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Smarthistory syllabus:
History of Western Art and Civilization: Prehistory through the Middle Ages
Who were the Babylonians? The ancient Romans? The Crusaders? This course will survey
the art made in the Ancient Near East, Africa and Europe from the dawn of art-making in the
Paleolithic period to the dawn of the Renaissance in 14th century Italy. We will focus on
turning points in the historical narrative including the Neolithic revolution, the early river
valley civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt, the great Greek, Roman, and Byzantine
empires, the rise of Christianity, Islam, the crusades, pilgrimages and the early humanism
that eventually leads to the modern world.

Introduction
Art history basics
Why look at art?
A brief history of Western culture
What is art history?
Common questions about dates
Introduction to art historical analysis
An introduction to art historical analysis with Goya’s Third of May, 1808
A brief history of representing of the body in Western sculpture
How to do visual analysis
What maps tell us

An introduction to major monotheistic religions

Judaism, an introduction
Christianity, an introduction
Islam, an introduction

Prehistory
Paleolithic, quiz
Paleolithic art, an introduction
Lion Man, c. 40,000 B.C.E.
Nude Woman (Venus of Willendorf), c. 28,000-25,000 B.C.E., quiz
Lascaux, c. 15,000 B.C.E., France
Neolithic
The Neolithic Revolution
Jericho, beginning c. 9000 B.C.E, West Bank
Çatalhöyük, c. 7000 B.C.E., Turkey
Bushel with ibex motifs, 4200--3500 B.C.E., Susa (Louvre)
Anthropomorphic stele, Saudi Arabia, 4000-3000 B.C.E.
Stonehenge, beginning c. 3100 B.C.E., Salisbury Plain, England
Jade Cong, 2500 B.C.E.
Nuragic architecture at Su Nuraxi Barumini, Sardinia, beginning 18th century B.C.E.

Terms and concepts to know:

● Paleolithic ● tell
● Mesolithic ● necropolis
● Neolithic ● ochre
● Bronze Age ● terracotta
● B.C./A.D., Anno Domini, ● bucrania
B.C.E./C.E., B.P., and Julian and ● post and lintel
Gregorian calendars ● excavation
● formal analysis ● monotheism
● subject matter
● context

Ancient Near East

Getting started, quiz
The cradle of civilization

Sumer
Sumerian art
Cuneiform
Writing cuneiform
White Temple and ziggurat, Uruk, c. 3517-3358 B.C.E
Standing Male Worshipper (votive figure), c. 2900-2600 B.C.E., Tell Asmar
Standard of Ur, 2600-2400 B.C.E., quiz
Perforated relief of Ur-Nanshe, 2550–2500 B.C.E.

Akkadian
An introduction
Cylinder seal, c. 2250–2150 B.C.E.
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin, 2254-2218 B.C.E., quiz
Neo-Sumerian/Ur III period
Seated Gudea holding temple plan, c. 2100 B.C.E.
Ziggurat of Ur, c. 2100 B.C.E.
Cylinder-seals

Babylonian
An introduction
The Babylonian mind
Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi, 1792-1750 B.C.E., quiz

Neo-Babylonian
Neo-Babylonian culture, the Ishtar Gate and Processional Way, c. 575 B.C.E., quiz
Visiting Babylon

Assyrian
Assyrian art, an introduction
Lamassu, citadel of Sargon II, Khorsabad, Iraq, Neo-Assyrian, c. 720-705 B.C.E.
Ashurbanipal Hunting Lions, North Palace, Ninevah, c. 645-635 B.C.E., quiz

Persian
Ancient Persia, an introduction
Cyrus Cylinder, 539 B.C.E
Persepolis: The Audience Hall of Darius and Xerxes, c. 520-465 B.C.E.
Capital of a column, audience hall of the palace of Darius I, Susa, c. 510 B.C.E.

