A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2004 Fifth Edition American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, D.C. 20001 (202) 624-5800 www.transportation.org “Copyright 2004, by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. All Rights Reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 1-56051-263-6American Associ in of State Highway and Transportation Officials Executive Committee 2004-2005 VOTING MEMBERS OFFICERS: PRESIDENT: Bryan Nicol, Indiana VICE PRESIDENT: Jack Letiiere, New Jersey SECRETARY-TREASURER: Larry King, Pennsylvania REGIONAL REPRESENTATIVES: REGIONI; Allen Biebler, Pennsylvania, One-Year Term. Dan Tangherlini, District of Columbia, Two-Year Term REGION II; Femando Fagundo, Puerto Rico, One-Year Term Harold Linnenkohl, Georgia, Two-Year Term REGION III: Gloria Jeff, Michigan, One-Year Term Frank Busalacchi, Wisconsin, Two-Year Term REGIONIV: Tom Norton, Colorado, One-Year Term David Sprynezynatyk, Two-Year Term NON-VOTING MEMBERS IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT: John Njord, Utah EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: John Horsley, Washington, D. C. ttTask Force on Geometric Design 2004 Region 1: Kenneth Briges Donald A. Lyford Phillip J. Clark ‘Reza Maleki Region 2: Don T. Arkle Robert L, Walters (Chair) John Pickering Jeff Jones ‘Norman H. Roush Region 3: James O. Brewer Jim Rosenow Ted Watson, Larry Sutherland Region 4: Karla Sutliff Max Valerio ‘Wayne Kinder Reza Amini Mark A. Marek Paul Bereich Other: Jim McDonnell John LaPlante William Prosser Joe Ruffer David Hutchison Ray Derr Maryland New Hampshire ‘New York Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Alabama Arkansas Mississippi Tennessee West Virginia Kansas Minnesota Nebraska Ohio California New Mexico Nevada Oklahoma Texas ‘Wyoming AASHTO Liaison American Public Works Association FHWA National Association of County Engineers National League of Cities TRBARIZONA: ARKANSAS: (CALIFORNIA: ‘COLORADO: AASHTO Highway Subcommittee on Design 2004-2005 Allen D: Biebler, PENNSYLVANIA, Chair ‘Susan Martinovich, NEVADA, Vice-Chair Dwight A. Home, FHWA, Secretary Jim McDonnell, P-E., AASHTO, Staff Liaison Aske, Soa. ‘CONNECTICUT: Chief, Design Burean “Alabama Deparment of Transporation 1409 Coliseam Boolevard Montgomery, AL 36130-3050 Walker, Steven E, Assist Chief Design Engineer ‘Alabama Departmeat of Transportation 1409 Coliseum Boulevard Montgomery, AL 36130-3050 Hogins, Gary (Chief of Design & Constration ‘Standards ‘Alaska Deparment of Transporation & Public Felis 3152 Channel Drive Tunes, AK 99801-7598 Loui, Joha ‘Assistant Safe Enginer, Roadway Group ‘Arizona Deparment of Transporation 20S South 17% Ave, Mail Drop 611E Phoenix, AZ 88007-3213, ‘McConsel, Philip L ‘Assistant Chief Engineor Design ‘Arkansas Site Highyvay & “Transporation Department P.O. Box 2261, 10324 Interstate 30 State Highway’ Building ite Rock, AR 72203-2261 Clements, Chases D. Enginer of Rondway Design ‘Akanss State Highway & ‘Transporation Deparment P.O. Box 2261, 10324 Intersate 30 ‘State Highway Building Lite Rock, AR 72203-2261 DELAWARE! DISTRICT OF ej, Mace ‘COLUMBIA: (Chief, Division of Design Califor Department of Transportation P.O. Box 942874, 1120 Steet Sacramento, CA 84273 ‘Van DeWepe, Dean Projet Development Branch Manager Colorado Deparment of Trnsporstion 4201 ast Arkansas Avenue, Room 405 Denver, CO £0222, Bard, Car F Enginering Adminstrator Connecticut Deparment of “Transporation P.O. Box 3175462800 Berlin Turapike ‘Newington, CT 06131-7546 