fi;1lf1ma; - @t6JP

    uj,fi;1urrfi;1UrT - @t6l:Prr~IfIUJrT

    u rra; W - 8in.f!)J

    urrj,fi;1uw - eeoib, t6(f5fi;1 U/ua;rrlFw - §)6'I'iI

    U/UlFffiJa;w - GllFrr!iJGlurrlflQJ U/uwlFrrlfl - wrr~

    LJUrr6m"W - Ul:Pmw, ul:PffiJa;mt6 LJjl~uuj,fi;1lf1ma; - GllFuJfi;1j,t6rrm I,J,mlF - rulflurr@

    WIEfi;11f1 - .,mmW~lFrn

    WIEfi;1uw - wmpGlwrrlfl

    wrrt6w - jlffiJa;1OYr

    u: m.E lFW - J!§!!rn

    (!Jl8in.rTj,t6W - ~mu

    (!Jlj, fi;1 - Q'J@

    (Jwa;w - (!Jlfilv.iJ

    (JwrrLlFw - Q'J@

    eusesni: - .!Lmu

    ru(!!jGl1JW - ~mr@

    eutteesnb - ~rTjl

    rurrfi;1 - rul:P.ia;rr6'l'il

    euttmb - 6J"1:Pr;;V (6J"@~rrlOYr Gla;rrmrL!6I) rullF~W - a;rumr;;v

    rulfi;1-~JP

    rulc§(9rr~w - .,m{!5lrulUJv.iJ ruI(JlFGl1JW - ilpuLJ rulj,jlUJrrlFw - (Jruf!)Jurr@ rulWrTlF~W - fi;1p~rrtUQJ rulUJrrlFw - a;L@mu mruj,jlUJrT - w(!!jj,!6IrurT !f!wrrrn - fi;1(!!jrurrmrT

    1. UlrirQJ(!!jtD GllFfTrjJlT>fiSl6Yr QJLGlWfTI/iIWULJuuUJ. ~IT w!!)Jj,~8i 8it.!!)JIT> .: &~, 6)"a;w, (!jJiVW, (JUlfTa;W, u.i;a;w.

    2. UlrirQJ(!!jw GllFrr!iJa;liirfhlii1Ji.lwULJuuUJ. ~n;iJQJfT!!)J 6T~fhUUL.u <JQJmr@w?

    ~.w~w, {!JtiJ6itm, UfT.i;Ulw, j).i;.

    3. UlwQJ(!!jQJm-QJ!iJ!!)J8i<JlT>rjJ/V fhlii1Ji.l~ GllFfTrjJlT>m 6T~~IT>. ~/J/QJj)~~Q1, QUfTliJi'ffL..~, j5ffWlUlW, Qf}u"fJ,_w.

    ere) ~®Quwir (Metonymy)

    §)(!!j Glurr(!!j@j.i® @UJv.iJurra; .,mmwIEt6 GlUUJrT @UJrjJGluUJtT

    6T~UU@W. .,mrurulUJ!iJGluUJrT t6~.i®IfIUJ GlufT(!!jmw.i (f5I)51UJrr~ .,muGlurr(!!j(Jwrr@ lFWUIEt6UULL U/I)5IGlt6rr(!!j Glurr(!!j@j.i®u GlWU!11l". QltflAr ~~GlUfIl!1fTro. .,m!6l, Glurr(!!jwrr(f5 GlUUJtT C!:Pfh~,UJ ufi;1~fTf!)J ruma;uJlm~ .!LmLUJ!6I.

    GlU1l"(!§QI"fT(f§ QUfIlIT:- §)(!!j (!JlC!i>u Glurr(!!j6'l'ilrn (!Jlt6dJrn GlUUJrT .,mt6rn ~m~mUJ.i ®tfi/UU!6l.

    @rurjJtfi/v.iJ t6rrwmuU.fw (!Jlv.iJmr;;vU.fw (!Jlt6v.iJa;wrrfilUJ Gla;rrlll--a;mw.i ®tfi/UJfT!6I .,mw(!Jlt6r;;Va;6'l'ilrn 8'lm~a;wrrfilUJ I,d,.ia;mw.i (f51)51j,t6~. @~ (!Jlt6r;;vfT(f5GluUJGlu~QJw GlUUJrT Gluf!)Jw.

    Si)LQlfT(f§QUfIllT:- @Lj,jlrn GlUUJtT @Lj,!6IIOYrW Glurr(!!jmm.i

    ®tfi/uu~.

    IT>fTQ)QlfT~QurulT:- a;rrr;;vj,jlrn GlUUJtT .,m.ia;rrr;;vj,!6I rffJa;JP Glurr(!!jmm.i ®l)5Iuu~.

    @ru!iJl)5lr;;V a;fT/I 6TrnU!6I a;rrrTa;rrr;;vj,jlv.iJ rulmmU.fw Gl~r;;Vmr;;vU.fw, (JUrr5lmfl6TrnU~ .,mIE~fT6'l'ilv.iJ U/PIEt6rrmmU.fw (1)5Ij,!6I rffJrnpmw a;rrmra;.

    28

    29

    F>fillQlrIllIT~ GlulIli:- ~ruUJruj,i1ar

    QJJf[>{iJQulT@mm8; ®IJ5IUU~.

    SL-W:- 'Qru{iJlJ5lm~ [9LLITGU' '~[J)JroJuliiiJ ru[!,f[>lTm'

    ililTlflru ~~GlulUi:- 8;mfJUJj,j)GU QUUJrr

    ~mLruf[>{iJ®f[>roJUJlTm 8;lTur;;mj,mf[>8; ®IJ5IUU~.

    SL-W:- '@[!,@T1iiiJ @U8'ITUJmw'

    iIi(!§j,f61T ~~GlulIli:- Q8'Iilf[>rurn'iGU QUUJrr ~rum Q8'Iilf[> QUIT@mm8; ®IJ5IUU~.

    @ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ Qru{iJlJ5lm~ firmU~ Qru{iJlJ5lm~8; Q8;ITL-'l-mUJUjW,

    ~roJuliiiJ firmU~ ~ru{iJmID ILmLUJlTmmUjW ®1J5Ij,~ {t/GUlDm.

    ~AlrQlIT~ Glwui:- {t/IDW f[>GUmw firm-W1w UmrLJ8;fil'ilm QUUJrr ~UUmrLJ8;mm8; Q8;lTmrL QUIT@roTrlEmm8; ®IJ5IUU~.

    IL-W:- 'Wr.§8'roTr ~muj,f[>lTroTr' 't$~W rulTffilfilmlTroTr'

    @ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ {t/IDuQUUJrr8;roTr QJJmIDaUJ fillJ)ffilm8;Ujw QUITL9-mUJUjw ®1J5Ij,f[>m.

    Glf6ITIfiJQJIT~Gluru,;:- Qf[>lTySldlGU QUUJrr ~f[>W1mLUJ QUIT@mm8; ®[!5IUU~.

    IL-W:- 'i1@ruroTr@!jrumuu UL9-j,f[>ITGU'

    @i11iiiJ j)@ruroTr@!jrurr firGUU~ ~rurr Q8'Iilf[> ®IDmm8; ®1J5Ij,f[>~.

    f6ITWl ~GlulUi:- f[>1Trn'i (@Lj,i1~roTrm QUIT@roTr) f[>lTmj,mf[>8; (@Lj,mf[>8;) ®IJ5IUU~.

    IL-W:- 'roJm8;® QJJIJ5I[!,f[>~' 'roJID®8;8;LmL ~m!Jlj,~ eutr

    @ru{iJ1J5l1iiiJ roJm8;® firGUU~ ~oooj)@8;®W f[>mrL9-mmUjw, roJID®.$ 8;L@ firmU~ ~~ arw[!,~ {t/mIDlTmmUjw ®1J5Ij,~ {t/mlDm.

    GlIFITQJQJIT~ GlUIIl';:- Q8'lTliiiJdlm QUUJrr, ~f[>mlT{iJ QUIDuu@W

    QUIT(!!j@!j8;8;lTru~.

    IL-W:- 'UITL@8;® ILmu Q8'ITGUmITGU'

    ILmu - Q8'ITIiiiJ. ~ooo~ @ffila8; 8;@j,~ ~1iiiJ~~ QUIT(!!jroTr firm ¢1GUID~' ILQlfiIIlDrulT~GlUru,;:- ILruWlTmW SLruaWUJj,mf[>8; ®IJ5IUu~. lL-W:- 'f11ffil8;W ru[!,f[>ITGU'

    @mru QJJmIDaUJ QUlTffilfilm a8'lT{iJmIDUjw, ru{iJIJ5IUJ 8;lTmUJUjW ®1J5Ij,~ {t/GUlDm.

    tfL.LQJWfillQI ~~GlulUi:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ @Lj,mf[>

    ~1iiiJ~~ QUIT@mm8; ®IJ5IUu~.