Terms and concepts to know:

● Tigris and Euphrates ● cuneiform

● Mesopotamia ● lapis lazuli, carnelian, bitumen
● ancient Near East ● Anu
● Sumer, Ur, Uruk, Susa ● ziggurat, citadel
● Sumerians, Akkadian, Babylonian, ● Lamassu
Assyrian, Achaemenid/Persian ● hierarchy
● city-state ● polytheism
● theocracy

Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt, an introduction
Egyptian art
Materials and techniques
Mummification process
Pre-dynastic
Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, c. 3000-2920 B.C.E., quiz

Old Kingdom
Pyramids of Giza, quiz
Pyramid of Khufu, c. 2551-2528 B.C.E.
Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Sphinx, c. 2520-2494 B.C.E.
Pyramid of Menkaure, 2490-2472 B.C.E.
King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490–2472 B.C.E.
Seated Scribe, c. 2500 B.C.E.

New Kingdom
Temple of Amun-Re and the Hypostyle Hall, Karnak
Mortuary Temple and Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut, c. 1479-58 B.C.E.
Tomb-chapel of Nebamun (paintings), c. 1350 B.C.E.

Amarna Period (18th dynasty)

House Altar with Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Three Daughters, c. 1350 B.C.E., quiz
Portrait Head of Queen Tiye with a Crown of Two Feathers, c. 1355 B.C.E.
Thutmose, Model Bust of Queen Nefertiti, c. 1340 B.C.E., quiz
Tomb of Tutankhamun (mask, coffin), 1323 B.C.E.
Hunefer's Judgement in the presence of Osiris, Book of the Dead, c. 1275 B.C.E., quiz

Ptolemaic
Mummy portraits
Mummy portraits (Faiyum portraits)

Terms and concepts to know:

● Nile ● pharaoh
● Narmer ● Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure
● palette ● Horus
● Upper and Lower Egypt ● Osiris
● Predynastic, Old, Middle and New ● Ka
Kingdoms, Amarna, Intermediary ● hieroglyphs
Periods, Ptolemaic ● papyrus

Aegean and Early Greece

Ancient Greece, an introduction
Ancient Greek Art, and introduction

Cycladic
Male harp player from Keros, c. 2600-2300 B.C.E.
Frescoes from Akrotiri, Thera (Santorini), 16th century B.C.E.

Mycenae
The "Palace" and Grave Circle A, Mycenae, c. 1600-1100 B.C.E.
Mask of Agamemnon, c.1550-1500 B.C.E., quiz
Lion Gate, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E., quiz
The Treasury of Atreus, c. 1300-1250 B.C.E.

Greek pottery
Introduction to Greek vase painting

Geometric
Dipylon Amphora, c. 755-750 B.C.E., quiz
Terracotta Krater, 750-735 B.C.E.

Proto-Attic
Eleusis Amphora, 675-650 B.C.E.

Attic black-figure
Ancient Greek vase production and the black-figure technique
Exekias (potter and painter), Ajax and Achilles Amphora, c. 540-530 B.C.E., quiz

Attic red-figure
Euphronios (painter), Euxitheos (potter), Sarpedon Krater, c. 515 B.C.E.
Euthymides, Three Revelers, c. 510 B.C.E.
Niobid Painter, Niobid Krater, c. 460-50 B.C.E., quiz

Daedalic
Lady of Auxerre, 640-630 B.C.E.

Archaic ( -480 B.C.E.)

New York Kouros, c. 590–580 B.C.E., quiz
Anavysos Kouros, c. 530 B.C.E., quiz
Peplos Kore, c. 530 B.C.E., quiz
Introduction to Greek architecture
Classical orders
Temples at Paestum, 560-460 B.C.E.
Pan-Hellenic sanctuary, Delphi
Siphnian Treasury, Delphi, c. 530 B.C.E.

Early Classical (c. 480-448 B.C.E.)

East and West Pediments, Temple of Aphaia, c. 490-480 B.C.E.
Kritios Boy, c. 480 B.C.E., quiz
Charioteer of Delphi, c. 478-474 B.C.E.

Severe style (c. 490-448 B.C.E.)

Artemision Zeus or Poseidon, c. 460 B.C.E.
Riace Warriors, c. 460-450 B.C.E.

