Generall C

G Comparison
i between
b t
AISC LRFD and ASD

Hamid Zand
GT STRUDL Users Group
Las Vegas, Nevada
June 22-25, 2005

1
 AISC ASD and LRFD
• AISC = American
i Institute
i off Steell
Construction

• ASD = Allowable Stress Design

AISC Ninth Edition

• LRFD = Load and Resistance Factor Design

AISC Third Edition
2
 AISC Steel Design Manuals
• 1963 AISC ASD 6th Edition
di i
• 1969 AISC ASD 7th Edition
• 1978 AISC ASD 8th Edition
• 1989 AISC ASD 9th Edition

• 1986 AISC LRFD 1st Edition

• 1993 AISC LRFD 2nd Edition
• 1999 AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
3
 ASD and LRFD
Major Differences
• Loadd Combinations
bi i andd load
l d factors
f
• ASD results are based on the stresses and
LRFD results are based on the forces and
p y
moments capacity
• Static analysis is acceptable for ASD but
nonlinear geometric analysis is required for
LRFD
• Beams
B andd flexural
fl l members
b
• Cb computation
4
 ASD Load Combinations
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 0.75D
0 75D + 0.75L
0 75L + 0.75W
0 75W
• 0.75D + 0.75L + 0.75E

D = dead load
L = li load
live l d
W = wind load
E = earthquake load
5
 ASD Load Combinations
Or you can use ffollowing
O ll i load
l d combinations
bi i with
i h the
h
parameter ALSTRINC to account for the 1/3 allowable
increase for the wind and seismic load

1. 1.0D + 1.0L
2. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0W
3. 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

• PARAMETER $ ALSTRINC based on the % increase

• ALSTRINC 33.333
33 333 LOADINGS 2 3
6
 LRFD Load Combinations
• 1.4D
• 1.2D + 1.6L
• 1.2D + 1.6W + 0.5L
• 1 2D ± 1.0E
1.2D 1 0E + 0.5L
0 5L
• 0.9D ± (1.6W or 1.0E)
D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load

7
 Deflection Load Combinations
for ASD and LRFD
• 1.0D + 1.0L
• 1.0D
1 0D + 1.0L
1 0L + 1.0W
1 0W
• 1.0D + 1.0L + 1.0E

D = dead load
L = live load
W = wind load
E = earthquake load

8
 Forces and Stresses
• ASD = actuall stress values
l are
compared to the AISC
allowable stress values

• LRFD = actual forces and moments

are compared to the AISC
limiting
g forces and moments
capacity

9
 ASTM Steel Grade
• C
Comparison
i is
i between
b Table h AISC ASD 9th Edition
T bl 1 off the Edi i
on Page 1-7 versus Table 2-1 of the AISC LRFD 3rd Edition
on Page
g 2-24
• A529 Gr. 42 of ASD, not available in LRFD
• A529 Gr. 50 and 55 are new in LRFD
• A441 not available in LRFD
• A572 Gr. 55 is new in LRFD
• A618 Gr. I, II, & III are new in LRFD
• A913 Gr. 50, 60, 65, & 70 are new in LRFD
• A992 (Fy = 50, Fu = 65) is new in LRFD (new standard)
• A847 is new in LRFD

10
 Slenderness Ratio
• Compression
KL/r ≤ 200

• Tension
L/r ≤ 300

11
 Tension Members
• Check L/r ratio
• Check Tensile Strength based on the cross
cross-
section’s Gross Area
• Check
Ch k T Tensile
il Strength
S h based
b d on the
h cross-
section’s Net Area

12
 Tension Members
ASD
ft = FX/Ag ≤ Ft Gross Area
ft = FX/Ae ≤ Ft Net Area

LRFD
Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ag Fy ϕt = 0.9 for Gross Area

Pu = FX ≤ ϕt Pn = ϕt Ae Fu ϕt = 0.75 for Net Area

13
 Tension Members
ASD (ASD Section D1)

Gross Area Ft = 0.6F

0 6Fy
Net Area Ft = 0.5Fu

LRFD (LRFD Section D1)