    IL-W:- '~(!!j mwliiiJ [9L[!,{ljITGU', '@umr@ UJlTrr rulTffilfilamm' rf/!!)Jj,f6QJWfillQI 4~GlulUi:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT@mm8; ®lJ5Iu~.

    lL-W:- '@Umr@ @IDITj,f[>1iiiJ rulTffilfilamar'

    (!JUIij,f6QJWfillQI ~~GlUIIl';:- ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT(!!jmm8; ®IJ5IUu~.

    lL-W:- '~rum ~m[!,f[> Q[9liiiJdlliiiJ @umr@UL9-lTn@{lj~IT8; @@8;filID~' A"AirAlrQJWfillQI 4~Gluru,;:- ~GU[J)J, @umr@ firGUWlw firmr~u QUUJrr8;roTr ~roiJrumroJmmUjmLUJ QUIT@@!j8;®U QUUJUlTru~.

    1.~®Gluru'; (iTGUIDrrlOiJ (iTmm? 2 • ..!!}f~ (iTj,f[>mm QlfilliliUU@W?

    3.@LQlIT®GlUWff8;®w f[>rrAflwlT® GlUWff8;®w "_61rm aQl!!)Jurr@ WIT~? 4.iIi(!!jQ)lwrr(!5Gluwff, iIi(!!jj,f[>rrQJIT®GluWff(iTm~W @QI{iJ!!)J~®

    .... "lTufifJ1W f6(!!jili.

    IL-W:- '8;IT~1T1iiiJ [9L[!,f[>ITGU'

    iIi(!!jQS)WIT®Gluru,;:- 8;@roJu51GU QUUJrr ~f[>mlT~lTfilUJ 8;mfJUJj,fiIIf[>8; ®lJ5Iuu~.

    IL-W:- 'i1(!!jrulT8'8;W uL9-j,f[>ITGU'

    1. GlUIT(!§L. Gluw,;

    lL-W:- aru~ru, i1~8;rui1, ~[!,f[>r;;mrr, LJj,f[>8;W, ulDfillru8;roTr

    30

    31

    2. j)uj GlUWtT

    lL-W:- GlulTwtmlTmlDlJ,UJITEPuulTmrw, j}lDlJffiJmlh, ~iilUJIT, ~lhW, LI!DW, {61IDlJW, rulmr.

    4~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: UlrIJl.ArIr$)l8>(f§u U/f)ar GllhlT@. ~w(JQJ{iJ!!)Imw:2.1J)~w-uJlfiI~ ~ 6~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: @!Dt5!6lrArIP GlUIT@WlhW @mru.

    7~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: a!6lrifJlJ)lrfililL/.j)Q) ®mlJ) lhlTmreJUlrlr ulDlJrr. ~w (JrutjJ!f)Jmw: s;ifJlJ)/rCJAr! (y)w ru@lh.

    lL-W:- (61Li5J~w, /6ITW, j)ffiJlhW, ~mr@, L/rowfiill:Jlmw, mro, /6~rotm, [p rr(y) fiiI.

    GlUIT@fiIi!tm[p L/mLGluUJtTSoiilmUJ8; ®i6I8;®W Gl8'IT~ rulmtm Gl8'IT~. ~[p fYlrumlhuu@w. ~mru rulmtm(y)tjJ!f)J, GluUJGl[JSo8'W, rulmtmGlUJ808'w fiTWUtmrulT®w.

    5. (f§AI11U GluWtT

    lL-W: Gl8'wmw, ruLLW, ~WL/, GlailT@mw, ~@mw, @@mw, L/fiIi!UL/, @m!UL/, ~mrmw, (J8'tUmw.

    6. Glrolr!/1tjJGlUWtT

    (JwtjJaimrLru{iJ!f)JW umrL/u GluUJ@w, GlrolT!:fJtjJ

    roj,roW8;Glaitm ruI®j)aimmUjmLUJtm . ~mru ru@WIT!f)J:

    @oOo[p ~@ rulT8;fiilUJj,j)w uUJm!mIDlJUJlTtU, j)mmr, UIT~ (Y)ror;;O/UJtm aiITLUJ- {61tjJu[p aifT!ovj,mro Glrufili!uumLUJlTai8; aiITL@ru[p Glrorf}{61m<DlJ rulmtm (y){iJ!f)J. ®i6IUUlTlh8; lhITL@ru[p ®i6IuL/ rulmtm(y){iJ!f)J. @rurulmtm (y)tjJ!f)J8;lhW lLLWUITLUJ-W lhmr~w, fiTj)tTwmpuJ/w aimr~w ru@w.

    Glrorf}{61mlDlJ rulmtm(y)tjJi6Iwlhmr ailTlDlJj,mro8; lhlTL@rutm Glu@w ulTwmw @mL{61m<DlJai@jW iil!f)JulTwmw ruI®j)ai@jwlTw. Ii, L, rD, £i)dr fiTWUtm @1J)~roailTlDlJ @mL{61mlDlJaiw. ~j/JdrlIJl, @drlIJl, @IIJI fiTwutm {ffIlhY,ailTlDlJ @mL{61m<DlJaiw. U, ~ fiTWUtm fiTj)rrlhlTlDlJ @mL{ffIm<DlJlhw.

    lL-W: f!jwmw, GlrolT~m<DlJ, wlTLiil, f!jmrL/, ruUJ-QJ, f!jw®, f!jwi6I, f!jw!f)J, @wuw, f!jwtmrr.

    Gl!6Ir!/1ifJGlUWtT mI(f5fNs;m-:- %~, ~~, ~w, l,9, ma;, smeu, (§, 4, .!L, $1, !iJ, W, .!L~, a;rr@, urr@, ~!Tfi1/, ~m~, mill, /!iI.

    lL-W:- f!jLj,ro~, UITL~, ruITLLW, GlailTm<DlJ, ru@mlh, ulTrrmru, (JUIT8;®, f!jLL/, Gl8'IDlJQj, wpj), (JroMiil, wprul, lhLQjW (aiLj,ro~), 8'1T8;lhlT@, lTnUUIT@, (JrolTtjJP[JQj, rulT[JlTmtm, rufT[JlTmw, ru@ru[p.

    lL-W:- /6L~roITW (/6L + j, + j, + ~w) @p~roa;lT<DlJw f!jLrulT{61WPITW (f!jL + ~w!!)J + ~m) {61lhY,lhITIDlJW f!jLUUITW (/6L + U + ~w) fiTj)rrlhlTlDlJW

    ®i6IUL/ rulmtm(y){iJ!!)I8;lhW GlUIT@W, @LW, lhITIDlJW, iilmtm, ®mrw, Glfl>ITI:fiJ~ fiTmW/w @rutjJi6ItmUJ-UJITlhU UJIJ)8;®W.

    ( ~) rol6lJ)6lJTW rr6\)6lJ)mrr~ tD Q u WIT

    GluUJ[J[p @<DlJ8;lhmrW (Jru{iJ!!)Imw(JUJtjJp~. rulmtmUJ[p @1DlJ8;lhmrW lhITIDlJW lhITLL~. @rurul@ @<DlJ8;lhmr(y)w ~@ffiJ® lLmLUJ Gl8'IT~ rulmtmUJIT<DlJmmrUjw GluUJtT ~~<DlJ[p rulmtmuGluUJtT fiTtmUU@w.

    a, -tb: - fiT(!:prulTtU (Jru{iJ!f)Jmw: Gls;ITmlJ)lrm ru~roITW, (GllhITWpruW ru~roITw) 2~w (Jru{iJ!f)Jmw: QJ~rolr~Ar8> lhmr(JLw.

    3~w (Jru{iJ!!)Imw: ~ruw ulJI.j,roIrArITQ) lLUJrrj,rouuLLITW.

    IL-W:- ~ruw GlUITWtmW (GlUITW + ~w) GlUIT@W ~rum wmlDlJUJw (wmlDlJ + ~w) @LW ~ruw mroUJITw (mro + ~m) lhITIDlJW

    ~ruw rom<DlJUJm (romlDlJ + ~m) filmtm ~ruWlhrf}UJW (lh@mw + ~w) ®mrw /6mLUJw(f!jmL + ~w) GlrolT!:fJ~

    32

    ,fL-W:-

    6T~rTwmiD Q)Jm~(!:fJi>!DIfiiiJ {i)fiiJ, JlW, cf6 6TQr@lw ~mL{tlmGIJa;m 6T~rTwmiDU QUfT@mm8; a;fTL@W.

    ,fL-W:- ,fL6WLfT~fiiiJGlJQr (cYIW), /liUilJfTQr t-e). /liL~~GIJQr ({i)W).

    ~mmT, utteo (!:fJ{!>~UJQJi>miD8; a;fTLLfT~ QUfT@m (!:fJi>[l)lU

    QU[l)l{!>i>®u QUUJMQa=fTfiiiJmGIJ (JQJ6WI4-{ffIi>U~ QUUJQ[Tqa=W. (!:fJ14-8;®W QUUJMQa=fTi>a;wiT Qa=liIuQJQr, a;@Q)J, {ffIGlJW, Qa=UJfiiiJ, a;fTGlJw, Qa=UJuu@ QUfT@wiT 6TQr@lw ~mQJa;mfTw.

    Q{!>rfI{ffImGIJu QUUJQ[Tq~~fiiiJ ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ~~i>®w {ffIa;,pa;fTGIJ~f}i>®w (!:fJi>sn!DIUJ @mL{ffImGIJa;~W 6T~rTa;fTGIJ~f}i>® @mL{61mGIJuJlQr!DI 'LW' 6TQr@lw Q)J®~lLfw Gll@w.