Grit, Arthar W. Chief Engineer Connecticut Department of “Transportation 2.0. Box 3175462800 Beelin Torpike ‘Newington, CT 06131-7546 Norman, James. Manager of Sate Design Connecticut Department of “Traneporaion 1.0, Box 3175462800 Beclin Torpike ‘Newington, CT 06131-7546 Anglo, Michael A. “Agsistent Director, Project Development, fonh Region Delaware Department of Trensperation P.O. Box 778, Bay Road, Route 113, Dover, DE 19903-0778 (Canning, Kevin Quality Engineer Delaware Departient of Transportation P.O. Box 778, Bay Road, Route 113, Dover, DE 19903-0778 ‘Simmons, Michael ‘Assistant Director, Project Development, South Region Delaware Department of Transprtation P.O. Box 778, Bey Road, Route 113, Dover, DE 19903-0778 Doria, Zahra Supervisory Civil Enger Distt of Cofumbia Department of Transporation 64 New York Avenue, NE. ‘Wathington, DC 20002 ‘lle, Allen Supervisory Civil Enginer District of Columbia Deparenent of “Transporation (64 New Vouk Avenue, NE. Washington, DC 20002DISTRICT OF ‘COLUMBIA: FLORIDA: GeoRGIA: HAWATI IDAHO: TLUINOIS: INDIANA: Penney, Kathleen Towa: ‘Supervisory Civil Engineer Diswict of Columbia Department of “Transportation 64 New York Avene, NE, Washington, DC 20002 Blanchard, Bran A. State Roaiwvay Design Engineer Florde Deparment of Trensprition 605 Suwvannee Steet ‘allaassee, FL 32399-0450 Mi, Florida Department of Transportation 608 Suvannee Steet ‘Tallahassee, FL 32399-0450 Greer, Robert Director, Office of Design Tlerda Department of Transporation 605 Suwannee Suee, MS 38 Tallahassee, FL 32311-0480, ‘Buchan, Jemes (Ben) State Road and Aiport Design Engineer Georgia Deparment of Transporation 2 Capitol Square, S.W, Room 386 ‘tena, GA 30334 ‘Tamer, Thoma L Georgia Departmen of Transportation 2 Capitol Square, 8.W., Rooms 129 ‘Alana, GA 30334 hoy, Gary “Engineer Program Manages, Design ‘Branch, Highways Division Hawaii Department of Transportation 601 Kamokile Boulevard, Room SE8A Kapolei, HI96707 Frooda, Jains Highway Design Engineer “Hevell Dpartment of Transponation {501 Kapolei Boulevard, Room 609 Kapoles, HI 96707 Hutchinson, Steven . “Assistant Chief Engineer, Development ‘abo Tren Deparment P.O. Box 7129, 3311 W Sate Stet ‘Boise; TD 83707-1129 ‘Thomas, LoreaD. Rondway Design Engineer [Waho Transporation Department P.O. Box 7129, 311 W. State Stet Boise, ID 83707-1129 Hine, Michaet (Chief of Design end Environment lines Dopartment of Transportation 2300 8. Dirksen Parkway ‘Springfield 62764 Mrocake, Gerald Chief, Division of Design Indiana Department of Transportation IO0N. Senate Avenue, Room N-642 Indianapolis, TN 46204.2017 LOUISIANA: ‘Kennett, Michael J Director, Office of Design low Departmeat of Transporation 800 Lizeoin Wey ‘Ames, TA 50010-6915 Lite, David District Engince, District 2 Towa Department of Transporation, Engineering Division 1420 Fourth Steet, SE. Mason City, IA 50402-0742 Stein, Wil Methods Eagineer Towa Department of Transportation 800 Lincoln Way ‘Ames, A 50010-6915 Adams, Richerd G. ‘Road Design Engineer ‘Kansas Department of Transporation 915 Harson Ave, 9th Floor “Topeka, KS 66612-1568 ‘Brewer, James O. Enginering Manage, State Road Office ‘Kansas Department of Transportation Docking iste Office Building, 9th Floor ‘Topeka, KS 66612-1568 ‘Amstrong, Monte C. ‘Road Design Engineer ‘Kansas Deparment of Transponation Docking Sate Otic Building, 983 Floor ‘Topeka, KS 66612-1568 Sharpe, Gay W. Director, Divison of Highway Design ‘Kentucky Transporation Cabinet, 200 Mero Street Frankfort, KY 40622 Jones, David ‘Location Branca Manager ‘Kentucky Transporation Cabinet 200 Mero street Franks, KY 40622 Spey, Kenneth R. ‘Assstnt State Highway Engineer ‘Kentucky Transportation Cabinet, Office ‘of Project Development 200 Mero Sree Frankfort, RY 40622 Israel, N.Keat Roadway Design Administtor Louisiana Department of Transportation snd Development P.O. Box 94245, 1201 Capitol ‘Access Rosa Baton Rouge, LA 70804-5245 Kalivods, Nichols ‘Traffic Eagincerng Development “Administrator “Lousiana Departnent of Transportation ‘and Devel P.O. Box 94245, 1201 Capital ‘Access Rosa ‘Beton Rouge, LA 70804-9245LOUISIANA: ‘MAINE: MARYLAND: ‘MASSACHUSETTS: MINNESOTA: Pont, Lyd MISSISSIPPI Project Development Engineer ‘Louisiana Department of Transportation ‘and Development P.O. Box 94245, 1201 Capitol ‘Access Road ‘Baton Rouge, LA 70804-9245, Casey ery A. ‘Program Manager, Uibun and Atrial Highways ‘Maine Department of Transportation ‘Transporation Building, Sate House Station 16 Augusta, ME 04333-0016 ‘Douglass, Rober D. Dizector, Woodrow Wilson Bridge Project Maryland Department of Transportation, ‘State Highway Adainistetion OTN. Calvert Steet, Mal Stop C102 Balkimore, MD 21202 MeCelland, Kick . Dizecor, Ofce of Highway Development Marylend Deparment of Transportation, ‘State Highway Adminisration T0TN, Calver Sweat Baltimore, MD 21202 ‘Bhundo, Job, Depa Che Engin, Poet ‘Masachuseas Highwey Department 10?Park Plaza, Room 6340 Boston, MA 02116-3973, ‘Wood, taney Highway Design Engineer ‘Massachusets Highvay Department 10 Pek Plaza Boston, MA 02116 ‘Van Por Fleet, Mask ‘MISSOURI: MONTANA: ‘NEBRASKA: Building 425 W. Onava Stet, P.O, Box 30050 Lansing, 48909 nas, Richard A, Dizector, Office of Eavronmenta Services ‘Minnesota Department of Transporation Transporation Building, MS 620, 395 Jobn Ireland Boulevard ‘St Paul, MN 55155-1899 ‘Thakur, Makar State Design Engineer “Minnesota Department of Transporation ‘Transporation Building, MS 610, 395 John Ireland Boulevard ‘Se Paul, MN 55155-1899 NEVADA: Pickering, John B. isp P.O. Box 1850, 401 Nor West Steet Jackson, MS 39215-1850, Foster, David ‘Assistant Chief Engineer, Preconsttion ‘Mississippi Department of Transportation P.O. Box 1850, 401 Nort West Stest Jackson, MS 39215-1850, Purvis, Keith Assistant Roadway Design Engineer Mission nt of Transporation P.O, Box 1850, 401 Nock West Steet ‘Tackson, MS 39215-1850, Hieckemeyer, Diane ‘State Design Engineer ‘Missouri Deparument of Transportation P.O. Box 270 Jefferson City, MO 65102-0207 Nichols, David B. Director of Project Development ‘Missouri Department of Transporation 105 West Capitol Avenut, P.O. Box 270 Jefferson City, MO 65102-1207 Pei, CaS. Presonsriction Engineer ‘Montana Deparment of Transporation P.O, Box 201001, 2701 Prospect Avenbe “elena, MT 59620-1001 Feny, Paul, ‘Montana Department of Transporation 2.0, Box 201001, 2701 Prospect Avenue “Helena, MT 39620-1001 ‘Williams, Ronald E ‘Road Design Engineer ‘Montana Department of Tansponation P.O, Bex 201001, 2701 Prospect Avenue Helena, MT 59620-1001 Poppe, Eldon D. agncer, Roadvvay Design Division ‘Nebraska Department of Roeds 1500 Nebraska Highway 2 P.O, Box 94759 Lincol, NE 68500.4759 Allyn, Dawa, ‘Assistant Design Engineer ‘Nebraska Deparment of Roads 1300 Nebraska Highway 2 P.O. Box 94738 Lincoln, NE 68509.4759 ‘Tue, Don Assistant Design Engineer ‘Nebraska Department of Rosds 1500 Nebraska Highway 2 P.O. Box 94759 Lincola, NE 68509-4759, Kinder, Wayne (Chief Roed Design Engineer ‘Nevada Department of Transportation 1263 5. Steware Steet Carson City, NV 89712-0002,NEWHAMPSHIRE: Green, Crug