Gross Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fy Ag ϕt = 0.9

Net Area ϕt Pn = ϕt Fu Ae ϕt = 0.75

14
 Compare ASD to LRFD
ASD 1.0D + 1.0L
LRFD 1 2D + 1.6L
1.2D 1 6L

0.6Fy (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.9Fy (LRFD)

0.5Fu (ASD) × (1.5) = 0.75Fu (LRFD)

ASD × ((1.5)) = LRFD

15
Tension Members
FIXED JOINT

Z X o

-400.
16
 Tension Members
• M
Memberb iis 15 ffeet llong
• Fixed at the top of the member and free at the bottom
• Loadings are:
g
• Self weight
• 400 kips tension force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

17
 Tension Members
ASD

W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989

LRFD

W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989

18
 Tension Members
ASD
W18x46 Area = 13.5 in.2
FX = 400.688 kips Ratio = 0.989

LRFD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
FX = 640.881 kips Ratio = 0.989

19
 Tension Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
640.881 / 400.688 = 1.599
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (1.5) × ASD

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

640.881 10
. 0.989
Area for LRFD = 135
. × × × = 14.395
400.688 15
. 0.989

LRFD W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2

20
 Tension Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and using W10x49
FX = 400.734 kips Ratio = 0.928

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

640.881 / 400.734 = 1.599
640.881 10
.
LRFD R
Ratio
ti computed
t d from
f ASD = 0.928 × × = 0.989
400.734 15
.
LRFD W10x49 Ratio = 0.989
0 989

21
 Tension Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W18x46 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.989
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 400 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.989
Example # 2
Dead Load = 200 kips
Live Load = 200 kips
W14 43
W14x43 A t l/Li iti Ratio
Actual/Limiting R ti = 0.989
0 989
Code check W14x43 based on the ASD9
W14x43 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 1.06

22
 Compression Members
• Check KL/r ratio
• Compute Flexural-Torsional
Flexural Torsional Buckling and
Equivalent (KL/r)e
• Find
Fi d Maximum
M i off KL/r
KL/ andd (KL/
(KL/r))e
• Co
Compute
pu e Qs andd Qa bbased
sed oon thee b/t and
d h/tw
ratios
• Based
B d on the th KL/r
KL/ ratio,
ti compute t allowable
ll bl
stress in ASD or limiting force in LRFD
23
 Compression Members
ASD

fa = FX/Ag ≤ Fa

LRFD

Pu = FX ≤ ϕc Pn = ϕc Ag Fcr
Where ϕc = 0.85
24
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

LRFD

b/t = 0.56 E / Fy h/tw = 149

. E / Fy

25
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD

b/t = 95 / Fy h/tw = 253 / Fy

LRFD

b/t = 95.36 / Fy h/tw = 253.74 / Fy

26
 Compression Members
ASD KL/r ≤ C′c (ASD E2-1 or A-B5-11)

⎡ ( KL / r ) 2 ⎤
Q ⎢1 − 2
⎥ Fy
⎢⎣ 2Cc′ ⎥⎦ 2π 2 E
Fa = Where Cc′ =
5
+
3 ( KL / r )−( KL / r ) 3
QFy
3 8Cc′ 8Cc′ 3

LRFD λ c Q ≤ 15
. (LRFD A-E3-2)

( )F
Qλ c
2 KL Fy
Fcr = Q 0.658 Where λc =
y rπ E

27
 Compression Members
ASD KL/r > C′c (ASD E2-2)

12π 2 E 2π 2 E
Fa = Where Cc′ =
23( KL / r )
2
QFy

LRFD λc Q > 15
. (LRFD A-E3-3)

⎡ 0.877 ⎤ KL Fy
Fcr = ⎢ 2 ⎥ Fy Where λc =
⎣ λc ⎦ rπ E

28
 Compression Members
LRFD
⎡ 0.877 ⎤ KL Fy
Fcr = ⎢ 2 ⎥ Fy Wh
Where λc =
⎣ λc ⎦ rπ E
⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥
0.877
Fcr = ⎢ ⎥ Fy
⎢⎛ ⎞ ⎥
2