    ,fL-W;-

    ,fL6WL mUUJQr ,fL6W!iJQriD mUUJQr - .fL6W~W mUUJQr - .fL6WL mUUJQr

    .fL6WL {a;GIJW

    ma;, rufTlii

    a, 6WL fiI1@

    33

    ,fL6W@ QJ~{!>fTQr (Qlf,u~ fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUITL...t.q.fIU Q)/mrn(!Jl iD (J IDIT@ (!Jl t.q.{6{b~)

    (Qlf,u~ fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUITL...t.q.fIU QUUlQ[Ji~(J1fjIT@ (!Jlt.q.ff,1fj~)

    .fL6W@ QJ~~ (Qlf,u~ fOTm@lw rulT,uUITL...t.q.roU

    Q)/~rnQUl~(J{bIT@ (!Jlt.q.{6~) .fL6WmTfT (.fL6W@) QJ~{!>fTQr

    (Qlf,uUlIT fOTmf!)JW rulT,uUIT@)

    @mQJ(JUfTfiiiJ til, {i) (!:fJ{!>~UJ Q)J®~Qui>[l)lW ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ

    Q)Jm~QUJqa=rfiJa;m QJ@QJ~ .fLm .

    .fL-w:- ~:14-} QJ~{!>fTQr (@8;[J Q)/(!!jii1 QuiDf!)l @1D{6{b8;lTfiUW 8;1TL...t.q. !fImlD~) (J{!>14-

    ~iD~{!>a;fTGlJW {ffIa;,pa;fTGlJw 6T ~ rT a; fTGIJ t.D

    ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: Qlf,uurum)

    Qfflll 6TQrU~ '{ffIa;l:PfT {ffIi>a;' 6TQr@lw

    Q)Jm~QUJqa= GllfTIiIUfTLfTW. fi'I[l)lUfTQrmw

    6T~rTa;fTGIJ~m{!>ILfW a;fTLLQJW. Gll@W •

    QUfT@6YTtfiiiJ {ffIa;,pa;fTGIJ

    @ iD ~{!>a;fTGIJ~ m{!> ILf W

    a, -tb:-

    @ruQ)Jm~QUJqa=w ~iD~{!>a;fTGIJ~m{!>8; a;fTL@W(JUfT~ a;fT[TmTU

    QUfT@mfTa;QJw, 6T~rTa;fTGIJ~m{!>8; a;fTL@W(JUfT~ a;fTrflUJU QUfT@liifTfTa;'ilfW Gll@W.

    ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: @LW) ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTroU: QlfUlflU) ((!Jlt.q.8;(!!jW QlflTfIU: 8;1TQ)W) ((ylt.q-8;(!!jW QUITi.J: QUUJuu@Qurr@m)

    .fL-W:-

    wml:P QuliIUJ Q/lifiiiJ Q)Jmm~{!>~. (lElT[JmTU QUIT@oYr) Q/lifiiiJ Q)JmmUJ wml:P QuliI{!>~. (8;mflUlu QUIT@oYr)

    6T~rTa;fTGIJ Q)Jm~QUJqa= GllfTliIufT@a;wiT: Qa=uJlQr, Qa=IiI{!>fTfiiiJ, Qa=UJi>®, Qa=rUGllfT(J~fiiiJ (!:fJfl>~UJ~.

    Qa=rU{!> , Qa=IiI!iJQriD' Qa=rUlLfw 6TQrU~ GUUJQ[Tqa= QJfTliIufT@a;mfTw. Qa=rU{!> 6TQrWlW GllfTrUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;m:{!>~{!>,Gll~{!>,/liL~{!>,Qa=~{!>

    Ga=rUfilQriD 6TQr@lw GllfTrUUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;wiT:{!>@filQriD' Gll@filQriD, /liL8;filQriD, a=fTfilQriD

    Qa=IiIILfW 6TQr@lw QJfTrUUfTLl4-fiiiJ fi'lGIJ .fL{!>fT[TmTrfiJa;wiT:{!>@w, Gll@W, /liL8;®W, a=fT®W.

    .fL-W:-

    .fL6WmflfiiiJ ufi'lfh@w (Qlfu5Jm fOTm@lw rulT,uUIT@) ,fL,.mLfTfiiiJ ufi'I ,@W (Qlf,u1fjlTfIU fOTm@lw rulT,uUIT@) .fLmTi>® ru~{!>fTQr (QlfUliD(!!j mU@lw rulT,uUIT@) .fL6WUfT(J~fiiiJ ufi'I fhrTGllfTQr (Qqujru{J(ffiroiJorm@llwrul1uiurr(6l)

    (!:fJ8;a;fTGlJrfiJa;6YTtiWw Q)Jm~UJI4- Q)Ja;fT[TUu@{!>mGIJU UlQrGll@w fi'lGIJ

    lL{[,fT[lmTrfiJa;6YTti> a;fT,.ma;.

    ~~ ~mmTILfW, UfTiWW a;fTLLfT~ Q)Jm~qQa=fTfiiiJ(JGlJfT@ (!:fJI4-Gll~. @iD~{!> a;fTGIJ Q)Jm~GUJqa= GllfTrUufT@a;wiT:-

    Qa=rU~, Qa=rUL/, Qa=rUUJfT, Qa=IiIfY" Qa=rUQ{i~ 6TQrU~.

    ,tr

    a;6WL, a;fT,.mfilQriD a;fT~t.D (QU.6T.)

    a;6W@, a;fTmT, a;fTmflQr (Q)/.fOT.)

    Qa=~{i, a=fTfilQriD, a=fT®W (QU.fOT.)

    Ga=~~, a=fTa;, a=fTfilQr, Qa=~{ifTfiiiJ (Q)/.fOT.)

    34

    35

    QI".

    fl>~fl>' fl>(!!j~~TlJJ, fl>®W (Qu . er.}

    fl>~~' fl>U, fl>IfJGiT (roI.fiT.)

    ru~fl>, ru(!!j~GiTlD' ru(!!jw (Qu.fiT.)

    ru~~, ruu, rulfJGiT (roI.fiT.)

    rulm~a;GYr Gl<FUJUUrrl_:_(El ru/m~a;rorrrra;rr. Gl<FUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr (!!jGiTlDrr{6 ~)Jm~a;GYr 'u(j)' 67mW/W ru/(!!jfil GluiJ!f)Jj Gl<FUJUUrrL(El ru/m~a;rorrrr(!!jw,

    :L -W:- Gl<F,ufl>~

    :Lromcmr~ Ul4-~fl>~

    Gl<FUJuu(Elfl>~ :LromcmrUU@fl>~ Ul4-8;a;uu(Elfl>~

    ( r:r.) ~6iJrml61D61JT tSt !Dml61D61JT 56lT

    fl>rrru Gl<F,urufJ)J fl>ruru/m~. t51lDm~ ~ru/j Gl<F,uru/UUfJ)J t51lDru/m~. fl>~ ru/m~ J.5IlDru/m~UJrrffiJa;rr~ w, UJ, (!!j, 87, (j), p, 4, IJ)I C':Pfl>~UJ ru/(!!jfila;@9rorr §1rumlD(;UJrr urilJruiJmlD(;UJrr ~iJ!f)J ·ru(!!jw. fi)!f)JU~rumLD~rra; (;LDiJ:nrrLl4-~, ru/(!!jfila;mrorr ~rilJrr~ GlLD~GlrilJ(!;p~~ ru~GlrilJ(!;pfl>fl>rr~UJLD. Gl{E~lDGllDrrL~ :L u5I ir ~ Glfl> rr LIT 8; (!!j iJ r§I UJ@JJa;uffiJa;GYr eu ruGl lD rr L ir 8; (!!j iJ r§I UJ@JJa;Uffil a; rorrrr~ UJ LD

    :L-W:

    Gl<F,ufl>rrru :LromLrrru (;urrfl>~ urr,ufl>~ :L(!!j@9fl>~ {EL~fl>~ 67(!;pfl>~ fJ)Ju5IriIJ~

    Gl<F,uru/~fl>rrru :Lromt51~fl>rrru (;urr8;(!!jfl>~ urr,uj&fl>~ :L(!!jL(Elfl>~ {EL~fJ)J{lj~ 67(!;PU4fl>~

    - fJ)J u5I iJ!f)J fl> ~

    1. Gl{lj1fJ t61mQ)ru1mm 67rulDrr.iJ 67rum?

    2. (!5r6luL/ru1mm .,-ruGl6l16l1 iJr§lml1l-wrr8;u J.5IlD8;(!5W?

    3. GluwGlujlFrril8;m .,-ruGl6l1U GluWtTa;mm8; Gl8;ff""@ <!Pl1I-llIw?

    4. "-filtT8;rrQ) rulmmGlwjlF 6l1fTlUUff@8;m li)Q) "-"!!)J8;.

