Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
On
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Undertaken At
NCUBE PLANING AND DESIGN PVT LTD
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Supervised By
Mr. Somdutt Sharma
(Sr. Project Manager)
Submitted By
Pawan Mehta
4871889
Session 2013-2017
i
Certificate
This is to certify that Industrial training report entitled "Construction of Delhi Police
Headquarter" by PAWAN MEHTA (16702), at "Ncube Planning and Design Pvt
Ltd" is an original work and the same has not been submitted to any other institute
for the award of any other degree. A Presentation of the Industrial Training report was
made on "Construction of Delhi Police Headquarter" and the suggestions as
approved by the faculty were duly incorporated. The project has been submitted in
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Civil Engineering of the Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, during the
academic year 2016-17.
ii
Performance Report
iii
Acknowledgement
I take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Somdutt Sharma
sir, Sr. Project Manager, Ncube Planning and Design Pvt Ltd, for his cordial
support, valuable information and guidance, which helped me in completing this task
through various stages.
I am obliged to Mr. Manmohan Nautiyal sir, Mr. Praveen Kant sir and. Mr. Sunil
Nigam sir for guidance by them in their respective fields and for encouraging me. I
am grateful to Ncube Planning and Design Pvt Ltd member for their cooperation
during the period of my Industrial Training.
PAWAN MEHTA
4871889
(CIVIL-VIII Semester)
iv
Abstract
The Industrial Training (I.T) program enables students to go out and gain more
practical knowledge of what they have been taught in course (Bachelor of
Technology) in graduation and to acquire industry based skills.
Site work for the period of training was undertaken at the Delhi Police Headquarter
Site. The project consists of office, residential, utility building, road and drainage
works, as well as external electrification and landscaping of the premises.
v
Dedication
This report is dedicated to my parents my inspiration without whom I would have not
been reached at this stage.
I would also like to dedicate this report to all the people who are behind this industrial
training program whether the inspirational Ncube Planning and Design Pvt Ltd
members or the college faculty.
vi
Contents
Certificate .......................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement ............................................................................................ iv
Abstract ............................................................................................................. v
Dedication ........................................................................................................ vi
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
4.1 Cement........................................................................................................................ 15
4.2 Aggregate .................................................................................................................... 18
vii
4.3 Water .......................................................................................................................... 18
4.4 Admixtures .................................................................................................................. 18
4.5 Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 20
4.6 Reinforcement (Steel Bar) .......................................................................................... 23
4.7 Brick ............................................................................................................................ 26
4.8 Damp Proofing Material ............................................................................................. 28
5 Structural Elements .......................................................................................... 30
Bibliography .................................................................................................... 51
viii
Content for Tables
Table 2-1 Floor Configuration of Tower. .................................................................. 4
Table 2-2 Floor Configuration of Residential building ............................................... 6
Table 3-1 Structure system ...................................................................................... 10
Table 3-2 Various IS Codes ..................................................................................... 10
Table 3-3 Unit weight of material ............................................................................ 11
Table 3-4 Imposed loads .......................................................................................... 12
Table 3-5 Primary Loads ......................................................................................... 13
Table 4-1 Grade of concrete..................................................................................... 21
Table 4-2 Mix design being used at site ................................................................... 21
Table 4-3 Classes of bricks with their properties ...................................................... 27
Table 6-1 Sizes of timber members .......................................................................... 41
Table 6-2Period of removal of formwork ................................................................. 42
ix
Content for Figures
Figure 2-1 Top view of site ........................................................................................ 4
Figure 2-2 Office building layout ............................................................................... 5
Figure 2-3 Basement layout plan ............................................................................... 5
Figure 3-1 Sub structural work .................................................................................. 7
Figure 3-2 Superstructure .......................................................................................... 9
Figure 4-1 Strength comparison between OPC, PPC and Rapid hardening cement ... 17
Figure 4-2 Slab concreting ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 4-3 Method of compaction ............................................................................ 23
Figure 4-4Slab reinforcement and PT tendons.......................................................... 24
Figure 4-5 Overlapping of Bars ............................................................................... 25
Figure 4-6 Rebaring work ........................................................................................ 26
Figure 4-7 Block Work of 200mm thickness ............................................................ 28
Figure 4-8 Bitumen membrane for water proofing is being covered with Screte of 25
mm thickness ........................................................................................................... 29
Figure 5-1 Retaining wall of thickness 400mm ........................................................ 32
Figure 5-3 One way slab with beams ....................................................................... 35
Figure 5-4 Two way slab with beams ....................................................................... 35
Figure 5-5 Flat slabs ................................................................................................ 36
Figure 6-1Formwork for slab and beam ................................................................... 37
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1 Introduction
The industrial training (I.T) program is designed to acquaint students with the
practical or hands-on knowledge of the past, present and the future. By the past, it
affords the student an opportunity to witness practically what they have read in books
i.e. the reality of the 100% assumption of the theories. It also affords students the
current knowledge of what the field works is all about, getting familiar with new
advancement in technology. The future refers to foreknowledge of what should be
expected when he/she begins to practice the profession. Furthermore, it avails the
students an opportunity to learn inter-and intra personal relationship, administrative
skills, site management identification of equipment among other opportunities.