⎢ ⎜ KL Fy ⎟ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ rπ E ⎟ ⎥
⎠ ⎦
⎣

0.877π 2 E . π2E
20171
Fcr = Fcr =
23( KL / r )
2
( KL / r ) 2

29
 Compression Members
ASD LRFD
12π 2 E . π2E
20171
Fa = Fcr =
23( KL / r ) 23( KL / r )
2 2

Fcr / Fa = 1.681
1 681

LRFD Fcr = ASD Fa × 1.681

30
 Compression Members
ASD ⎛ K y LY K z Lz ⎛ KL ⎞ ⎟⎞
KL / r = ⎜⎜ , ,⎜ ⎟ ⎟
⎝ ry rz ⎝ r ⎠ e⎠
⎛ KL ⎞ E (ASD C-E2-2)
Where ⎜ ⎟ = π
⎝ r ⎠e Fe

LRFD

λc = Maximum of ( λcy , λcz , λe )

31
 Compression Members
LRFD
Where:
K y Ly Fy
λ cy =
ry π E

K z Lz Fy
λ cz =
rz π E

Fy
λe =
Fe

32
 Compression Members
Flexural-Torsional Buckling

⎡ π 2 EC ⎤ 10.
Fe = ⎢ w
+ GJ ⎥
⎢⎣ ( K x L x ) I + Iz
2
⎦⎥ y

33
 Qs Computation
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c < b / t < 195 / Fy / k c
Qs = 1293
. − 0.00309(b / t ) Fy / k c
4.05
kc = if h / t > 70, otherwise k c = 10
.
(h / t ) 0.46

LRFD
When 0.56 E / Fy < b / t < 103
. E / Fy

Qs = 1415
. − 0.74(b / t ) Fy / E

34
 Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
When 95 / Fy / k c < b / t < 195 / Fy / k c

Qs = 1293
. − 0.00309
00309((b / t ) Fy / k c

LRFD
When 95.36 / Fy < b / t < 175.4 / Fy

Qs = 1415
. − 0.004345(b / t ) Fy

35
 Qs Computation
ASD
When b / t ≥ 195 / Fy / k c

[
Qs = 26200k c / Fy (b / t )
2
]
LRFD
When b / t ≥ 103
. E / Fy

[
Qs = 0.69 E / Fy (b / t )
2
]
36
 Qs Computation
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD When b / t ≥ 195 / Fy / k c

[
Qs = 26200k c / Fy (b / t )
2
]
LRFD When b / t ≥ 175.4 / Fy

[
Qs = 20010 / Fy (b / t )
2
]
37
 Qa Computation
ASD
253t ⎡ 44.3 ⎤
be = ⎢1 − ⎥ ≤ b
f ⎢⎣ (b / t ) f ⎥⎦

LRFD
E⎡ 0.34 E⎤
be = 191
. t ⎢1 − ⎥ ≤ b
f ⎣ (b / t ) f ⎦

325.26t ⎡ 57.9 ⎤
Assume E = 29000 ksi, be = ⎢1 − ⎥
f ⎢⎣ (b / t ) f ⎥⎦

38
Compression Members
o -100.

Z X FIXED JOINT
39
 Compression Members
• M
Memberb iis 15 ffeet llong
• Fixed at the bottom of the column and free at the top
• Loadings are:
g
• Self weight
• 100 kips compression force at the free end
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

40
 Compression Members
ASD

W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

LRFD

W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944

41
 Compression Members
ASD
W10x49 Area = 14.4 in.2
14 4 in
FX = 100.734 kips Ratio = 0.941

LRFD
W10x54 Area = 15.8 in.2
FX = 160.967 kips Ratio = 0.944

42
 Compression Members
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
160.967 / 100.734 = 1.598
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD Fcr = (1.681) × ASD Fa

Estimate required cross-sectional area for LRFD

160.967
96 10. 10. 0.941
Area for LRFD = 14.4 × × × × = 16.05
100.734 1681
. 0.85 0.944