    5. GllFwGl6l1rirGlmj<Fw .,-ruGl6l1U GlUff(!!j6'li1.iJ {j)!D~fl>8;rrQ) .,-jlff8;ffQ)rril8;mm8; 8;ffL@W?

    6. J.5I!Dru1mm rul(!5j)8;m wrrm6l1?

    7. GllFwru1mm8;(!5w GllFWUUffL@ rulmm8;(!5w ILmm (J6l1!!)JUffLiSlL6 "-"!!)J8;.

    GlLD~GlrilJ(!;p~~ ru~GlrilJ(!;p~{ljrr~u t!NlDru/m~u Glurr(!!jGYr fl>(!!jfl>~'

    :L-w: fil(!!j~~fl>~ fil(!!j~~fl>~

    GWIJ)I. [j)t4iJmw. :Lq;W(j) 67mum 67~wrru GluUJrra;@98;(!!jw

    Glurr~rurrm C':PiJ!f)Ja;rorrrrw. ILq;WL, j5L!5/O 67ruum GlUUJGluj<FLDrra;fil[W ._mooor§lmcmru ummLD {j)lD~fl>a;rrW ru/m~C':PiJlDrra;fil[w ru(!!jw.

    ~L(Elfl>~

    - ~iJ!f)Jfl>~ GlU(!!j8;(!!j{lj~ - :L(!!j8;@j{lj~

    Qa:filllfll;, !Lq;W~ll; 67mu~ (;urrmlD Gl<FrriJa;GYr 67fij1rra;rrwu

    GlUUJGluj<FLDrra;Q_fW 67filira;rrriIJ C':PiJlDrra;Q_fW ru(!!jw. c!piJlDrra; ru(!!jw (;urr~ ~wm, cJIIw";,, cJIIp, cJIImw 67ruW/W 67(!;prurr,ua;mrorr ~iJ(!!jw GlurrfJ)J rulm~C':PiJlDrrw.

    Gl{El4-iJGllDrrL(!!jW :Lu5Iir~ Gl{ljrrL(!!jw ruruGllDrrLurr~u t51lDru/mmuGlurr(!!jGYr fl>(!!jfl>~'

    :L-w: ~(Elfl>~

    ~!f)J{lj~ Glu(!!j®{lj~ :L(!!j(!!j{lj~

    !Lq;Wurrm, Qa:titrurrm 67ruum :LUJirfilmcmr ~romurriJ uLrr8;ma; 61~tTa;rrriIJ ru/m~C':PiJlDrra;fil[w 67filira;rrw ru/mmGlUJj<FLDrra;fil[W ru(!!jw.

    ( fL) Q 8'W 6lSl61D61JT1LJ til Q 8'W U u rrL._@ 6lSl61D61JT1LJ til (Active and Passive)

    a;(!!j~{ljrr ._m~rilJfJ)J Gl<F,uururu 67(!;prurrUJrra; ._mmLD~{lj rurr8;~UJ.w Gl<F,uru/m~ rurr8;~UJW. Gl<F,uUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr 67(!;prurrUJrra; ._mmLD{Efl> rurr8;~UJW Gl<FUJuurrL(Elru/m~ rurr8;~UJW. Gl<FUJuu(ElGlurr(!!jGYr (!!jrur§lUJ

    ~ruQ,:- C':PrulOd'lmriIJ §1mr§liJ(;a; :LIfJUJ{ljrr,u §1(!!jmLDu5I~ ru/®fil GlLJ!D"~/W urumLDu5I~ uSJm, a.tb, [j)1i, ""Ii C':Pfl>~UJ ru/(!!jfil GluiJ!f)JW 1ilJ(I§liJ.

    36

    37

    IL-W:-

    ~L

    QJrr QJwLiilm QJrr(!!jw QJ(!!j~,r QJfT/Y,r

    (~(!!jrnw) (~(!!jrnw)

    (umrnw) Liilm Q]J®j) (umrnw) ILW ruJ®!6> (umrnw) @,r Q]J®~ (umrnw) FFrT Q]J®~

    !. IlimrmlrnATIliGir:

    a;ooa;(;l){i>~~ - ~(!!jQJrn!1QUJrr(!!jQJrT urrrT{i>~~, fiT!6>,ruu(Jjl~~ a;ooa;~@JJ~fiiiJ - lJa;rru{i>~rr~ a;oo ~QJj,~~

    a;ooa;rrLl1I- Q]J(Jjlj,~~ - a;OOgrrrnLUJrr~ 6)"Q]JQ]J(Jjl~~ a;ooQa;uF Qg,u~~ - ~¢l~~(!!j~~ ~rnwQg,u~~

    a;oo grrj,~~~ - a;ooQa;rroo(Jjl urr,rj,~~

    a;oo 8<(!!jL(Jjl~~ - ~f:j)fi)~rr~ QJfla;rf/j,~~, t9IT8;a;wUJ8;a;wrr~fiiiJ a;r;;fu(Jjla;ySlj,~~ - QQJf!)lULJooLrr®w QJrnu [jIa;rT~~ Q]J(;l)8;®~~ a;oolOmfitTlj,~~ - u~6lJrn!1 &..f!)l~~

    a;001Omf!)l~~ - ~mLJ ®rn/D~~

    a;oolOmrr!D 8<(Jjl~~ - a;oolJlOmf!)lULU urr,rj,~~ a;oofi'ffil!D/D~ - 6T~IT r§1!D/D~

    (8;mrmfirn!DIlURrmT{DlF Q8'fT6V~S»W Q8'fT6VIiV!D& (IjlrnrnirnW UlrnamfT8;8;fTlF Q"fT6V - ff)(!j&«!j{!Joir, 184 ) a;00~8;®8; a;oolOmrr~~ - Liila; ~(!!jrnwUJrr~ IL/DQJrr~~

    a;oo~f!)l a;ySlj,~~ }. •• •

    • 1"'1 '':;:'' • .0" -~(!!jLl1I- urf/a;rruw QgUJfD(;l)

    a;lOmlD/lOmg~/(il) a;1:7,,~~(;l)

    a;ooQIOm¢l~fiiiJ - a;rnL8;a;oolOmrr!D urrrTj,fD~ a;oolJlOmrr(Jjl~fiiiJ - @uru®~~

    a;00fi1/Dj,~~ - ~¢l6lJooLrr®~~, a;fiiiJQ]Ja;!Dt.5Ij,~~ a;oou(Jjl~~ - t9ITru®~~, fi1(!!j~l1I-u(Jjl~~ a;ooLJrn~{i>~fiiiJ - ~¢l6lJ Qa;(Jjl~~

    a;oo W(il)IT~fiiiJ - Q]JySI{i>~~

    a; 00 c!:pfi)lPj,~~ - a;00ey;(Jjl~~, t9ITru®~~ a;oo QJWrT~~ - t!)fTru®~fiiiJ

    a;ooQJrrru®~~ - a;oornlOm8; a;QJIT~~ a;00Q]J(Jjl~~ - ~rnWUJooLrr~fiiiJ

    a;ooQ]J(!!jWLJ~fiiiJ - a;rr~(il)rT ~(!!jQJm!1 ~(!!jQJIT fil)7rn!1~~ a;rrlOm ruJ(!!jWLJ~~

    3. 1Ii~j,~ mlrnATIliGir:

    a;(!p{i>fi1!D a;L(Jjl~fiiiJ - QJ<D6J~~ Qurrf!)lUurrfitTlUJrr8;®~~

    a;(!pj,~8; Qa;rr(Jjl{i>~~ - ~WQJ(!!j{i>~w urrurrw!D t.51/DIT a;mflUJj,rn~ 6)"!Df!)l r§1!D/D~,QJrrlP8;rna;uu(Jjl~~

    a;(!pj,rn~ c!:p¢l{i>~fiiiJ - QJ(!!j{i>~~fiiJ

    Q]JUJrulJa;miiYr:- @(!!j~rnlOm e/wurrfiiiJ ey;Q]JLrua;L®w Qurr~QJrr,u QJ(!!jw. QJrrlP{i>~~fiiiJ, rnQJ~~, Q]Jfi1j,~fiiiJ, IJQJOOl1l-8; lJa;rrL~ fiTmW/w Qurr(!!jma;rnw @o'o~ ILrnLUJ~.

    IL-W: QJrrlPa;, QJrrySlUJ, QJrrySlUJIT (QJrrlP{i>~~~) ~ySla;, ~ySla;, ~rrlPa; (rnQJ~fiiiJ)

    &..f!)la;, 6T(!p~a;, Qg,ua; (Q]Jfi1{i>~fiiiJ - a;LLrnmu51(Jjl~fiiiJ) ~(!!j@a;, a;rr8;a;, @uru®a; (IJQJOOl1l-8; lJa;rrL~)

    mlm-1T51fim

    1. mlrnAT';: G'IlFrrrjJIliJil!D G'lurr~QJrrATrnQJ fi)", Bftg)JIIi.

    2. uarrnlD 6)"QJ6iJ ml®~IIiGir wrrrnQJl

    3. mlwl&JlJllirrGir mlrnAT(!JI!Dg)J ~Q,G'lQJU G'luw,rllirnm ~~QJrrwrrlli ~rjJ®wl

    4. ml w I&JlJllirrGir mlrnAT(!JI!Dg)J ~6iJG'lQJ U G'I u rr(!!j 6Ii16iJ QJ (!!jw 1

    5. ~QJ~8;®W mlWl&JlJllirre8;®(!JIGirm IJQJg)Jurr@IIiGirfi)"'Bftg)JIIi.