This report entails some of the experience I was able to acquire in my short period of
attachment.
Specialties
Architecture, Master Planning, Work place Strategies, Interior Design, Engineering,
Design & Build and Project Management.
Website
https://www.nelsononline.com
Headquarters
A16, 2nd floor, Qutab Institutional Area, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi (110067)
1
It Exposes students to handling of equipment and machinery that may not be
readily available in their institutions of learning.
It serves as a link between student and industry.
It enables student to interpret some technical terms more easily.
It provides student the opportunity to prepare for employment after
graduation.
2
2 Introduction to Project
The proposed development for Delhi Police Headquarter is envisaged as a modern
office building which provides a strong identity of Delhi Police as an organization
providing safety and security for its citizen. Design also should be in harmony of its
natural surroundings and achieve a green building rating like GRIHA or equivalent.
The project includes Headquarter office with 500 seats auditorium, a residential block
for officers and utility building. Headquarter building will be built as a twin tower
connected on lower floors with proper designed landscape.
Main building will consist of an auditorium, cafeteria, traffic control room and
offices.
2.1 Objectives
To create a modern iconic structure for Delhi Police which is harmonious to
its architectural surrounding of Delhi?
To design a building which provide working environment for its user.
Green development sensitive towards its environment.
2.2.1.1 Roads
The plot is bounded on three sides by 16 mt. wide main roads namely Parliament
Street, Jai Sing road and Ashoka road.
3
Figure 2-1 Top view of site
4
Figure 2-2 Office building layout
Basement It is for parking and approx 2-% area is to be used for services required,
like STP, rainwater harvesting tank, fan rooms, electrical panel and underground
storage tank for domestic and fire.
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Ground Floor (GF) VIP entrance lobby with 200 seater cafeteria and 200seater
executive dining with its kitchen and business centre. There is 500seater auditorium in
the space between towers.
1st to 3rd floor Both tower comprises of office area while central block consist of
auditorium with its services.
4th to 9th floor VIP lobby area and auditorium converted into terrace on the 4th floor.
Both towers are disconnected.
10th to 14th These floors of both towers are connected with each other. 14th floor is
dedicated as commissioner’s floor with his office being located on topmost level of
the bridge area.
15th to 17th Similar to 8th and 9th floor. Topmost floor has a gym and recreational
club which opens towards terrace.
6
3 Introduction to Structural Design
The structure of a building is the part which is responsible for maintaining the shape
of the building under the influence of the forces to which it is subjected. A building
must be designed to safely withstand the most severe combination of forces or loads
likely to be applied during its lifetime. Building consists of many structural
components. Generally, structural components are divided into two categories-
Sub Structure
Super Structure
3.1.1.1 Foundation
The most lower part of the building. The main function of the foundation is to transfer
load to sub soil. It is the most important part of structure. Most of the failure of a
structure may happen due to foundation failure. Foundations are generally considered
either shallow or deep. Foundation should be strong enough to meet the following
requirements-
It should be strong enough to distribute the load to sub soil.
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It is capable to support structure.