Terms and concepts to know:

● Cyclades ● orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

● Aegean, Mycenae, Cyclopean ● lost wax casting
● amphora ● pediment
● calyx ● column, base, fluting, capital
● krater ● entasis
● slipware ● stylobate
● Geometric, Archaic, Classical ● Magna Graecia
● Attic black-/red-figure ● bronze
● kouros/kore ● polychrome
● peplos

Classical, Late Classical, and Hellenistic Greece

Classical (c. 448-429 B.C.E.), quiz
The Athenian Agora and the experiment in democracy
Polykleitos, Doryphoros, Roman marble copy of Greek bronze c. 450-440 B.C.E., quiz
Myron, Discobolus, Roman marble copy of Greek bronze c. 450 B.C.E.
Iktinos and Kallikrates, Parthenon, Athens, 447-32 B.C.E., quiz
Phidias, Parthenon sculpture, c. 448-432 B.C.E.
Plaque of the Ergastines, c. 438-32 B.C.E.
Who owns the Parthenon sculptures?
The Erechtheion, 421-405 B.C.E., Acropolis, Athens
Caryatid (South Porch) and Ionic Column (North Porch), 421-407 B.C.E.
Temple of Athena Nike, 421-405 B.C.E.
Nike Adjusting Her Sandal, Temple of Athena Nike, c. 410 B.C.E., quiz
Grave stele of Hegeso, c. 410 B.C.E., quiz

Late Classical (c. 429-323 B.C.E.)

Alexander Sarcophagus, c. 312 B.C.E.
Lysippos, Apoxyomenos, Roman copy of Greek bronze c. 330 B.C.E.
Lysippos, Farnese Hercules, Roman copy, 4th century B.C.E.
Praxiteles, Capitoline Venus/Aphrodite of Knidos, Roman copy, 4th century B.C.E.

Hellenistic (323-31 B.C.E.)

Barberini Faun, c. 220 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period
Dying Gaul, c. 220 B.C.E., Hellenistic Period, quiz
Nike (Winged Victory) of Samothrace, c. 190 B.C.E.
Pergamon Altar, c. 200-150 B.C.E., quiz
Apollonius, Boxer at Rest, c. 100 B.C.E., quiz
Athanadoros, Hagesandros, Polydoros of Rhodes, Laocoön and his Sons, early 1st century
C.E, quiz

Terms and concepts to know:

● Acropolis, agora ● Persian War

● triglyph, metope, frieze, entablature ● caryatid
● Doryphoros ● Nike
● Discobolus ● Sparta
● contrapposto ● Peloponnesian War
● Pericles ● Hellenistic
● Lapiths, Centaurs ● democracy
● Olympian, Mount Olympus
● demons, sub-humans, humans,
heroes, gods, titans

Etruria and Early Rome

Etruscan, quiz
The Etruscans, an introduction
Bucchero
Apulu (Apollo of Veil), Portonaccio temple roof, Italy, c. 510-500 B.C.E.
Sarcophagus of the Spouses, Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, c. 520 B.C.E.
Tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia, c. 470 B.C.E.
The François Tomb, Vulci, 4th century, B.C.E.
Tomb of the Reliefs, late 4th-early 3rd century B.C.E., Necropolis of Banditaccia
Chimera from Arezzo, c. 400 B.C.E.
Mars of Todi, late 5th or early 4th century B.C.E.
Aule Metele (Arringatore), early 1st century B.C.E.

Rome, an introduction, quiz

Ancient Rome flyover
Digging through time
Introduction to ancient Rome
Introduction to ancient Roman art
Introduction to ancient Roman architecture
Rome’s history in four faces at The Met
The Domus
The Insula
The Villa
The conservator’s eye: Marble statue of a wounded warrior

Roman Republic
Roman Forum
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, Rome, 6th century B.C.E. - 5th century C.E.
Capitoline Brutus, 4th-3rd century B.C.E.
Tomb of the Scipios and Sarcophagus of Scipio Barbatus, early 3rd century B.C.E.
Temple of Portunus, travertine, tufa, stucco, Rome, c.120-80 B.C.E.
Veristic male portrait, early 1st Century B.C.E., quiz
Head of a Roman Patrician, c. 75-50 B.C.E.