LRFD W10x54 Area = 15.8 inch

43
 Compression Members
Code Check based on the ASD9 and use W10x54
FX = 100.806 kips Ratio = 0.845

Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD

160.967 / 100.806 = 1.597
160.967 10. 10.
LRFD R
Ratio
ti computed
t d from
f ASD = 0.845 × × × = 0.944
100.806 1681
. 0.85

LRFD W10x54 Ratio = 0.944

0 944

44
 Compression Members
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x49 Actual/Allowable
l/ ll bl Ratio
i = 0.941
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 100 kips
W10x54 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.944
Example
p #2
Dead Load = 50 kips
Live Load = 50 kips
W10x49 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.921
0 921
Code check W10x49 based on the ASD9
W10x49 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.941

45
 Flexural Members
• B
Basedd on the
h b/t
b/ andd h/t
h/ w ratios
i determine
d i the
h compactness off
the cross-section
• Classify flexural members as Compact,
Compact Noncompact,
Noncompact or
Slender
• When noncompactp section in ASD, allowable stress Fb is
computed based on the l/rt ratio. l is the laterally unbraced
length of the compression flange. Also, Cb has to be computed
• When
Wh noncompactt or slender
l d section ti iin LRFD
LRFD, LTB
LTB, FLB,
FLB
and WLB are checked
• LTB for noncompact or slender sections is computed using Lb
and Cb. Lb is the laterally unbraced length of the compression
flange

46
 Flexural Members
ASD

fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb

LRFD

Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
47
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD

b / t ≤ 65 / Fy d / t w ≤ 640 / Fy

LRFD
b / t ≤ 0.38 E / Fy h / t w ≤ 3.76 E / Fy

Assume E = 29000 ksi

b / t ≤ 64.7 / Fy h / t w ≤ 640.3 / Fy
48
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD (ASD F1-1)

Fb = 0.66Fy

LRFD (LRFD A-F1-1)

ϕb Mn = ϕb Mp = ϕb Fy ZZ ≤ 1 5Fy SZ
1.5
Where ϕb = 0.9
49
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
-15.00

FIXED JOINT

Z X

-15.00

Braced at 1/3 Points

o

FIXED JOINT 50
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
• M
Memberb iis 12 ffeett long
l
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings
L di are:
• Self weight
• 15 ki
kips/ft
/ft uniform
if load
l d
• Load combinations based on the ASD and
LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

51
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

LRFD

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982

52
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
W18x40 Sz = 68.4 in 3
68 4 in.
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips Ratio = 0.959

LRFD
W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3
MZ = 3462.933 inch-kips Ratio = 0.982

53
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.66S
(0 66Sz)(1.5989)
)(1 5989) / (0.9Z
(0 9Zz) × ASD

Zz for LRFD = 68.4 × 3462.933 × 0.66 × 0.959 = 78.3

2165.777 0.9 0.982

LRFD W18x40 Zz = 78.4 in.3

54
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
MZ = 2165.777 inch-kips
p Ratio = 0.959

Loadd Factor
L F t difference
diff bbetween
t LRFD andd ASD
3462.933 / 2165.777 = 1.5989
3462.933 0.66 68.4
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD = 0.959 × × × = 0.981
2165.777 0.9 78.4

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.982

55
 Flexural Members
Compact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Allowable
l/ ll bl Ratio
i = 0.959
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.982
Example
p #2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.859
0 859
Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.959

56
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
• Based on b/t, d/tw and h/tw determine if the section is
noncompact
• Compute Cb
• Compute Qs
• Based on the l/rt ratio, compute allowable stress Fb
• Laterally unbraced length of the compression flange (l)
has a direct effect on the equations of the noncompact
section
i