    81 00 ml6lJ>61IT a;m

    1. ~l1I-mlrnATIliGir:

    ~l1I-8;fllPuu@~~ - ~rnlOm8;®mmrr~~

    ~l1I-~a;rT~~ - @LWQ]JL@U QUUJrT~fiiiJ

    ~l1I-UU@~~ - fllPuul1l-{hfiiiJ, uf:j)rnwUJrra; QJ(!!j{ljfiiiJ ~l1I-t.51l11-j,{ljfiiiJ - ~l1I-';:8<QJ@u!D¢lU IJU8<~fiiiJ, ~uu¢l{h~ ~l1I-t.51rnf:j){i>{ljfiiiJ - Q~¢l {ljQJ¢l ~Lj,{hfiiiJ

    ~l1I-t.51/D8;fi)@{lj~ - t.51mQJrrru®fD~' lJ~rr!DlJ/Drr(Jjl{ljfiiiJ ~l1I-u51@{ljfiiiJ - Q~rrLru®~fiiiJ

    ~l1I-QUJrr!Df!)l~~ - t.51mu!Df!)l~~

    ~l1I-Q]Jm8;®~fiiiJ - urr~riJa;(!pQ]JUJuglfl{i>~fiiJ

    4. IlirrfDJ mlrnATIliGir:

    a;rr~(;l)l1I-u@~~ - ~(!!j Qg,u[hl ~l1I-8;a;l1I- IJa;LLQ, a;fTlP®i>~~fiiiJ - QJ@i~j,~~

    &fTrn{h8; a;l1I-j,~fiiiJ - a;rrIJ~rr!1wfTa; c!:pa;{i>rn~ rnQJj,~ wrn/D Qurr(!!jm QgrrfiiiJ@JJ~~, lJa;fTm Qgrr~@JJ~~

    38

    39

    8irr~ ~mtT:?>~- ~@:?>~, umLQUJ@tt~5 Q~~~:?>~ 8irr~ Q8i@8i-:?>~ - 8irr~ ~riJ[6~ /6uj;8i(!:pI4-UJrrj(l!jtt:?>~ 8ifT~ Q8im;Yr@:?>~ - ruJl:PrrQ]/iD(!!jtt Q:?>rrLQ;8iW Q~riJ:?>~ 8irr~ ~rrriJ:?>~ - Q8i@:?>~, ~!fo:?>~

    8irr~ I.51,m~:?>~ - a/6m6JrnrriD 8irr~8i1iiYr ~,m[f)JQ;Q8irr,m[f)J (!!j[f)JQ;8irr:?>~ 8im,;lJrr@:?>~ - (!:pUJiDfiJUJrriD Q~~ru@ fiJID[6j(l!jtt:?>~

    8irrr,;urr[f)J:?>~ - /6mL~riJ[6~ @mmuurr[f)J:?>~

    8irr@JJT,m[f)J:?>~ - u[6:?>iD8irr~ !1i@:?>~, wml:PQ;8irr~ @IDru(!!j:?>~ 8irrmr,;uSc 8i-iD[f)J:?>~ - Q:?>rrLtT[6~ UiD[f)J:?>~

    8irrar,;urr@:?>~ - ~(I!j 8imf)UJttj~ (!:pUJ!iJfiJUJmrLrr:?>~

    6. Gi1Il8> m1Gi11lW8>GYr :

    m8i8ir,;utt:?>~ - :?>fl:PQJ:?>~, a;,_@:?>~, ~mrmLu5J@:?>~ m8i8iQ]/tt:?>~ - m8i5~rrmLUJrr~ ~LQ;(!!j:?>~, ~uUJwrottt:?>v.V m8i8irrL..@:?>v.V - jIDmw 8irrL..@:?>v.V

    m8iQ8irr@tt:?>~ - ~,muttj~ !L:?>Q]/ Q~riJ:?>~

    m8i a8irrtt:?>~ - !1iL..LjSc Q~riJ:?>~

    m8i a~rrtT:?>v.V - m8iQ]/L..@u aurr:?>~, ru[f)JmwUJmL:?>v.V m8i :?>mr,;umrutt:?>~ - QU(I!j[6~UJIJmL:?>v.V

    m8i :?>mtT:?>~ - ru[f)JmwUJmL:?>~

    m8i :?>rrru(!!j:?>~ - a8iLmLUJrrwiD 8irrtt:?>v.V

    m8i j(f!j[6~:?>~ - m8iQUJ@tt~, ruJmrnttjIDmw (!:p:?>r,;6)UJrn j(f!j[6~:?>v.V m8i ~mr@:?>~ - ~UJ a!1irrQ;8itta:?>rr@ Q:?>rr@:?>v.V

    m8i ~mLtt:?>~ - Q]/L..@ tEru(!!j:?>~

    m8i {gTQ;~ Q]/@:?>v.V - ru[f)Jmwu5J~ ~v.Vr,;u~ ~,muttjiD 8irrtt:?>v.V m8i {ff/Lfj)tT:?>~ - rumtT[6~ U(f!jruwmL:?>~

    m8i tEL..@:?>v.V - ~l4-tt:?>v.V, @[Ttt:?>~, Q8irr@tt:?>~, j(f!j@:?>v.V m8i !1irrL..@:?>v.V - m8iQUJ@ttj@:?>~

    m8i Q!1i~I:P:?>v.V - m8i :?>ruIDQ]/@:?>~

    m8i Q!1irrl4-tt:?>~ - Q~v.Vru{ff/mr,;u Q8i@:?>v.V m8iuI.51l4-tt:?>~ - w~@ Q~riJ:?>~

    m8iuI.51I4-UJrrriJu I.51l4-tt:?>~ - m8iUJw 8imQJwrrriJu UJl4-tt:?>v.V,

    a!1irf)iD m8iUJrriD I.51l4-tt:?>~ m8i 1:/,8i-:?>v.V - !LmrL m8imUJQ; 8ifl:PQJ:?>~

    m8iw wt§1tt:?>v.V - m8iUJrriDID@tt:?>v.V

    m8iw Lfj)(!!j:?>~ - ~mQJ 8iLtt:?>~

    m8iw (!:p~I:P:?>~ - m8ia;,_uLj:?>~

    m8iw wrr[f)J:?>v.V - ~(f!jrutT m8iu5JmJm-[f)J wiDQIDrr(f!jrutT m8iQ;(!!ju aurr:?>v.V

    m8iUJmLtt:?>v.V - I.51IDtT m8iu5J~ ~uLjQ]/tt:?>v.V

    m8iUJwtTtt:?>~ - m.$u5JiD m~m8i 8irrL..14- ~mwjUJrrriJ @(f!jQ;8i5 Q~riJ:?>v.V m8iUJ[f)J:?>~ - ~,m[f)Jw Q~riJUJ (!:PI4-UJfTwv.V ru(f!j[6~:?>v.V

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    62

    63

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    ulliiJa!I

    1. UlArQJ(!!j1D Gl'lrtjJlliQlQr QilQri;fi) fiT'C!lfilIli. @j~ILi;(!§uJI, ~eQlU, ullJ.fiT@~f6"'.

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    64

    65

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    3. @lilDfiOOfQl£lIlWClJW (Words in Pairs)

    66

    67

    '€UJUJW UlTWL/W' (jUfTlDiJ '~CJ:PW (jW~WfT8i'

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    'uuts: W!!JI' ~rD!Dru~

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    68

    69

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    :L-W;-

    QlFlTrjJa;..rr fftrnaplTQLlTrn!l)l alF@WaUIT~ @UJ~umillmblfW Q]/a;IT[1W <!9ImLQJmblfW 6Tm @(!!jruma;UJlTw.

    @UJ~LJ.i(!!j :L{6IT[1mTW: umm + arufr = ummarufr

    umm + a;mraLrn = umm a;mraLrn

    Q]/a;IT[1W (y)rn!l)l fillma;Uu@W. <!9Imru a{DlTrnp~, ~tf){D~, Qa;@{D~

    6Trnum.

    rulTmlJlu + UIJlW = rulTmlJluulJlw. - 'u' (J1JjlTrn!!ll1Jj6U

    U)[1W + (!!jmp:i>{DlTrn = w[1~(f!jmp:i>{DlTrn. - 'tb ' 'til' ~8i;; f)rfI~1JjfP. W[1W + arufr= w[1arufr. - 'tb: Q8iL..LfP

    @fillrjJ!l)l..rr @UJ~UITa; arumrl1l-UJ QlFlTrjJQPITLfr Q]/a;IT[1W QuPJi!)!W Q]/ a; 1T[1 W Q U P a eu mrl1l- UJ~ @ UJ ~ U 1T9i1 i!)! W <!91 m fill {D LEI IP a; rjJ p QJ fr.i (f!j LEla; {!jma; Q]/mmQ]/UumfilllT(f!jW.