Shallow foundations, often called footings, are usually embedded about a meter or so
into soil. One common type is the spread footing which consists of strips or pads of
concrete (or other materials) which extend below the frost line and transfer the weight
from walls and columns to the soil or bedrock.
Deep foundation is used to transfer the load of a structure down through the upper
weak layer of topsoil to the stronger layer of subsoil below. There are different types
of deep footings including impact driven piles, drilled shafts, caissons, helical piles,
geo-piers and earth stabilized columns.
According to final soil investigation report available for the site, strata of
moderate safe bearing capacity is available at depth of 12.35m below Ground
level (NGL).
Therefore raft foundation was provided. Gross bearing capacity is 48.5 T/sqm.
Plinth
The part between surrounding ground level and ground floor of the building is called
plinth. The purposes of the plinth are-
Transfer the incoming load from super structure to the foundation.
Provide damp proof to the building
Support the back filling as a retaining wall.
Plinth also increases the esthetical look of the building.
3.2 Superstructure
The part above plinth level is called super structure. Super structure contains many
other structural components. Such as-
Wall
Floor/Slab
Lintel and sunshade
Step and stair
Roof
Wall is used to separate the usable area of floor for different purpose. Such as
bedroom, bathroom, kitchen, living etc. Other prime purpose of wall is to provide
privacy and security.
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Figure 3-2 Superstructure
Floor, the main purpose of floor is to provide better living space and support of
occupants, furniture and other equipment of a building. The purpose of making
different floor in different level of a building is to create more accommodation within
limited space. Floor should be strong, durable, damp prove and heat protected.
Lintel and Sunshade, Lintel is provided for the purpose of supporting wall above
door or window opening. Sunshade is generally combined with lintel above window
opening to protect rain and sun.
Step and Stair, Stair is made for easy communication among various floors of a
building. Stair consists of steps. Steps height should be comfortable enough for
vertical movement.
Roof, the top most part of a building is the roof. Roof is build for the purpose of
enclosing and protects the living area/floor area from weather effect. Roof should be
stable, durable and weather resistant.
Two tower and bridge require column free space, more flooring to ceiling height.
Also ease and speed of construction are the important parameter while making a
choice for particular system of superstructure.
Type of System Beam slab system Flat slab with drop Flat slab without
system drop system
Clear height Less More Maximum
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Ease of construction Less More Maximum
Speed of construction Moderate Fast Faster
Performance under Better Moderate Poor
seismic load
Fire resistance Good Good Good
Cost of construction Marginally less More Expensive
Table 3-1 Structure system
According to above table Flat slab with drop system is considered more suitable and
is being provided at site according to design.
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As per IS: 875 (part5) and IRC:6-2010, for expansion and contraction due to change
in the temperature of the material of the structure due to daily or seasonal fluctuations
in the temperature.
For Delhi as per IRC: 6-2010
Maximum air shed Temperature = 47°C
Minimum air shed Temperature = -1.5°C
Mean Temperature = 22.75°C
Temperature at which the structure is effectively restrained = mean + 10
= 22.75+10
= 32.75°C
Variation in temperature
Maximum = 47-32.75 = 32.75°𝑐
Minimum = -1.5-32.75= -34.75°C
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3.10 Environmental exposure
The site is situated in Delhi which receive moderate rainfall also it is away from sea
coast. Soil investigation also indicates that sulphate and chloride content are well
within permissible limits; hence the building is designed for moderate exposure.
Minimum nominal cover to the structural members like Retaining wall which are in
contact with soil is not less than 45mm and for UG tank and STP which are in contact
with water and footing shall be minimum 50mm. for all structure in superstructure the
minimum cover to the reinforcement shall be 30mm.
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4 Building Materials
Building material is any material which is used for construction purposes. Many
naturally occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood are used to
construct buildings. Apart from naturally occurring materials, many man-made
products are in use, some more and some less synthetic. The manufacture of building
materials is an established industry in many countries and the use of these materials is
typically segmented into specific specialty trades, such as carpentry, insulation,
plumbing, and roofing work. The quality and effectiveness of building materials used
in the construction and their storage are as important as the other phases of building
activity like planning, designing and constructing the building itself.