57
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

fb = MZ/SZ ≤ Fb

LRFD

Mu = MZ ≤ ϕb Mn
Where ϕb = 0.9
58
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
ASD
65 Fy < b t ≤ 95 Fy

d t w > 640 Fy h t w ≤ 760 Fb

LRFD
0.38 E Fy < b / t ≤ 0.83 E FL

3.76 E Fy < h t w ≤ 5.7 E Fy

59
 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios
for Compression Elements
Assume E = 29000 ksi
ASD
65 Fy < b t ≤ 95 Fy

d t w > 640 Fy h t w ≤ 760 Fb

LRFD
64.7 / Fy < b / t ≤ 1413
. / FL

640.3 / Fy < h t w ≤ 970.7 / Fy

60
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
⎡ bf ⎤
Fb = Fy ⎢0.79 − 0.002 Fy ⎥ (ASD F1-3)
⎢⎣ 2t f ⎥⎦

⎛ 76b f 20000 ⎞⎟
If Lb > Lc = minimum⎜ or
⎜ F
⎝ y ( )
d A f Fy ⎠⎟
(ASD F1
F1-2)
2)

ASD Equations F1-6, F1-7, and F1-8 must to be checked.

61
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
102 × 10 3 Cb l 510 × 10 3 Cb
When ≤ ≤
Fy rT Fy

⎡2 Fy (l / rT ) ⎤
2

Fb = ⎢ − 3
⎥ Fy ≤ 0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-6)
⎢ 3 1530 × 10 Cb ⎥
⎣ ⎦

62
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

l 510 × 10 3 Cb
When ≥
rT Fy

170 × 10 3 Cb
Fb = ≤ 0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-7)
(l / rT ) 2

63
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD

For any value of l/rT

12 × 10 3 Cb
Fb = ≤ 0.6 Fy Qs (ASD F1-8)
ld / A f

64
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD

1. LTB, Lateral-Torsional Buckling

2. FLB, Flange Local Buckling
3
3. WLB Web Local Buckling
WLB,

65
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD
– LTB
• Compute Cb
• Based on the Lb, compute limiting moment capacity. Lb is
the lateral unbraced length of the compression flange,
λ = Lb/ry
• Lb has a direct effect on the LTB equations for noncompact
and slender sections
– FLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the b/t ratio of
the flange, λ = b/t
– WLB
• Compute limiting moment capacity based on the h/tw ratio
of the web, λ = h/tw

66
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
⎡ ⎛ λ − λp ⎞⎤
(
M n = Cb ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜⎜) ⎟⎟ ⎥ ≤ M p ((LRFD A-F1-2))
⎢⎣ ⎝ λ r − λ p ⎠ ⎥⎦
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = Lb/ry

λp = 176
. E Fyf

67
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD LTB (Table A-F1.1)

Where:

X1
λr = 1 + 1 + X 2 FL2
FL

π EGJA
X1 =
Sz 2
2
X2
C
= 4 w
⎛ Sz ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Iy ⎝ GJ ⎠

68
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD FLB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
⎡ ⎛ λ − λp ⎞⎤
⎢⎣
(
M n = ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎝ λ r − λ p ⎠ ⎥⎦ (LRFD A-F1-3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5F
1 5Fy Sz
Mr = FLSz FL = Smaller of (Fyf − Fr) or Fyw
λ = b/t
λp = 0.38 E Fy
λr = 0.83 E FL

69
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)

For λp < λ ≤ λr
⎡ ⎛ λ − λp ⎞⎤
⎢⎣
(
M n = ⎢ M p − M p − M r ⎜⎜ ) ⎟⎟ ⎥
⎝ λ r − λ p ⎠ ⎥⎦ (LRFD A
A-F1-3)
F1 3)
Where:
Mp = Fy Zz ≤ 1.5Fy Sz
Mr = Re Fy Sz
Re = 1.0 for non-hybrid girder

70
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
LRFD WLB (Table A-F1.1)

λ = h/t
h/ w

λp = 3.76 E Fy

λr = 5.7 E Fy

71
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
. ( M 1 M 2 ) + 0.3( M 1 M 2 ) ≤ 2.3
2
Cb = 175
. + 105
M1 < M 2
If M max between M 1 and M 2 , Cb = 10
.