    'QJlTmlJl UlJlW' 6Trn!l)lW, 'fillj~U aUlTmlTrn' 6Trn!l)lW 8in.PJmlT~ 6TUUl1I-u1I(!!j.i(f!jW? cW,a;aru, {DLElIP a;rjJa;u LJ(f!jaQJlTfr LJmTMfil Q]/~a;mm LEI a;.i 8in. frj~ a; eu ID6fI U U 1T[11T a;.

    aWrjJa;mrL @UJ~LJW Q]/a;IT[1(!pw, alF@W QlFlTrjJa;6YTIrn FFrjJQpC!:p:i>~ (!P{DQ~c!:p:i>~.ia;..rr a;1T[1mTWITa;Q[w <!9I~ru~ arurjJ!l)lmwu QUIT(!!j..rr a;1T[JmTwlTa;blfw 6)"rjJu@w. fftrnaplTQLlTrn!l)l alF[JlT{D 6Tc!:p:i>~.ia;..rr Ulrn QJ(!!jQJm:

    !Lu1Ifr 6Tc!:p:i>a{DlT@ :Lu1Ifr 6TC!:P:i>~8= alF[JIT~. @mLu1I~ !LLWU@ QwtU QurjJ!l)l8= alF(!!jW. <!91, cW" :L, !illI, fft, ~, ~m 6Trni!)!W 6Tc!:p:i>~a;6YTIrn Ulrn . w' 6TrnW/W !LLWU@ QwtU QJ~fM UlrnQJ(l1jw !Lu1Im[J8= alFn-8i(!!jW.

    !L-W:-

    mT, m (!prn <!9IQJrjJPJrn @m 6Tc!:p:i>~8;a;@jW a;, IF, (9, U, us, UJ Q/W ru@W. 6)"mmUJ QJIT[1IT.

    QQJmra;6IJW, QrumralFlT!l)l, Qrumr@jwro61, QQJmru~, QQJrmrw6IJfr, wmrUJIT~, wmrfillro61~, QrumrLm~, LJrna;mr.

    LJrnQlFtU, LJrn@jwro61, LJrnuu1In-, QUlTrnUJIT~, QUlTrnruro61~, LJrnpm6IJ.

    u: (!prn u, UJ, eu W!lJ~(!!jw.

    :L-W:-

    :L-W:-

    :L-W:-

    aru~ a;11I-~, QJIT..rr a;11I-~,

    filPJ~, ~~, Qutf)~,fillro61~, UJIT~ @QlrjJmpUfw 8in.L@a;.

    QJ (!prn UJa;[1W alF(!!jW.

    :L-W:- Q{Dru UJIT~

    a u: rjJ8in.PJ UJ 6T C!:p:i>~ 8;a;..rr {D W a W IT@ alF[1lT{6 6TC!:P:i>~ 8; a; a WIT@ 8in.l1I-rn

    76

    77

    Q)/m~QUJScfFi> Gl{DrrLlT {i)mLScGlfFrrtDGl!DrrLrr :LrfiScGlfFrrtD Gl !DrrLrr ~@8;®i>Gl~rrLrr

    :L-W: Gll{6tp1 aurr~rrm

    :L - W: W tD Gl!D rrm!!JI

    :L-W: ~WI aum~

    :L-w: umbu urrwLJ

    w6fu + ~tp1 = W_I1!.tp1 Glurrm + ~tp1 = Glurrrnptpl w[Jw + ®PltpI = w[JffiJ®PltpI usmb + ~tp1 = w[J{6~tp1 w[Jw + filPltpl = w[J~filPltpl aGll~ + ~tp1 = aQJPtpl

    {i)QJtDm!D {i)8;lbrr~i>{Drrrr LJmrrri>iJ!GlUJ(.!::p{Drrtpl W_~tp1 Glurrm~tp1 6T~Q[W ~Gllm{Drrm, aurr~rr~{Drrm 6T~Q[W 6T(.!::ptplQJrr.

    aGlltD!!JImw ~~QJl:fiu Glurr(!!jliiirlb~tD afFrrQJ~ ~ruGlluGlurr(!!j1iiir lb~8;albtDU {i)UJ~urrlLfw ~~~tp1 Q)/lbrr[JW GlUtD!!JIW afFrr{6tp1 {61tD(f!jW.

    :L-W:-

    {i) ruGll~Gll I:fi aGll tD!!JImwu Gl u rr(!!jliiirlb~ tD fil su GlfFrrtDlb ~8;alb

    LJmrMfilQ)/iJ! {i)ffiJalb 8i>.!DUU@W. 67m~UJGlltDm!D ~mWll~ (!JJ{D~UJ {i)~8;lbmr !§JT~lb~tD lbrrmtlb.

    :LUJrriJ!mmru GluUJrrlb~m (!JJm~rrlb Gll~Gl~(.!::pi>tp1 (!JJ{DmGlwrrl:filbm

    Gll{6{Drr~, Glu(!!jwurr~w ~UJ~urr®Wj fil!!JIurrmmwSc GlfFrrtDlbliiir

    Q)/lbrr[Juu@W.

    :L-W:- u;wL5I + GlurfiUJm = ~wL5I Glu&UJm ({j)UJ.vL/)

    wffiJmlb + filPlUJIiiir = wffiJmlb filPlUJm ({j)UJ.vL/)

    ~Gllm + GlurfiUJm = ~Gllm GlurfiUJm ({j)UJ.vL/) lbL51~m + u[Jmrm = lbL51~ u[Jmrir (ro/s;rruw)

    ~[JfFm + Gllliiir~~ = ~[JfF QJIiiir~~ (ro/s;rruw) aGll~rr~m + L51mm~ = aQJ~rr_ L51,"m~ (ro/s;rruw) GlfFL.l1I- + Gl{D(!!j = .GlfFL.l1I-~Gl{D(!!j (ro/s;rruw)

    {i)[J_Lrrw aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: Glurrmm~8; Gllbrr@:i>{Drrm
    Glurrm Gllbrr@i>{Drtm
    eyJm!DrrW aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: lb~~rr~ 6TPI{6{Drrm
    lb~ 6TPI{6{Drrm
    ~rrmlbrrW aQJtD!!JImw :L-W: fFrr:i>{DW18;® Wlbm
    fFrri>f!)m Wlbm
    eJ {6{D tnb aGll tD!!JI m LD :L-W: wm~u51m Gl'l/p ~(!!ji1Sl
    wm~ Gl'l/p ~(!!jQ)/
    ~!Drrw aGlltD!!JImw :L-W: UJrrm~u51~tp1 lbrrtpl
    UJrrm~8; lbrrtpl
    67y>rrw aQJtD!!JImw :L-w: wm~u51mlb_ Gl~~
    wm~ Q~~
    ~ ~ eu I:fi L5I mGll (!!j us rr!!JI :
    Q)/m~i> Gl{Drrmlb :L-W: ti1!!!JI lb rrriJ
    u-LJi> Q{Drrmlb !L-W: lb(!!jffiJ(f!jiJ!m[J
    !LGllmwi> Gl{Drrmlb !L-W: W iJ! c!plb W
    :Lwmwi> Gl{Drrmlb :L-W: {i)[Jrruulb~
    ~mGlwrrl:fi:i> Gl{Drrmlb !L-W: 'l:J,ffiJ®y>~' Gll{6{Drrliiir
    6T(.!::pGllrrriJi> Gl{DrrLrr :L-W: lb{6{Dm Gll{6{Drrm
    Q)/~i> Gl{DrrLfr fL-W: lb {6{D rr! eu tt
    Gl{Drfi {61m~ Q)/m ~(!JJtD!!JI !L-W: Gll{6{Drrm lb{6{Dm
    ®PI u LJ Q)/m ~(!JJtD!!JI :L-W: GlurfiUJm lbj~m
    GluUJGl[JSc~ Gl{DrrLrr :L-W: Gllj{D lbj{Dm ai-L..@ iUl ATIT(9lm ~1TJi>IJiAII(9l Ii! 4A11ri ~'"

    ~, {i), a, 6Tm!D q.L.GlL(.!::P:i>tpl8;lb~rn (!JJm@lw 'er 6Tm!D Q)/~rr 6T(.!::pi>iJ!m (!JJm@lw :Lu51(!!jw {i)mLu51~(!JJw Gll{6{Drr~ Qllb[JW LiSJ®W. Gll~~~(!JJW Glw~~~(!JJW Gll{6{Drr~ ~ruGlGll(.!::pi>tpI8;lba~ LiSJ®W.

    :L-W:-

    ~ + ~[JfFm = ~ruGll[JfFm {i) + ~[JfFm = {i)ruGll[JfFm :L + ~[JfFm = :LruGll[JfFm fiT + ~[JfFm = fiTruGll[JfFar

    ~ + UJrrm~ = ~ruUJrrm~ {i) + UJrrm~ = {i)ruUJrrm~ :L + UJrrmrm = :LruUJrr~tffi, fiT + UJrrm~ = fiTruUJrrm~ r:

    ~ + albrru51~ ~ ~8;albrru51~ } ru.v6l51m(!pw Qw.v6l51rn(!pw

    ~ + ~mPl = ~{6u;mPl ruu ~rururu Qru(!jl!6Gfb Lii/li,s;§iI

    78

    79

    &I1Ji!Jilfp

    GluUlGl[J8:<!1(.D, ruJmrmey;p!f)l, ~!DfTW Grup!f)lmW :L(i!jLJ, J/oo"rfilmmru u.mmwu GluUlIT~filUlruPrfiI.m ey;.m ru~Gl~~j>~ filUl~UfT(!5W.