4.1 Cement
Cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to
other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to
bind sand and gravel (aggregate) together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to
produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete.
The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr)
The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.
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4.1.1.1 Types of Cement
Ordinary Portland cement
Portland slag cement
Portland Pozzolana cement
Masonry cement
High alumina cement for
Super sulphated cement
Rapid hardening Portland cement
white Portland cement
Hydrophobic Portland cement
Sulphate resisting Portland cement
Low heat Portland cement
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Portland pozzolana cement produces less heat of hydration and offers greater
resistance to the attack of aggressive waters than ordinary Portland cement. It is
important to appreciate that the addition of pozzolana does not contribute to the
strength at early ages. Strengths similar to those of ordinary Portland cement can be
expected in general only at later ages provided the concrete is cured under moist
conditions for a sufficient period. Technically PPC has considerable advantages over
OPC when made by using optimum percentage of right quality of fly ash.
Figure 4-1 Strength comparison between OPC, PPC and Rapid hardening cement
Grading of PPC
In many countries, PPC is graded like OPC depending upon their compressive
strength at 28 days. In India, so far PPC is considered equivalent to 33 grade OPC,
strength wise, although some brand of PPC is as good as even 53 grade OPC. Many
cement manufacturers have requested BIS for grading of PPC just like grading of
OPC. They have also requested for upper limits of fly ash content from 25% to 35%.
Recently BIS has increased the fly ash content in PPC from 10–25% to 15–35%.
Application
Portland pozzolana cement can be used in all situations where OPC is used except
where high early strength is of special requirement. As PPC needs enough moisture
for sustained pozzolanic activity, a little longer curing is desirable. Use of PPC would
be particularly suitable for the following situations:
For hydraulic structures.
For mass concrete structures like dam, bridge piers and thick foundation.
For marine structures.
For sewers and sewage disposal works etc.
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4.2 Aggregate
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. It is a broad category of coarse
particulate material used in construction like sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag etc.
They give body to the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect economy. The mere fact
that the aggregates occupy 70–80 per cent of the volume of concrete, their impact on
various characteristics and properties of concrete is undoubtedly considerable.
4.3 Water
It is an important ingredient of concrete because it combines with cement and forms a
binding paste. The paste thus formed fills up the voids of the sand and coarse
aggregate bringing them into close adhesion.
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of
oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be
deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for
mixing concrete. The pH value of water shall be not less than 6.
In this project source of water is a bore well which is closely spaced to the building.
The quality of water is good and can be used for drinking purpose also.
4.4 Admixtures
A material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cement and additives like
pozzolana or slag and fiber reinforcement used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar
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and added to the batch immediately before or during its mixing to modify one or more
of the properties of concrete in the plastic or hardened state.
The different types of admixtures:
Chemical admixtures are materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to
the concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.
In normal use, admixture dosages are less than 5% by mass of cement and are added
to the concrete at the time of batching/mixing the common types of admixtures are as
follows:
Accelerators speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete accelerating
admixtures are especially useful for modifying the properties of concrete in cold
weather.
Retarders slow the hydration of concrete and are used in large or difficult pours
where partial setting before the pour is complete is undesirable..
Air entraining agents add and entrain tiny air bubbles in the concrete, which reduces
damage during freeze-thaw cycles, increasing durability.
Plasticizers increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete, allowing it be
placed more easily, with less consolidating effort. Plasticizers can be used to reduce
the water content of a concrete while maintaining workability and are sometimes
called water-reducers due to this use. Such treatment improves its strength and
durability characteristics.
Pigments can be used to change the color of concrete, for aesthetics.
Corrosion inhibitors are used to minimize the corrosion of steel and steel bars in
concrete.
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Admixtures should not impair durability of concrete nor combine with the constituent
to form harmful compounds nor increase the risk of corrosion of reinforcement. The
workability, compressive strength and the slump loss of concrete with and without the
use of admixtures shall be established during the trial mixes before use of admixtures.
4.5 Concrete
Concrete production is the process of mixing together the various ingredients—water,
aggregate, cement, and any additives—to produce concrete. Concrete production is
time-sensitive. Once the ingredients are mixed, workers must put the concrete in place
before it hardens. In modern usage, most concrete production takes place in a large
type of industrial facility called a concrete plant, or often a batch plant.