Roman mosaic
Alexander Mosaic from the House of the Faun, Pompeii, c. 100 B.C.E., quiz

Roman wall painting

Roman wall painting styles
Painted Garden, Villa of Livia, fresco, 30-20 B.C.E.
Still life with Peaches, fresco, Herculaneum, Italy, c. 62-69 C.E.
House of the Vettii, Late Republican-Early Imperial domus, Pompeii, destroyed 79 C.E.
Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii, destroyed 79 C.E.

Terms and concepts to know:

● Etruria, Etruscan ● Pliny the Elder’s Natural History

● Iron Age ● tufa
● orientalizing ● concrete (opus caementicium)
● fibula ● arch, voussoirs, keystone, impost
● triclinium ● aqueduct
● lyre ● amphitheater
● chimera ● fresco
● votive ● chiaroscuro
● Romulus and Remus

Imperial Rome
Early Empire
Augustus of Primaporta, 1st century C.E., quiz
Maison Carrée, c. 4-7 C.E., Colonia Nemausus (Nîmes, France)
Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), 13-9 B.C.E., quiz
Preparations for a Sacrifice, c. mid-first century C.E.
Colosseum (Amphitheatrum Flavium), Rome c. 70-80 C.E., quiz
Arch of Titus, Roman Forum, after 81 C.E.
Imperial Fora, an introduction
Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of and Markets of Trajan, Rome, dedicated 112 C.E.
Column of Trajan, Rome, completed 113 C.E., quiz

Palmyra
Palmyra: the modern destruction of an ancient city
Temple of Baalshamin, 1st century C.E.
Palmyrene Funerary Portraiture, 1st century C.E.
Temple of Bel, 1st and 2nd century C.E.

Middle Empire
The Pantheon, Rome, c. 125 C.E., quiz
Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, c. 117-138 C.E.
Maritime Theatre, Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli, c. 117-138 C.E.
Equestrian Statue of Marcus Aurelius, gilded bronze, c. 173-76 C.E., quiz
Ludovisi Battle Sarcophagus, c. 250-260 C.E., quiz
The Lullingstone Busts

Late Empire
Portraits of the Four Tetrarchs, c. 305
Basilica of Maxentius and Constantine (Basilica Nova), Roman Forum, c. 306-312
Colossus of Constantine, c. 312-15, quiz
Arch of Constantine, Rome, 315 C.E., quiz

Issues in Roman art

Looting, collecting, and exhibiting: the Bubon bronzes
Portrait Bust of a Flavian Woman (Fonseca Bust), early 2nd century C.E.
When there is no archaeological record: Portrait Bust of a Flavian Woman (Fonseca bust)
Trebonianus Gallus — emperor or athlete? Rethinking a modern attribution

Terms and concepts to know:

● precinct ● basilica
 ● Flavian ● apse
● forum, fora, Imperial fora ● rondel
● Sacred Way ● equestrian
● villa ● theatre, amphitheatre
● Tetrarchs ● Tiber
● Constantine ● Capitoline, Palatine, Quirinal, and
● Oculus Esquiline Hills
● Monolith ● colossus
● Spolia

Early Christian & Byzantine

Introduction to the Medieval era, quiz
The middle ages
Standard scenes from the life of Christ in art
Architecture and liturgy
A new pictorial language: the image in early Medieval art

Early Christian
Early Christianity, an introduction
Early Christian Art, quiz
Classicism in the Early Middle Ages
Catacomb of Priscilla, Rome, late 2nd century through the 4th century C.E.
Santa Maria Antiqua Sarcophagus, c. 270 C.E.
Santa Maria Antiqua, Roman Forum, consecrated 6th century
Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus, 359 C.E., quiz
Basilica of Santa Sabina, Rome, 422-432, quiz
“Story of Jacob and Rebecca” & “Eliezer at the Well,” from Vienna Genesis, early 6th century
The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia, Ravenna, 425 C.E., quiz