LRFD
12.5 M max
Cb =
2.5 M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3MC
M A = absolute value of moment at quarter point
M B = absolute value of moment at centerline
M C = absolute value of moment at three − quarter point
72
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
-12.00

Pin

Z X

-12.00

Roller 73
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
• Member
M b iis 12 feet
f long
l
• Pin at the start of the member
• Roller at the end of the member
• Cross-section is W12x65
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 12 kips/ft uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel ggrade is A992
• Check code based on the ASD and LRFD codes

74
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
W12x65 Cb = 1.0
Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988
LRFD
W12x65 Cb = 1.136
Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Code check is controlled by FLB.
FLB
Cb = 1.0 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.973
75
 Flexural Members
Noncompact Section
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Allowable
l/ ll bl Ratio
i = 0.988
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 12 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.971
Example
p #2
Dead Load = 6 kips/ft
Live Load = 6 kips/ft
W12x65 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.85
0 85
Code check W12x65 based on the ASD9
W12x65 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.988

76
 Design for Shear
ASD h / t w ≤ 380 Fy

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w ≤ 2.45 E / Fyw

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2-1)

Where ϕv = 0.9

77
 Design for Shear
Assume E = 29000 ksi
A ki
ASD h / t w ≤ 380 Fy

fv = FY/Aw ≤ Fv = 0.4Fy (ASD F4-1)

LRFD h / t w ≤ 417.2 / Fyw

Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv0.6F
0 6Fyw Aw (LRFD F2
F2-1)
1)
Where ϕv = 0.9

78
 Design for Shear
ASD h / t w > 380 Fy
Fy
fv = FY/Ay ≤ Fv =
2.89
( Cv ) ≤ 0.4 Fy (ASD F4-2)

LRFD 2.45 E / Fyw < h / t w ≤ 3.07 E / Fyw

⎛ 2.45 E / Fyw ⎞
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv 0.6 Fyw Aw ⎜ ⎟ (LRFD F2-2)
⎜ h / tw ⎟
⎝ ⎠
Where ϕv = 0.9

79
 Design for Shear
LRFD 3.07 E / Fyw < h / t w ≤ 260

⎡ 4.52 E ⎤
Vu = FY ≤ ϕvVn = ϕv Aw ⎢ ⎥ (LRFD F2-3)
⎢⎣ (h / t w ) ⎥⎦
2

Where ϕv = 0.9

80
 -15.00 Design for Shear
o

FIXED JOINT

Z X

-15.00

Braced at 1/3 Points

o

FIXED JOINT 81
 Design for Shear
• S
Same as example l # 3 which
hi h is
i usedd for
f design
d i off flexural
fl l
member with compact section
• Member is 12 feet long
• Fixed at both ends of the member
• Loadings are:
• Self weight
• 15 kips/ft
p uniform load
• Load combinations based on the ASD and LRFD codes
• Steel grade is A992
• Braced at the 1/3 Points
• Design based on the ASD and LRFD codes

82
 Design for Shear
ASD (Check shear at the end of the member, equation “F4-1 Y”)

W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

LRFD (Check shear at the end of the member,

member equation “A
A-F2-1
F2 1 Y”)
Y )

W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948

83
 Design for Shear
ASD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
5 638 in
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8

LRFD
W18x40 Ay = 5.638 in.2
FY = 144.289 kips Ratio = 0.948

84
 Design for Shear
Code Check based on the ASD9, Profile W18x40
FY = 90.241 kips Ratio = 0.8
Load Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
144.289 / 90.241 = 1.5989
Equation Factor difference between LRFD and ASD
LRFD = (0.4)(1.5989) /(0.6)(0.9) × ASD

144.289 0.4 10
.
LRFD Ratio computed from ASD = 0.8 × × × = 0.948
90.241 0.6 0.9

LRFD W18x40 Ratio = 0.948

85
 Design for Shear
ASD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Allowable
l/ ll bl Ratio
i = 0.8
LRFD
Example # 1
Live Load = 15 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.948
Example
p #2
Dead Load = 7.5 kips/ft
Live Load = 7.5 kips/ft
W18x40 Actual/Limiting Ratio = 0.83
0 83
Code check W18x40 based on the ASD9
W18x40 Actual/Allowable Ratio = 0.8