In general usage, concrete plants come in two main types, ready mix plants and
central mix plants. A ready mix plant mixes all the ingredients except water, while a
central mix plant mixes all the ingredients including water. A central mix plant offers
more accurate control of the concrete quality through better measurements of the
amount of water added, but must be placed closer to the work site where the concrete
will be used, since hydration begins at the plant.
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Grade Designation Specified characteristic Compressive Strength of 150
mm cube at 28 days in N/𝒎𝒎𝟐
M10 1O
Ordinary M15 15
Concrete M20 20
M25 25
M30 30
M35 35
Standard M40 40
Concrete M45 45
M50 50
M55 55
M60 60
M65 65
High Strength
Concrete M70 70
M75 75
M80 80
Table 4-1 Grade of concrete
In the designation of concrete mix M refer to the mix and the number to the specified
compressive strength of 150 mm size cube at 28 days, expressed in N/𝑚𝑚2 .
At site M10 is being used for PCC, M35 is being used for slab, M45 is being used for
vertical members like shear walls, columns and as well as for drop panel of slab.
4.5.1.2 RCC
Its full name is reinforced cement concrete. RCC is concrete that contains steel bars,
called reinforcement bars, or rebars. This combination works very well, as concrete is
21
very strong in compression, easy to produce at site, and inexpensive and steel is very
strong in tension.
22
4.5.1.4 Compaction of concrete
Concrete is compacted during placing by immersion vibrators. An immersion vibrator
is operated in a near vertical position, and it penetrates the full length of the layer of
concrete placed and just into the layer below to stitch in between. Vibration will be
applied continuously until the expulsion of air has practically ceased. The vibrators
will be withdrawn slowly to avoid the formation of voids. During the compaction care
should be taken to avoid the displacement of reinforcement, formwork, pre-fixed
pipes, etc. A minimum of one standby vibrator will be provided during concreting.
23
Rebar may also be used to hold other steel bars in the correct position to
accommodate their loads.
Masonry structures and the mortar holding them together have similar properties to
concrete and also have a limited ability to carry tensile loads. Some standard masonry
units like blocks and bricks are made with voids to accommodate rebar, which is then
secured in place with grout. This combination is known as reinforced masonry.
At the site the high strength steel bars of 500D and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically
Treated) bars of diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 12mm 16 mm, 20mm, 25mm & 32 mm as
per requirement of design is being used.
4.6.1.4 REBARING
Rebaring is the method of insertion of steel bars when:-
There is change in design or there is some extension of present structure.
When steel rod as per has been not installed and to install the same rebaring.
Mostly HILTI chemical are used for rebaring at site.
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Figure 4-6 Rebaring work
Steps involved:-
Drilling in the existing structure as per drawing
Cleaning of holes by ELE blower
Filling of chemical in well cleaned holes
Then inserting bars slowly inside the holes
4.7 Brick
A brick is building material used to make walls, pavements and other elements in
masonry construction. Traditionally, the term brick referred to a unit composed of
clay, but it is now used to denote any rectangular units laid in mortar. A brick can be
composed of clay-bearing soil, sand, and lime, or concrete materials. Bricks are
produced in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and
time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. Two basic categories of bricks are
fired and non-fired bricks. The unburnt or sun-dried bricks are those bricks which are
dried with the help of heat that is received from sun after the process of moulding.
The unburnt bricks can only be used in the construction of simple temporary and
cheap structures. Unburnt bricks should not be used at places exposed to heavy rains.
Bricks used in masonry can be of two types
Traditional bricks (size 23cm*11.4cm*7.6cm)
Modular bricks (size 19cm*9cm*9cm)
Concrete block (62.5cm*22.5cm*20cm)
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4.7.1.1 Classes of Bricks
Class of brick Strength in kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐 Water absorption after 24 hours in
water
First class bricks 105 ≤20%
Second class bricks 70 ≤22%
Third class bricks 30 ≤25%
Table 4-3 Classes of bricks with their properties
At site first class traditional bricks are being used for brick masonry is being used for
drainage at basement and brick work below DPC layer. Block work is being used for
partition walls of thickness 200mm and 100mm.