Byzantine (Late Roman Empire), quiz

A beginner's guide to Byzantine Art
Iconoclastic controversies
A brief history of representing of the body in Western painting
Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles, Hagia Sophia, Constantinople (now Istanbul),
532-37, quiz
Theotokos mosaic, 867, Hagia Sophia
Deësis mosaic, c. 1261, Hagia Sophia
San Vitale and the Justinian Mosaic, Ravenna, begun in 526-27, consecrated 547, quiz
Sant'Apollinare in Classe, Ravenna, c. 533-49 (apse mosaic, 6th century, arch mosaics,
 c. 7th-12th centuries)
The Emperor Triumphant (Barberini Ivory), mid-6th century
Paris Psalter, c. 900 C.E.
Saint Mark's Basilica, Venice, begun 1063, Anastasis mosaic, c. 1180-1200
Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, 6th or early 7th century

Terms and concepts to know:

● Middle Ages ● Ostrogoths

● Medieval ● Galla Placidia
● liturgy ● Byzantium, Byzantine
● catacomb ● Constantinople, Istanbul
● sarcophagus ● Justinian
● Aventine Hill ● pagan
● Genesis ● pendentive
● Ravenna ● psalter

Early Medieval, Anglo-Saxon, Carolingian, Ottonian

Manuscripts
Making manuscripts
Listening to the medieval book
An introduction to medieval scripts
A medieval textbook

Anglo-Saxon, quiz
Anglo-Saxon England
Sutton Hoo ship burial, essay, video, quiz
Decoding Anglo-Saxon art, c. 700
Lindisfarne Gospels, early 8th century, quiz

Carolingian, quiz
Carolingian art, an introduction
Charlemagne: an introduction, Part 1, Part 2
Palatine Chapel, Aachen, dedicated 805
Matthew in the Coronation Gospels and Ebbo Gospels, c. 800-835
Saint Matthew, folio 18 verso, Ebbo Gospels, France, c. 816-35
Jeweled upper cover, Lindau Gospels, c. 880, quiz

Ottonian, quiz
Ottonian art, an introduction
Bronze doors, 1015, commissioned by Bishop Bernward for Saint Michael's,
 Hildesheim, quiz
Gospels of Otto III, c. 1000

Terms and concepts to know:

● parchment ● Britons, Anglo-Saxons

● manuscript ● cloisonné, millefiori
● palimpsest ● Lindisfarne
● scribe ● Charlemagne, Carolingian
● Caroline Minuscule ● Alcuin of York
● quire ● Aachen
● mystery cult ● Otto, Ottonian
● polytheism, monotheism ● feudal
● prefiguration ● monastic
● gospels ● Holy Communion (Eucharist)

Islam
Introduction to Islamic art, quiz
Kaaba, pre-Islamic, rededicated by Muhammad, 631-32 C.E.
Stories of the modern pilgrimage
Arts of the Islamic World
Introduction to mosque architecture
Common types of mosque architecture
About chronological periods in the Islamic world

Early Period
Arts of the Islamic World: the Early Period
Dome of the Rock (Qubbat al-Sakhra), Jerusalem, 691-92, quiz
Great Mosque of Cordoba, begun 786 and enlarged 9th and 10th centuries, Spain, quiz
Great Mosque of Kairouan, c. 836-75, Tunisia

Medieval Period
Arts of the Islamic World: the Medieval Period
Great Mosque of Isfahan, Iran, quiz
Mihrab (niche), 1354-55 (A.H. 755), Isfahan, Iran
Pyxis of al-Mughira, AH 357/ 968 CE, quiz
Coronation Mantle, 1133/34
The Alhambra, begun 1238, Spain, quiz
Mohammed ibn al-Zain, Baptistère de Saint Louis, c. 1320-40, Egypt/Syria

Judaism in Muslim Spain

Sefer Musre Hafilosofim, 13th -15th century, Spain
Golden Haggadah, c. 1320, Spain
Medieval synagogues in Toledo, Spain

Late Period
Arts of the Islamic World: Later Period
Hagia Sophia as a mosque after Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453
Court of Gayumars, c.1522, Shahnameh Shah Tahmasp I, Safavid, Iran
Mimar Sinan, Süleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul, completed 1558
Mimar Sinan, Mosque of Selim II, Edirne, Turkey, 1568–75
The Ardabil Carpet, 1539-40 C.E., quiz
Taj Mahal, Agra, India, 1632-53