A. ‘NEW JERSEY: NEW MEXICO: NEWYORK: NoRTH Administrator, Bureu of Highway CAROLINA: Design| ‘New Hampshire Department of John O. Morton Building, ?.0. Box 483 1 Hazen Dave Concord, NH 03301-0483, ‘Dunoe, Richard W. Digector, Design Services [New Jersey Department of Transporation 1035 Parkway Avenve, CN 600 ‘Trenton, N 08625-0600 Eisdorfer, Arthur J ‘Manager, Breau of Civil Engineering [New Jersey Deparment of Transporation 1035 Faskway Avenue, CN 600 ‘Trenton, NF 08625-0600 Signora, Robert A, Projet Engines, Surface Design [New Jersay Departent of “Transportation, Division of Design Services 1035 Paway Avenue, CN 600 “Trenton, N 08625-0600 ‘Macias, Roy (Chief, Internal Design Bureau New Mexico State Highway and “Transporation Department P.O. Bor 1143, 1120 Centos Rosd Santa Fe, NM 87504-1149 Peralta, Deans Interal Design Bureau [New Mexico State Highway and “Transportation Deparment P.O. Box 1149, 1120 Cemilos Rosd Santa Fe, NMI 875041149 Valeri, Max Chie Preliminary Design Bares New Mexico State Highway and “Transporation P.O. Box 1149, 1120 Cerlos Road Santa Fe, NM 87504-1149 ‘Beli, Pete Disestor of Design, Services Bureas New York Department of Transporation Building 5, State Office Campus 1220 Washington Avenue Albany, NY 12252-0750, Clack, Philip 3. Deputy ChietEnpineerDizeetor, Design Bivision ‘New York Deparment of Transporation Bulking 5, iste Office Compas 20 Washington Avenue Albany, NY 12232-0748, Di Angelo, Daniel Director, Design Quality Assurance Bureau ‘New York Department of Transportation 1220 Washington Ave Buulding 5, Room 410 ‘Albany, NY 12232-0751 NORTH DAKOTA: onto: OKLAHOMA: ‘OREGON; PENNSYLVANIA: ‘Bennet, Jay A Sate Roadway Design Engineer ‘North Carolina Department of| ‘Transportation 1582 Mal Service Center Raleigh, NC 27688-1582 ‘Barbour, Deborah M Director, Preconstraction ‘North Carolina Department of “Transporation P.O. Box 25201, 1 South Wilmington Steet Raleigh, NC27611-5201 McMillan Art State Design Engineer ‘North Carolina Department of| "Transporation 1584 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC27659.1584 Gaydos, Mark Design Eagingor ‘North Dakora Department of Transporation 608 E. Boulevard Avense Bismarek, ND $8505-0700 Mise, Cash ‘Assistant Director end Chief Engineer Ohio Department of Transportation, Planning and Production Managenient 1980 West Broad Steet. ‘Columbus, OH 43223-1102 ‘Sutherand, Lary F Depaty Dizecor, Office of Rosdvay Engineving Services Ohio Department of Transportation 1980 West Broad Steet (Columb, OF 43223-1102 Seakowst, Christine M, Division Engineer, Roadway Design Oklahoma Deparment of Trangporstion 200. 21st Sweet, Room 20-2 ‘Okdahoma City, OK 73105-3208 ‘Taylor, Bruce E Chief Engineer Oidahoms Deparment of Transporation 200NE 21st Sweet Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3204 ‘Lauer, Thomas “Manager, Roséway Engineering Section (Oregon Department of Transportation 355 Capitol Sweet, NE, Roos 200, Selem, OR 97310 Schreiber, Dean A. (Chief, Bureau of Design Penosyvenia Department of, Tr P.O. Box 2951 Hiscisburg, PA 17105-2951PUERTO RICO: RHODE ISLAND: souTH, CAROLINA: ‘SOUTH DAKOTA: “TENNESSEE: eer, Ace ‘TENNESSEE: Director, Desig Area ‘Puerto Rico Highway and Transporation “Authority P.O. Box 42007, Minis Station ‘San Juan, PR 00940-2007 ‘Sntans-Pimentl, José Puerto Rico Highway and Transporation “Authority 2.0, Box 42007, Minis Station ‘Sen Juan, PR 00940-2007 Bennet, J. Michel Depaty Chief Enginoer, Environmental ‘nd Fntermodal Planning Rhode sla Department of ‘Transportation ‘State