27
Figure 4-7 Block Work of 200mm thickness
28
Water proofing materials are butyl rubber, hot bitumen, plastic sheets, bituminous
sheet, sheet of lead, copper, mastic asphalt and Mortar with waterproofing
compounds.
At site water proofing compounds, hot bitumen and bitumen sheets are being used as
a water proofing material. Screte of 25mm is being provided above the bitumen
membrane in water proofing of slab.
Figure 4-8 Bitumen membrane for water proofing is being covered with Screte of 25 mm thickness
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5 Structural Elements
Those members that are interconnected in such a way so as to constitute a structure
are called structural elements.
5.1 Column
Column is a vertical member which takes complete load of the beam, slabs and the
entire structure and the floor and other area of the building. A column is a vertical
member which effectively takes load by compression. Basically column is a
compression member as load acts along its longitudinal axis. Bending moment may
occur due to wind earthquake or accidental loads.
Column transfers the load of the structure of slabs beams above to below, and finally
load is transferred to the soil. Position of the columns should be so that there are no
tensile stresses developed at the cross section of the columns. Columns location
should be such that it hides in the walls partially or fully.
Generally, floor height is approximately 3 m or 10 feet, L/B ratio will be less than 12,
so in maximum cases short column is placed. In case where height of floor is more
than 3 m or 10 feet, we need to check L/B ratio so result may be long or short column.
Generally, on long column there are more forces generated so should be designed
carefully.
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Column formwork
Pouring of concrete
Layout of Columns
Column layouts are done by laying rope in the grid lines and mark the location of
columns
Column Reinforcement
Column reinforcement works needs following checklist on site:
Check the numbers and diameter of vertical bars
Spacing between vertical bars
Check Development length which depends on diameter of bar
Lapping in alternate bars should come at same height.
Lapping should not come inside beam or slab.
Lapping should be at l/3 or 2l/3 of column as per structural notes
Spacing between stirrups is as per the drawing
Hook should be bend properly at right angles.
Check the stirrups corner. Vertical bar should come at right angle edge of
stirrup properly bound with binding wire.
Concreting of RCC Column
Concreting of an RCC column can be done manually or with the help of
machine or pump
Following points to be followed during and after concreting:
For less quantity machine mix concrete is done and for larger quantity ready
mix concrete (RMC) is ordered.
Approval of placing concrete whether by pump or manually has to be taken
from client.
Concrete should be poured up to slab bottom; the remaining column gets
concreted during pouring of slab & beam.
Mechanical vibrator to be compulsorily used in the column but excess
vibration can cause segregation. Each layer should be thoroughly compacted.
Proper cover as per structural drawings to be maintained.
Temperature should be below 30 degree while pouring concrete.
After the pouring of concrete and vibrating it with the help of a vibrator the
horizontality and verticality of column to be checked.
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5.2 Retaining wall
A retaining wall is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of
soil, when there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of
repose of the soil.
A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth)
and prevents it from sliding or eroding away. It is designed so that to resist the
material pressure of the material that it is holding back.
Concrete Cantilever retaining wall
At site cantilever retaining wall is constructed. This consists of a wall which is
connected to foundation. A cantilever wall holds back a significant amount of soil, so
it must be well engineered. They are the most common type used as retaining walls.
Cantilever wall rest on a slab foundation. This slab foundation is also loaded by back-
fill and thus the weight of the back-fill and surcharge also stabilizes the wall against
overturning and sliding.
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caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to the weight of
structure and occupants; create powerful twisting (torsional) forces. These forces can
literally tear (shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a
rigid wall inside it maintains the shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the joints.
Shear walls are especially important in high-rise buildings subject to lateral wind and
seismic forces.
5.4 Beam
A beam is a structural element that primarily resists loads applied laterally to the
beam's axis. Its mode of deflection is primarily by bending. The loads applied to the
beam result in reaction forces at the beam's support points. The total effect of all the
forces acting on the beam is to produce shear forces and bending moments within the
beam, that in turn induce internal stresses, strains and deflections of the beam. Beams
are characterized by their manner of support, profile (shape of cross-section), length,
and their material.
