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FOUNDATIONS
Reinforced concrete foundations are designed based on column loads and
moments at base and the soil data. Following are the types of foundations in
order of preference with a view to economy:
(iii) Strip footings with retaining wall acting as strip beam wherever
applicable.
The brick wall footings can also be designed. Often plinth beams are
provided to support brick walls and also to act as earthquake ties in each
principal direction.
Foundations are the structural elements which transfer loads from the
building or individual columns to the earth. If these loads are to be properly
transmitted, foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement
or rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide adequate
safety against sliding and overturning.
Depth of foundation:
= density of soil
To determine the area of foundation required for proper transfer of total load
on the soil, the total load (combination of dead load, live load and any other
load without multiplying it with any load factor) are considered.
As per clause 34.1.3 of IS456: 2000, the thickness at the edge shall not be
less than 15cm on soils.
Dimension of pedestal:
In the case of plain cement concrete pedestals, the angle between the plane
passing through the bottom edge of the pedestal and the corresponding
junction edge of the column with pedestal and the horizontal plane shall be
governed by the expression.
Where qo = calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of the
pedestal/footing in N/mm2
d = effective depth
Two way shear (or two way bending action or punching shear) of
foundation:
For two way bending action, the following should be checked in punching
shear. Punching shear shall be around the perimeter 0.5 times the effective
depth away from the face of the column or pedestal.
For two way shear action, the nominal shear stress is calculated in
accordance with clause 31.6.2 of IS456: 2000 as follows:
Where = shear stress
d = effective depth
When shear reinforcement is not provided, the nominal shear stress at the
critical section should not exceed
N/mm2
Note: It is general practice to make the base deep enough so that shear
reinforcement is not required.
The critical section for checking the development length in a footing shall be
assumed at the same planes as those prescribed for bending moment in
clause 34.2.3 of code and also at all other vertical planes where abrupt
changes in section occur. Refer clause 34.2.4.3 of IS456: 2000.
Reinforcement in foundations:
The minimum reinforcement in footing slab specified by the code is 0.12%
and maximum spacing specified is 3 times the effective depth or 450mm
whichever is less. (clause 34.3).
Where,
The bearing pressure on the loaded area shall not exceed the permissible
bearing stress in direct compression multiplied by a value equal to
Where,
A1 = supporting are for bearing of footing, which is sloped or stepped footing
may be taken as the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a
pyramid or cone contained wholly within the footing and having its upper
base, the area actually loaded and having side slope of one vertical to two
horizontal.
For limit state design, the permissible bearing stress specified is 45 fck.
3. If dowels are used their diameter should not exceed the diameter of the
column bars by more than 3mm.