Office Buldin, 2 Capitol Hill Providence, RIOD903-1124 Kneoce, RoegueL. Program Development Engineer, East South Carolina Deparment of| ‘Transportation Silas N Pearman Building, 955 Park Sex, P.O. Box 191 Columbia, $C 29202-0191 Patt, Robet Dizector of Preconstucton Sout Carolina Deparment of ‘Transporason Silas N. Pearman Building, 955 Park Sues, P.O. Box 191 Columbia, SC 29202-0191, ‘Walsh, Jon V. Deputy State Highway Engineer ‘South Carolina Department of| ‘Teaasporason Silas N, Pesrman Building, 955 Park Stee, 2.0. Box 191, Columbia, SC 29262-0191, c Genale, Joe (Chief Road Design Enginoer ‘South Dakota Deparment of “Transportation 700 Fast Brosdivay Avenue Piers SD 57501-2586 Feller, Joe ‘Chief Materials and Suctacing Engineer South Dakota Department of ‘Transportation 700 East Broadway Avenue lene, SD S7501-2586 Jones, Jeff C Director, Design Division ‘Tennessee Deparment of Transportation James K. Polk Building, Site 1300 505 Deaderick Steet ‘Nashville, TN 37268-0339 ‘VERMONT: Vinca: WASHINGTON: WEST VIRGINIA: Zeigler, James Director, Breau of Planning end ‘Development ‘Tennessee Department of Trnsportstion James K Polk Building Suite 700 55 Deaderick Steet ‘Nashville, TN 37243-0339 ‘Bohuslav, Ken Director, Design ‘Texas Deparment of Transporation 125 East Th Steet ‘Austin, TX 78701-2483 Marek, Mai Engineer of Rosdway Design ‘Texas Department of Transporation 125 Bart Ith Steet ‘Astin, TX 78701-2483 Davi, Jason E. Engineering Services Director ‘Uaah Depertnent of Transpottion 4501 South 2700 West P.O. Box 148490 Salt Lake City, UT 84119 Shattuck, Robert, Rodway Design Program Manager ‘Vermoat Agency af Tansperttion ‘Nationa Life Building, Drawer 33, ‘Montpelier, VT 05633-5001 ‘Mirshahi, Mohammad ‘Eocation and Design Division “Administrator ‘Virginia Department of Transporation 1401 E. Broad Steet ‘Richmond, VA 23219 Albin, Richard “Assistant Sate Design Engineer, NW Region ‘Washington Sate Department of ‘Transporation ‘Transportation Building 310 Maple Park, P.O. Box 47329 Olympia, WA 98504-7329 Peterfeso, Harold State Design Engineer ‘Washington State Department of Tr Olympia, WA 98504-7300, Clevenger, David E CConsaiant Review Section Head ‘West Visiia Department of ‘Transporation, Engineerig Division 1900 Kanawha Boulevard East, Building S Charleston, WV 25305-0440,WEST VIRGINIA: Epperly, Randolph. PENNSYLVANIA Troup, Bary L, Bop Sueivty Sagoo peer Towne NA TR ae Ded Beane COMMISION, Pema eth sen Wea idee epamentor Sire Soe Fg SA 7106766 sop ne Bond anna Bota a, FORT AUTHORITY Chen Yu Sun ass. GREW TOR AND GRE Cet er Chasietet, WY: sae) ‘NEW JERSEY: Port Authority of New York and —— Toes Boys Sey apy Commie ae Soe ireae: Rear ond 1900 Boer Ea, Associate Member—Federal ? DwATOHST apie, Dawa (Chasteston, WV 25205-0440 SERVICE: ‘National Transportation Planning. IBOONSIN: Caner Be tropun Bac ‘eingDieor Buea ote vaste, ee Maes wecole Dorena of angonaton Mo tpedeac emg SW P.O. Box 7916 ae ‘Washington, DC 20250-1101 Nios, Wsso7916 Aesocito Nemtenn mene Pile Raber AIBERTA, Ku, Allan Repcbemlomenciet | Sana Breit Beer, Tec Distt 2, Wankesha ‘Snderds Branch P.0, Box 798 ‘tba Trnportion, 2 Foor eee ‘Edmonton, AB T6B 2X3 WYOMING: esi Pa i puis oj ha HabweyDocimmt age EOLA, SMFS anc Ds ger P.O, Box 1708, 5300 Bishop Boulevard (CANADA: Beith See eaccemens 55-940 Blastard Steet, U.S. Department of Transportation Member ‘Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3E6 REDERAL at Rk xmas, bake AVIARON Manu Alor ageing isin Maen try Des Oe Duis. Reeser amin Sebi ec, toe iene ae eles 800 