    :L-W:- :LmrL + (!5fijlP61[J = :LmrL (!5fijlm[J

    !LmrLrm + (!5fijlm[J = :LmrLrm (!5fijlQl[J

    U~ + m8i8i1iih" = U~ m8i8i1iih"

    a...1Ji!Jlilip

    ~.m!DfTW Grup!f)lmw !L(i!jLJ. ~!DfTW Grup!J)lmw !L(i!jLJ, fnmr~u GlUUlIT, ruJmrmj> Glfh fTm8i , 8i-L@UGlUUlIT ~filUl filruprfiI.m ey;.mru(i!jW ru~dlrmw filUl~UfTW.

    !L-W:-

    <!1fTj>fhGlrmfT@ Gl8ifTmrLfT.m <!1fTj>fhrm~ m8i

    fj/(i!j m8i

    ~@8iml!f)l

    ~~ (!5rfi1~

    U~, fil~ fn.mW/w Gl<!1fTp8i1iih" fhw.i(!5W ey;.mW/w UI!DruPrfil.m ey;.mW/w UI.mru(i!jwfT!J)l LJmr(i!jw.

    !L-w:- U~ + U~ = U~U~, ueauiseo, upu~ fil~ + fil~ = fil~fil~, fil~8:fil~, filpfilQ) UGO + 8imGO = uG08imGO, u~8imGO

    fil GO + !6 fTliih" = fil GO!6 fTliih", fil arrmfT,,"

    ~.!i>JD1W~IJi!J ilfp

    ru.mGl!DfTLIT J/~GOfTfhmru8i,," J/~rulPuS/~ filUl~UfTlU ey;L9-'4w•

    dtJ,1Ji1J!Jilf P

    ~, WfT fn.mW/w Gl<!1fTp8iml.m ey;.mW/w ruJmrmey;p!f)l ey;~W/w ru~GlGO~j>~ filUl~UfT(!5W.

    !L-w:- ~ + (!5rfi1~ = ~(!5rfi1~ WfT + (!5rfi1~ = WfT(!5rfi1~

    !LmrmrfT + (!5fijlm[J8i1iih" = :LmrmrfT (!5fijlm[J8i1iih"

    ~1Ji!J tBlJilJ!J FFPlJiftr

    fn~rufTUlfh GlfhfTLIT !LWmwj> GlfhfTm8i8iml~ filUl~UfT'4W; umrLJj> Glfh fTm8i , !Lrumwj> GlfhfTm8i, wmrmGlUl8:<!1W filruprfil~ Wl(!5ri~w; filGO fn~rufTtUj> GlfhfTLIfJ~ ruJ8ipUWfT'4W ru(i!jGlw~j>~8: G<!1(i!jw. :L-w:-

    g-~QJI"';'~ Q!6IlLti" : U(i!jj>fijl + (!5rfi1~ = U(i!jj>fijl (!5rfi1~ UlfTmrm + 8i1fJ~ = UlfTmrm 8i1fJ~

    '_WAlID~ Q!6"A1 .. : U[J~ + 8ifTITj>fijlm8i = U[J~ 8ifTITj>fijlm8i UlfTmrm + (!5fijlm[J = UlfTmrm (!5fijlm[J

    U-LJ~ Q!6"a .. : wfTfil + jr§J8i1iih" :" wfTfilj> jr§J8i,," <!1fTm[J + UfTWLJ = <!1fTm[Ju UITWLJ

    aiAlarQlUi6W: ~L9- + GUfTrmfT.m = ~L9-U GUlTrmlTar

    '_QJalD~ Q!6l1a .. : 8ifTruJ + 8imr = 8ifTw.i8imr umrm + m8i = umrm.im8i

    :L-W:-

    fn~rufTtU: !6fT(!5 + 8iL9-~ =!6".(!5 8iL9-~

    fno00(!5 + 8i~ = fiTOO,,~ 8i~

    ru[J(!5 + filrfil~ = QJ[J(!5 filrfil~

    (!5[Jr§J(!5 + GlulfJ~ = (!5[Jr§J(!5 GlulfJ~ Glfh 1iih"(!5 + Gl8iITL9-~ = GlJijIiih"(!5 Gl8i fTL9-~

    ruJmrm fiThw: GlUIT~ + Gl<!1.m!DIT.m = GlUfT(i!j~ Gl<!1.m!DIT.m QJri~ + GUlTrmlTar = ruri~ GUlTrmlT.m

    fntU~ + Gl8ifT.m!DIT.m = fiTtU~ G)8ifT.m!DIT.m

    ruJmrmj> GlfhfTm8i: fV(!5 + 8ifT~ = fV(!58ifT~

    ~o"o(!5 + UI~ = J/o""(!5U1in1l GlU(i!j(!5+fhrmw= GlU(i!j(!5fhrmw

    ~ r§J (!5 + (!5 GO W = ~r§J (!5 (!5 GO W fiTtU~ + GlUIT(i!j1iih" = fiTtU~ GlUfT(i!j1iih"

    i}A1Li Q611iJ&_: ~.m!f)l + 8imrLfT.m = J/.m!J)l8imrur.m. filGO filmL8:Gl<!1fTP8iml.m ey;.m ru~dlrmw Wl(!5w.

    !L-W:-

    ~r§J(!5 + 8imrLIT.m = ~r§J(!5.i8imrLfT.m UlfTmr@ + Gl<!1.m!DfT.m = UlfTmr@8: Gl<!1.m!DIT.m

    g-~QJI"';'~ Q!6I1Lti": filmI + (!5rfi1~ = filmI.i(!5rfi1~, filmI(!5rfi1~ fijlmrm + (!5rfi1~ = jmrm.i(!5rfi1~, fijlmrm(!5rfi1~

    [j)mLj> GlJij ITL IT. ~tUfhj> GlfhfTLIT, Gl!6 L9-P Gl!DlTut• :LuS/ITj>GlJijITL'; ~filUlruPrfil.m ey;.mGrup!f)lmwuS/~w QJ~dlrmw Wl8iIT~.

    !L-W:

    80

    81

    6Tooo(!!j + 8i@mLD = 6Toaa(!!j 8i@mLD JDIT(!!j + 8i1T~ = JDIT(!!j8iIT~

    eu U(!!j + 8i fi) tT = eu U(!!j 8i fi) tT

    8'1fjIJ GlJD IlI-P Gl!DITLlT, !Lu5ItT{i; GltfjlTLtT8ifiiT (gruiJ!!)1mLDu5I~ IilJm-Gl!1>ITLtT8i mlTfiI eu ~ 661 m W t1i1li (!!j C!p IlI-ILf w.

    ~@ + 8i1T~ = ~L@li8ilT~ (!:P(!!j@ + 8i1T~ = c!p(!!jL@li8ilT~ (!:P u51!!)1 + 8i IT~ = C!p u5I P !!)1li8i IT~

    8'1f!)JUITm-mLD (grup!!)1mLDu5I~ (gLDp8iJ>..I)5/UJ Q)]fi) GlU!DITLDSUW

    ~~IilJyS/u51~ (gLDP8iJ>..I)5/UJ Q)]fi) Glup!!)1W C!PllI-lLfw.

    8i1T@ + ~umr = 8iITLLumr eu U@ + ~ @ = eu UL L IT@

    (!!j(!!j@ + (g8iITyS/ = (!!j(!!jL@li(g8iITyS/

    GlLDm-Gl!DITLITli (!!jpI)5/UJSU8iuffiJ8iro/p 8'1fjIJ rum-Gl!DITLtT5 (!!jpI)5/UJ

    !L-W:-

    !L-W:-

    tfjlTm/j) + I,j, = tfjlT/:p + ~W + I,;J, " tfjlT/j)WI,j, 8'1fj1J, !9 Gl8iLIT~ 8'lTIflmUJ Glup!!)1 C!PIlI-ILfW.

    !L-W:-

    Ljm-mm + 8i1T1im~ = Ljm-mmUJffiJ8ilTlim~ c!p~mfjIJ + tfjlTtT = c!p~mfjlJUJ!6tfjlTtT

    '1I1l liJlai J!>~';' Q"'ITJ!>lfim

    tfj~li (!!jpGl!D~{i;(gtfjlT@mm GlLDtiJ !Lu5ItT lilJ!6tfjlT~ {iJUL@W.

    JD IT@ + fil/j) (g1ilJ 1Tm- = JD IT@ fiI/j) (g1ilJ 1Tm- 8i1T@ + ~8iW = 8iITL8iW

    LDmr + ~1fI~ = LDmr + mr + ~1fI~ = LDmrlimlfl~ GlUITm- + ~1fI~ = GlulTm-mlfl~

    GlLDtiJGlUJ~~f;im- Ulm- fLJ8iU c!ptfjm- GlLDITyS/IilJ!6tfjlT~ {iJmLu5I~ {iJ8iUW (g8'(!!jw.