86
 Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa > 0.15

fa Cmyy f byy Cmz f bz

+ + ≤ 10
. (ASD H1
H1-1)
1)
Fa ⎛ fa ⎞ ⎛ fa ⎞
⎜1 − ⎟ Fby ⎜ 1 − ⎟
⎜ Fey ⎠⎟ ⎝ Fez ⎠
⎝
fa f by f
+ + bz ≤ 10
. (ASD H1-2)
0.6 Fy Fby Fbz

LRFD Pu /ϕPn ≥ 0.2

Pu 8 ⎛ M uy M uz ⎞ (LRFD H1-1a)
+ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ≤ 10
.
φPn 9 ⎝ φ b M nyy φ b M nz ⎠
87
 Combined Forces
ASD fa /Fa ≤ 0.15

fa f by f bz
+ + ≤ 10
. (ASD H1-1)
Fa Fby Fbz

LRFD Pu /ϕPn < 0.2

02

Pu ⎛ M uy M uz ⎞
+ ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ ≤ 10
. ((LRFD H1-1a))
2φPn ⎝ φ b M ny φ b M nz ⎠

88
 Combined Forces

Z X
89
 Combined Forces
• 3D Si
Simple
l Frame
F
• 3 Bays in X direction 3 @ 15 ft
• 2 Bays in Z direction 2 @ 30 ft
• 2 Floors in Y direction 2 @ 15 ft
• Loadings
g
• Self weight of the Steel
• Self weight of the Slab 62.5 psf
• O h ddead
Other d lloads
d 15 0
15.0 psff
• Live load on second floor 50.0 psf
• Live load on roof 20.0 p
psf
• Wind load in the X direction 20.0 psf
• Wind load in the Z direction 20.0 psf

90
 Combined Forces
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 4 >
< W8x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6566E+01 VOLUME = 1.6437E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

91
 Combined Forces
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 3.6000E+03 3.4956E+04 9.9030E+00 16 >
< W10x39 1.4400E+03 1.6560E+04 4.6914E+00 4 >
< W10x49 7.2000E+02 1.0368E+04 2.9373E+00 4 >
< W12x45 1.4400E+03 1.9008E+04 5.3850E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
< W8x31 1.4400E+03 1.3147E+04 3.7246E+00 4 >
< W8x40 1.4400E+03 1.6848E+04 4.7730E+00 8 >
< >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.3874E+01 VOLUME = 1.1957E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

92
 Combined Forces
ASD

WEIGHT = 46.566 kips

LRFD

WEIGHT = 33.874 kips

93
 Deflection Design
ASD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W12x58 1.4400E+03 2.4480E+04 6.9352E+00 4 >
< W12x65 1.4400E+03 2.7504E+04 7.7919E+00 4 >
< W12x72 2.1600E+03 4.5576E+04 1.2912E+01 12 >
< W14x43 1.4400E+03 1.8144E+04 5.1402E+00 4 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 4.6933E+01 VOLUME = 1.6566E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

94
 Deflection Design
LRFD
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< Active Units Weight Unit = KIP Length Unit = INCH >
< >
< Steel Take Off Itemize Based on the PROFILE >
< Total Length, Volume, Weight, and Number of Members >
< >
< Profile Names Total Length Total Volume Total Weight # of Members >
< W10x33 2.1600E+03 2.0974E+04 5.9418E+00 12 >
< W10x49 1.4400E+03 2.0736E+04 5.8745E+00 8 >
< W10x54 7.2000E+02 1.1376E+04 3.2228E+00 4 >
< W12x40 1.4400E+03 1.6992E+04 4.8138E+00 4 >
< W14x43 2.8800E+03 3.6288E+04 1.0280E+01 8 >
< W14x48 1.4400E+03 2.0304E+04 5.7521E+00 4 >
< W6x9 3.2400E+03 8.6832E+03 2.4600E+00 18 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
< ACTIVE UNITS WEIGHT KIP LENGTH INCH >
< >
< TOTAL LENGTH, WEIGHT AND VOLUME FOR SPECIFIED MEMBERS >
< >
< LENGTH = 1.3320E+04 WEIGHT = 3.8345E+01 VOLUME = 1.3535E+05 >
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