35
Figure 5-4 Flat slabs
At site one way, two way and flat slab with drop panel is being provided. Having
thickness of 210mm, 350mm and 450mm according to design.
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6 Formwork
Formwork is the term given to either temporary or permanent molds into which
concrete or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the
false work supports the shuttering molds.
37
maintains the desired size and shape by having the proper dimensions and being rigid
enough to hold its shape under the stresses of the concrete.
Safety: Formwork operations are risky, and workers are typically exposed to unsafe
working conditions. Partial or total failure of concrete formwork is a major
contributor to deaths, injuries, and property damages within the construction industry.
Forms must be built with sufficient strength and factors of safety so they are capable
of supporting all dead and live loads without collapse or danger to workers and to the
concrete structure.
Speed and Time: Speed of construction is defined as the rate in which concrete
building is raised and can be expressed in terms of number of floors erected per week
or months. Speed of construction can be also measured in terms of inches or
millimeters of concrete poured per hour. Formwork operations can control the pace of
construction projects.
38
6. Provide bracing at proper places as per formwork scheme to take care of
lateral loads.
7. Apply mould oil/other coatings as release agents before reinforcement steel is
placed.
8. Check all the shutters are properly aligned and fixed firmly with required
lateral supports and ties.
9. Check all the spanning members have proper bearing at the supports.
10. Wedges or jacks shall be secured in position after the final check of alignment.
11. Forms shall be thoroughly cleaned of all dirt, mortar and other matters such as
metals, blocks, saw dust and foreign materials before concreting.
12. Check all the gaps/openings are properly closed to avoid leakages.
13. Check all the inserts/embedment and openings are exactly placed as per the
drawings.
14. In case of leakages, bulging and sagging immediate actions shall be taken by
tightening wedges or adjusting by jacks which must be done before the
concrete takes its initial set.
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of its high number of reuses and its height, which means that no splicing is typically
required.
Formwork for Concrete Beams
Formwork for beams consists of a bottom and two sides (open through section) in
addition to their supporting elements. The bottom is typically made of ply wood or
lumber sheathing. The bottom is supported by and fastened to horizontal joists. Beam
sides are also made of plywood or lumber sheathing.
Beam forms must be designed and constructed to safely support the vertically applied
dead loads and live loads as described above.
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materials suitable for formwork should be based on the price, safety during
construction, and the quality required in the finished product.
Rapid hardening cement, warm weather and light loading conditions allow early
removal of formwork. The formwork should under no circumstances be allowed to be
removed until all the concrete reaches strength of at least twice the stresses to which
the concrete may be subjected at the time of removal of formwork. All formworks
should be eased gradually and carefully in order to prevent the load being suddenly
transferred to concrete.
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7 Tests for quality check
7.1 Test on Cement
7.1.1.1 Consistency
AIM
To determine the quantity of water required to produce a cement paste of standard
consistency as per IS: 4031 (Part 4) - 1988.
PRINCIPLE
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould.
APPARATUS
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose permissible variation
at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982
PROCEDURE
i. Weigh approximately 400g of cement and mix it with a weighed quantity of
water.
ii. The time of gauging should be between 3 to 5 minutes.
iii. Fill the Vicat mould with paste and level it with a trowel.
iv. Lower the plunger gently till it touches the cement surface.
v. Release the plunger allowing it to sink into the paste.
vi. Note the reading on the gauge.
vii. Repeat the above procedure taking fresh samples of cement and different
quantities of water until the reading on the gauge is 5 to 7mm.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
Express the amount of water as a percentage of the weight of dry cement to the first
place of decimal.
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7.1.1.2 Initial and Final Setting Time
AIM
To determine the initial and the final setting time of cement as per IS: 4031 (Part 5) -
1988.
APPARATUS
Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513 - 1976 Balance, whose permissible variation
at a load of 1000g should be +1.0g Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086 - 1982
PROCEDURE
i) Prepare a cement paste by gauging the cement with 0.85 times the water
required to give a paste of standard consistency.
ii) Start a stop-watch, the moment water is added to the cement.
iii) Fill the Vicat mould completely with the cement paste gauged as above, the
mould resting on a non-porous plate and smooth off the surface of the paste
making it level with the top of the mould. The cement block thus prepared in
the mould is the test block.