Terms and concepts to know:

● Kaaba ● mosque, qibla, mihrab, minaret,

● Muhammad sahn, maqsura, iwan
● Qur‘an ● hypostyle
● pilgrimage ● muqarnas
● Mecca, Medina ● squinch
● Night Journey ● pier
● caliph ● stucco
● Umayyad, Abbasid, Ottoman

Romanesque and Gothic

Introduction to the Romanesque
A beginner's guide to Romanesque art
A beginner's guide to Romanesque architecture
Medieval churches: sources and forms
Pilgrimage routes and the cult of the relic

The Crusades
What were the crusades?
How was crusading justified?
The when, where and who (of crusading)
The impact of the crusades

Romanesque art and architecture, quiz

The art of conquest in England and Normandy
The Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1070
Durham Cathedral, begun 1093
Cluny Abbey, Burgundy, France
South portal, Saint-Pierre, Moissac, c. 1115-30
Last Judgment Tympanum, Cathedral of St. Lazare, Autun, c. 1130-46, quiz
Church and reliquary of Sainte-Foy, late 10th-early 11th century, Conques
Tympanum, central portal of the narthex, Ste-Madeleine, Vézelay, 1120-32
The Wise and Foolish Virgins, Sant Quirze de Pedret, Spain, late 11th-early 12th century

Gothic art and architecture, quiz

Gothic architecture: an introduction
Stained glass: history and technique (essay from the Getty)
How stained glass is made (essay from the Getty)

France
Birth of the Gothic: Abbot Suger and the ambulatory at Basilica of Saint Denis, 1140-44, quiz
Chartres Cathedral, c.1145 and 1194 - c.1220, quiz
Reims Cathedral, begun 1211
Amiens Cathedral, begun 1220
Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1248
Saint Louis Bible (Moralized Bible or Bible moralisée), c. 1230
Virgin of Jeanne d’Evreux, 1324-39

Germany
Röttgen Pietà, c. 1300-25

England
Salisbury Cathedral, begun 1220
Lincoln Cathedral, begun 1088
Wells Cathedral, begun c. 1175
Henry VII Chapel, Westminster Abbey, London, begun 1503
Wilton Diptych, c. 1395-99, quiz

Czech Republic
Altneushul, Prague, begun 13th century

Italy
Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis Altarpiece, 1235, Church of San Francesco,
Pescia, quiz

Terms and concepts to know:

● Romanesque ● buttress ● chapel

● Gothic ● flying buttress ● radiating chapels
 ● pilgrimage ● apse ● gallery
● relic, reliquary ● aisle ● arcade
● portal ● nave ● altar
● tympanum ● narthex ● vaulting
● archivolt ● clerestory ● barrel vault
● trumeau ● choir ● groin vault
● lintel, ● transept ● Norman invasion
● jamb ● crossing
● cloister ● ambulatory

Late Gothic art in Italy

Introduction to Late Gothic art
Gold-ground panel painting
Pietro Cavallini, The Last Judgment, c.1293, Santa Cecilia, Rome

Florence
Florence in the Late Gothic, an introduction, quiz
Cimabue, Maesta of Santa Trinita, 1280-1290
Giotto, Ognissanti Madonna, 1306-10, quiz
Giotto, Arena Chapel, Padua, c. 1305, overview, cycle, Lamentation, Last Judgment, quiz

Siena
Siena in the Late Gothic, an introduction, quiz
Duccio, Maesta, 1308-11, quiz
Duccio, The Rucellai Madonna, 1285-86, tempera on panel, quiz
Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Allegory and Effects of Good and Bad Government, c.1337-40, quiz
Pietro Lorenzetti, Birth of the Virgin, c. 1342
Simone Martini, Annunciation, 1333, quiz

The Black Death

Terms and concepts to know:

● Tuscany, Florence, Siena, Pisa ● donor

● panel ● Humanism
● gesso, tempera, bole, gold leaf ● Bubonic plague
● punchwork ● trompe l'oeil
● altarpiece ● volume
● diptych, triptych, polyptych