95
 Deflection Design
ASD

WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

LRFD

WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

96
 Compare Design without and with
Deflection Design
ASD
Without Deflection Design
g WEIGHT = 46.566 kips
p
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 46.933 kips

LRFD
Without Deflection Design WEIGHT = 33.874 kips
With Deflection Design WEIGHT = 38.345 kips

97
 Design same example based on
Cb = 1.0
Code and deflection design with Cb = 1.0

ASD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 46.933 kips
Specify Cb = 1.0 WEIGHT = 51.752 kips

LRFD
Compute Cb WEIGHT = 38.345 kips
p y Cb = 1.0
Specify WEIGHT = 48.421 kips
p
98
 Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×5
• C
Code
d andd deflection
d fl i design
d i with i h Cb = 1.0
1 0 andd increase
i the
h live
li
load by a factor of 5.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change
g the 2 bays y in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 25.677 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 22.636 kips

Difference = 3.041 kips

99
 Design Similar example based on
Cb = 1.0 and LL×10
• C
Code
d andd deflection
d fl i design
d i with i h Cb = 1.0
1 0 andd increase
i the
h live
li
load by a factor of 10.
• Area loads are distributed using two way option instead of one
way
• Also change
g the 2 baysy in the Z direction from 30 ft to 15 ft.

ASD WEIGHT = 31.022 kips

LRFD WEIGHT = 29.051 kips

Difference = 1.971 kips

100
 Stiffness Analysis
versus
Nonlinear Analysis
y
• Stiffness Analysis – Load Combinations or Form
Loads can be used.
used
• Nonlinear Analysis – Form Loads must be used.
Load Combinations are not valid.
valid
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify type of Nonlinearity.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Maximum Number of
Cycles.
• Nonlinear Analysis – Specify Convergence
Tolerance.

101
 Nonlinear Analysis
Commands
• NONLINEAR EFFECT
• TENSION ONLY
• COMPRESSION ONLY
• GEOMETRY AXIAL
• MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
• CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE

• NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
102
 Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 1
11. Geometry,
G t M t i l Type,
Material T Properties,
P ti
2. Loading ‘SW’, ‘LL’, and ‘WL’
3. FORM LOAD ‘A’A FROM ‘SW’ SW 1.4
4. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
5. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
6. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
7. DEFINE PHYSICAL MEMBERS
8
8. PARAMETERS
9. MEMBER CONSTRAINTS
10. LOAD LIST ‘A’
A ‘B’B ‘C’
C ‘D’
D $ Activate only the FORM loads
11. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
12. SAVE
103
 Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 2
11. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
7. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
8. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘LL’ 1.6
9. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
10. FORM LOAD ‘D’ FROM ‘SW’ 0.9 ‘WL’ 1.6
11. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
12
12. STIFFNESS ANALYSIS
13. CHECK MEMBERS
14. STEEL TAKE OFF
15
15. SAVE
104
 Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 3
11. RESTORE
2. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
3. SELECT MEMBERS
4. SMOOTH PHYSICAL MEMBERS
5. DELETE LOADINGS ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. SELF WEIGHT LOADING RECOMPUTE
7. FORM LOAD ‘A’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.4
8
8. FORM LOAD ‘B’ FROM ‘SW’ 11.22 ‘LL’ 11.6
6
9. FORM LOAD ‘C’ FROM ‘SW’ 1.2 ‘WL’ 1.6 ‘LL’ 0.5
10. FORM LOAD ‘D’
D FROM ‘SW’ SW 0.9 ‘WL’
WL 1.6

105
 Design using Nonlinear Analysis
Input File # 3 (continue)
1. NONLINEAR EFFECT
2. GEOMETRY ALL MEMBERS
3. MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CYCLES
4. CONVERGENCE TOLERANCE DISPLACEMENT
5. LOAD LIST ‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’
6. NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
7. CHECK MEMBERS
8. STEEL TAKE OFF
9. SAVE

106
General Comparison between AISC
LRFD and ASD

Questions

107