INITIAL SETTING TIME
Place the test block under the rod bearing the needle. Lower the needle gently in order
to make contact with the surface of the cement paste and release quickly, allowing it
to penetrate the test block. Repeat the procedure till the needle fails to pierce the test
block to a point 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the mould . The time
period elapsing between the time, water is added to the cement and the time, the
needle fails to pierce the test block by 5.0 ± 0.5mm measured from the bottom of the
mould, is the initial setting time.
FINAL SETTING TIME
Replace the above needle by the one with an annular attachment.
The cement should be considered as finally set when, upon applying the needle gently
to the surface of the test block, the needle makes an impression therein, while the
attachment fails to do so. The period elapsing between the time, water is added to the
cement and the time, the needle makes an impression on the surface of the test block,
while the attachment fails to do so, is the final setting time.
REPORTING OF RESULTS
The results of the initial and the final setting time should be reported to the nearest
five minutes.
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7.2 Tests on Aggregate
45
7.2.1.2 Water Absorption
AIM
To determine the water absorption of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part III) -
1963.
APPARATUS
i) Wire basket - perforated, electroplated or plastic .
ii) Water-tight container for suspending the basket
iii) Dry soft absorbent cloth - 75cm x 45cm (2 nos.)
iv) Shallow tray of minimum 650 sq.cm area
v) Air-tight container of a capacity similar to the basket
vi) Oven
PROCEDURE
i) The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust,
ii) drained and then placed in the wire basket and immersed in distilled water at a
iii) Temperature between 22 and 32oC.
iv) After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket
and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should
remain immersed for a period of 24 + 1 2 hrs. afterwards.
v) The basket and aggregates should then be removed from the water, allowed to
drain for a few minutes, after which the aggregates should be gently emptied
from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the
cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first would remove no
further moisture. The aggregates should be spread on the second cloth and
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be
completely surface-dry. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight 'A').
vi) The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to
110oC for 24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and
weighed (Weight 'B').
REPORTING OF RESULTS
Water absorption = [(A-B)/B] x 100%
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7.3 Tests on Concrete
47
Sample of concrete for the test specimen shall be taken at the mixer or in the case of
ready mixed concrete from the transportation vehicle discharge or as directed by
Engineer-in-charge.
SAMPLING
CURING
The tests specimens are then stored in moist air for 24 hours and after this the
specimens are marked and removed from the molds and kept submerge in clear fresh
water until taken out prior to test.
TESTING PROCEDURE
i) Remove the specimens from the water after specified time and wipe out excess
water from the surface
ii) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m
iii) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine
Fig: cube testing
iv) Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be
applied to the opposite side of the cube cast.
v) Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen
vi) Apply the load gradually without shock and continue till the specimen fail
vii) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
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7.4 IN-SITU DRY DENSITY
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8 Conclusion
In conclusion, there were many things that I have experienced and learned during the
four month of my Industrial Training at Nelson India. The whole training period was
very interesting, instructive and challenging.
Through this training I was able to gain new insights and more comprehensive
understanding about the real industry working condition and practice. The four month
of duration also has provided me the opportunities to develop and improve my
functional skills. All of these valuable experiences and knowledge that I have gained
were not only acquired through the direct involvement in task given but also through
other aspect of the training such as work observation, interaction with colleagues,
superior, and other people related to the field.
From what I have undergone, I am very sure that the industrial training program has
achieved its entire primary objectives. It is also the best way to prepare students to
face the real working life. As a result of the program now I am more confident to
build my future career.
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Bibliography
damp proof. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damp_proofing
IS : 875 ( Part 1 ) - 1987 . Dead load.
IS : 875 ( Part 2 ) - 1987. Imposed Load.
IS : 875 ( Part 3 ) - 1987. Wind Load.
IS:1857-1987 . Design Loads.
IS:456-2000. Code for desing of concrete and RCC structure.
STANDARDS, B. O. (2005). NATIONAL BUILDING CODE OF INDIA 2005 .
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