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Chapter 11
TWO BASIC MODELS FOR
RESPONDING TO THE USE OF
DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES
0 The Disease Model
1 Abuser is helpless and blameless
2 Defines substance abuse as a
disease to be prevented or treated
3 The Moral-Legal Model
4 Defines alcohol and other
psychoactive drugs as either legal or
illegal
5 Attempts to control availability
through penalties
THE MORAL LEGAL
MODEL-
3 methods
6 Regulation
7 Certain substances that may be
harmful to their consumers can be
sold with only minimal restrictions.
8 These substances are heavily
taxed, providing government with an
important source of revenue.
9 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco
products are subjected to
disproportionate taxation, and their
sale is restricted to people above a
certain age.
10 Special licenses are usually
required.
THE MORAL LEGAL
MODEL-
3 methods
11 Medical auspices
12 The use of certain potentially
harmful substances is permitted
under medical supervision.
13 The medical profession is given
control over legal access to specific
substances that have medical uses
because when the substances are
taken under the direction of a
physician, their value outweighs their
danger.
14 In this category are barbiturates,
amphetamines, and certain opiates.
THE MORAL LEGAL
MODEL-
3 methods
15 Criminalization
16 Statutory limitations make the
manufacture or possession of certain
dangerous substances a crime and
empower specific public officials to
enforce these statutes.
17 Certain other substances are
permitted under medical auspices,
but punishment is specified for
individuals who possess these
substances outside of accepted
medical practice.
Incongruities BETWEEN
FACT AND POLICY
18Of the most widely used psychoactive drugs,
heroin and cocaine are banned; barbiturates,
tranquilizers, and amphetamines are restricted;
and alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine products are
freely available.
19There is a difference between scientific
knowledge, the body of facts and theories
related to drug use, and political knowledge,
which concerns public attitudes toward drug
use.
20Our response to easily abused substances is
not based on the degree of danger inherent in
their use.
21That some drugs are outlawed with others are
legally and widely available is better
understood in terms other than those of science
or medicine, including different drug industries
and prejudice and racism.
SUPPLY REDUCTION
THROUGH CRIMINAL
SANCTIONS
In theory, in a free-market
22
CONTROLLING DRUGS AT
THEIR SOURCE
The current U.S. policy of attempting to
25
CROP ERADICATION OR
SUBSTITUTION
Crop substitution programs have been
30
DRUG ENFORCEMENT
AND FOREIGN POLICY
33The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986
requires the President to certify to
Congress that producer and
transshipment nations have
made adequate progress in
attacking drug production and
trafficking.
In 1990, of the 24 major drug-
34
DRUG REDUCTION
THROUGH TREATMENT
AND SUPERVISION
According to the U.S. Office of National
38
MEDICAL MARIJUANA
42There is no consensus on the
effectiveness of marijuana as a
treatment for symptoms of pain,
nausea, vomiting and other problems
caused by illnesses or their treatment.
By 2011, 16 states and the District of
43