    !L-W:-

    !L-W:-

    (g eu m + UJ ITIilJ m- = (g1ilJ ro/ UJ ITIilJ mLDmr + UJIT~ = LDmr~UJIT~

    LD(!!j!6~ + mil = LD(!!j{i;~umu 8i(!!jWLJ + Q)]~ = 8i(!!jULJQ)]~

    6lIIJ1fi!J QTIfi IJid ~ lfim

    uw, m- Q'Jp!!)1,j Gl8'lTp8ifiiT (gIilJP!!)1mLDu5I~ L, flJ Q'Jpf!)J,j Gl8'lTp8imlTw. ~~IilJyS/u51~ rUJ~UIT(!!jW. !L-w:-

    (lQl iJJ!)JfiII)llJ 8'1!!)1 8i mr + 8i ro/ f!)J = 8'1!!)1 8i L 8i ro/ fJlI

    { GlU.ITm- + tfj8i@ = ~UITP!D8i@

    .!JIQ)QI/P1 LDIim + 8i1ll-~ = LDIim8iIll-~ GlUITm- + 8i1ll-~ = GlUITm-8iIll-~

    SU8iuffiJ8imlT(!!jw; UfjIJ ~8iIT. !L-W:-

    QlArGltoll'L'; "QI ..

    eu mr@ + 8i IT~ = eu mr@.i8i IT~ U!6~ + fi)UL8'1 = U!6~{i; fi)UL8'1

    8'1fjIJ GlLDm-Gl!DITLtT8ifiiT '!9' 6Tm-!D 6T~{i;mtfjU GluPIJ)l, 6lJ~GlfjlJ~{i;1jI t1i1.i (!!j (!:P IlI-ILf tb,

    umr@ + 8ilTfjlJW = umrmLli8ilTfjlJw {iJm-f!)J + 6lJmu = {iJpm!D6lJmu ~mr@ + fi)ru8'W = ~LmL{i; fi)6lJ8'W ~m-1J)l + 8iJ>..661 = ~pm!Dli8iJ>..661

    JIG\) tBlfilTlJ id~lfim

    8'1 fjIJ t98i lTuQ'J P f!)J,j Gl8'ITP8i fiiT FFp f!)J t98i ITUW Gl8i L @, ~ W 6Tm!D 8'1T1fI m UJ Glupf!)J C!PIlI-ILfW.

    !L-W:-

    tfj~.i(!!jpGl!D~{i;(g{l>IT@ (g8'UITf6 mr, m- 58i," j58iU (!:pf6m GlLDITyS/ciUJIT@ (g8'(!!jw(gUIT~ Gl8i@w.

    !L-W:- ~mr + JDmlJ)l =~. + IimmlJ)l = ~limm!!)1

    U8"rLDmr + !6mlJ)l = U8"rLD~ + Iimmf!)J = U8"rLDlimmf!)J

    (gf6Glmm-!D Gl8'IT~ {iJUJ~UITf6SUW, FF!!)1Gl8iL@ 6lJ~GlfjlJ~ti~

    t1i1(!!jtfjSUW, GlLD~GlfjlJ~{i;~ t1i1(!!jf6SULDITW. !L-W:-

    (lQl iJJ!)JfiII)llJ: .!JIQ)QI/P1:

    (gtfjm + (!!jLW = (gtfjm(!!jLW, (gf6.i(!!jLW. (gf6ffiJ(!!jLW

    (gf6m + (!!jIJ)WLJ = (gf6m(!!j/j)WLj, (g{l>5(!!jIJ)WLj, (g{l>ffiJ(!!jIJ)WL/

    llJIfi!Jid ~

    (g6lJpf!)JmLDu5IiJllw. ~~6lJlIJu5I~ umrLJ~ Gl{l>lTm5. !LfilJmLD~

    82

    Gl{ljlTrnS;S;~W llJs;[J~IjJf!)lq Gl8'ITIjJs;roir, Lu51(!§w @rnLu51w(!pw ru~G61w(!pw ru~{ljITG>iJ FFIjJf!)l iM;[JW GlS;L(ElU L/mT(!§W. @(!§ruySJu51SJ1w Glw~G61ww ru~{ljITSJlw Gls;(Elw.

    83

    g~",," {

    '_';'am" GJ,..a.. { aIla ..... GJ .. 'a.. {

    L-W:-

    W[JW + &/LCI- = W[J + &/LCI- = W[JruLCIW[JW + (Jru" = W[J(Jru"

    W[JW + (JS;IT@ = W[J.i(JS;IT(El

    {

    { ruLLW + S;~ = ruLL.iS;~ ruLLW + ~YSJ = ruLLrulTySJ ruLLW+ruLCI-ruW=ruLLruLCI-ruW

    {

    ueuaui: + rulTlU = urum QJITIU

    I.J)[JW + !61T" = W[J!6lTrT (WS;[JW GlS;LL~)

    W[JW + JEmrL~ = LD[JJEmrL~ (LDS;[JW GlS;LL~)

    umrL/i; Gl{ljlTrns;, Lrurnwi; Gl{ljlTrns;UJ~~1T fjJrnwUJ Gl{ljITLrTs;661~, LDS;[JGlWIiJ ru~G61ww ru[J.iGlS;LIT~, @wGlw~Gl~c!:pi;{ljITs;i; j)lfIlLJw. ruJrnwUJIT~rnmTlLJw GluUJIflf!)ljlllJs;[J(!pw {ljoo.i@j!D1rn~q 8'lTrT~{lj llJs;[J(!pw (JruljJf!)lrnwu51SJ1w ru~G61ww ru[J.iGlS;LIT~, @wGlruc!:pi;{ljITs;i; jllfllLJw.

    (JruliJ + @j!D1~ = (JruliJ@j!D1~ (JrurT + fi'I!D1~ r: (JrurTfi'I!D1~ UJITIP + GlulfI~ = UJITIPGlulfl~

    (J u IiJ + {,!ffi W = (J u IiJ {,!ffi W

    JErT + S;W~ = JErTS;W~

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    L-W:-

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    84

    85

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    L-W:-

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    3. ~1J8'ITllilB;~ Q~ITLrfLj:- (~) ~1J8'ITr6JB;~:$lm U6l!N 2...~6lSl (~) @j~lDB;61IlGTT ~1J8'ITrT.JB;~~8;@j (!p~lD~L.ffiI ,!£l61lllD6l.1 G8'u:.r~6U.

    4. (lpLq.6l.1~IJ:- (~) 6lSlrfl):5~ LDmUUITm~LD (~) ~mmruLb @j~lDUJU GUIT~p;ruLb GU®@j~6U (@) U~UL.L ~mu6lJITI96l.1 6lJIT@~6U

    3. 1Lg! 6l.J~ Q!Ii rrtjl '"

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    2. 'G:ID~8: G8'6UQlLb G:B;IT~!:puLIT§I'

    3. '8i!:pmIJ)lLb GJrTut51mm ~ruB;Lb ~~mIT6U 2...!:p):5~Lb 2...!:pG:6lJ ~61Ilru'

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    5. '~!DlDllil B;~IJt6lm LDIJ(!pLb o:!9IlJ8'rDlUJ

    6))!D rDl ®):5~ 6lJ ITI96l.1 Lb 6lSl@LDmG:lD - GJ!D lD ib 2...@~ooffil 6lJITI96lJ~!f> GB;ITut5I6U~ru8; B;~LLrT u@~~ffiI G:QlG:lDlTrT U6Illrfl8;@j'

    6. '~B;ru 2...@~6ISl@)lLb ~!:p2...@~6U p;mlJ)l'

    7. 'G~ITtq.u Lj@:$l B;.·.8'IT uwr 8;$I!f> t51Lq.~G~®6l.1Lb G:6lJ~LIT§I 8'ITruuuffilLb'

    8. 'GJrfl@JLb p;mlDIT6U ~®6lSlffil~6U B;L.Lt5Im ~rfl@JLb p;mlD~m B;ITULj'

    9. '6lJIJULjUJIJ ~®UJ®Lb ~®UJIJ Gp;6U~UJ®Lb

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    5. ~®Ifi~!Dm '}® 6Urr91lfimlfiuQulJ~!DII6\>

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    2. ~6UI'lUUL.L 1D6UI'l~~wu u!f>rDlUJ~:- (~) ~mLj QlmrT8:~ (~) B;6l!N6lJm ~mLjLb LD~m6lSl~m ffiIT~@)lLb (@) ~rDl6l.1 (r:r=) t51lDrTp;ruLb G:uWLb 2... ffi GTT io .

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    4. ~1J8'ITllilB;~61Il~uu!f>rDlUJ§I:- (._l9l) ~1J8'm @UJ6ULj (~) o:!9Ir6JffillilffiGTflm @UJ6ULj (@) p;ITL.tq.m @UJ6ULj (r:r=) 2...UJrT):5~ 6lJITI96l.1.

    5. 8'IDUJ~Q)~u u!f>JDlUJw:- (0:!91) ffiL6l.1ffi @UJ6ULj (~) ffiL6l.1~GTT ~~LG:6lJITrT @UJ6ULj.

    6. (lpLq.6l.1611l1J.

    mJ6"f( ,i,,tT,,i, ,tT,L._(f}lQ}u ~C!S'~,tT,.

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    3. fhuIT-O Jbl~60ww 4.

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    174

    175

    7. UQla;QI)Q)8; a;tpa;w 9. ClUJrra;u uu5J!iJfil

    8. t!l8;li>UJ~rr@a;iir fiu~rrufi61w

    10. war~llI-~ Q~rrl:JilQ,

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    176

    177

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    178

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    182

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