Independence Avenue, S.W. ‘Garden City Tower, 2" Floor, 2N036 Moding 2 ot oo Associate Member—Bridge, Port, and Toll Somme aes & oa SASKATCHEWAN, Kent, Sudhy ae aout Dest asian Tate Operone ee Pacionata eas Aumoury, — Sivhaetnaage tiger tecrcenes Aanaiotave Balas cb Soar oan ges HPN ‘New Brunswick, JN 08963-1121,Preface This Policy was developed as part of the continuing work of the Standing Committee on Highways. The Committee, then titled the Committee on Planning and Design Policies, was established in 1937 to formulate and recommend highway engineering policies. This Committee has developed A Policy on Geometric Design of Rural Highways, 1954 and 1965 editions; A Policy on Arterial Highways in Urban Areas, 1957; A Policy on Design of Urban Highways and “Arterial Streets, 1973; Geometric Design Standards for Highways Other Than Freeways, 1969; A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 1984, 1990, 1994, and 2001; A Policy on Design Standards—Interstate System, 1956, 1967, and 1991; and a number of other AASHO and AASHTO policy and “guide” publications. An AASHTO publication is typically developed through the following steps: (1) The Committee selects subjects and broad outlines of material to be covered. (2) The appropriate subcommittee and its task forces, in this case, the Subcommittee on Design and its Task Fore on Geometric Design, assemble and analyze relevant data and prepare a tentative draft. Working meetings are held and revised drafts are prepared, as necessary, and reviewed by the Subcommittee, until agreement is reached. (3) The manuscript is then submitted for approval by the Standing Committee on Highways and then the Executive Committee. Standards and policies must be adopted by a two-thirds vote by the Member Departments before publication. During the developmental process, comments are sought and considered from all the states, the Federal Highway Administration, and representatives of the American Public Works Association, the National Association of County Engineers, the National League of Cities, and other interested parties. xi‘A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets Table of Contents Page xiii Chapter Titles Chapter 1 Highway Functions. Chapter 2 Design Controls and Criteria, Chapter3 Elements of Design... Chapter 4 - Cross Section Elements Chapter 3 Local Roads and Streets Chapter 6 Collector Roads and Streets... 379 419 Chapter 7 Rural and Urban Arterials. 443, Chapter 8 Freeways.. 503, Chapter 9 Intersections... 555 Chapter 10 Grade Separations and Interchange 743 Chapter 1 Highway Functions Systems and Classifiations... ‘The Concept of Functional Classification. Hierarchies of Movements and Components Functional Relationships. Access Needs and Controls. Functional System Characteristies Definitions of Urban and Rural Areas Functional Categories Functional Systems for Rural Areas Rural Principal Arterial System Rural Minor Arterial System.. Rural Collector System. Rural Local Road System, Extent of Rural Systems... Fanctional Highway Systems in Urbanized Areas. Urban Principal Arterial System. Urben Minor Arterial Street System... Urban Collector Street System. ‘Urban Local Street System. Length of Roadway and Travel on Urban Systems Functional Classification as a Design Type. References xiiiChapter 2 Design Controls and Criteria Introduction Design Vehicles General Characteristics Minimum Tuming Paths of Design Vehicls.. Vehicle Performance. Vehicular Pollution Driver Performance Introduction nn Older Drivers The Driving Task. The Guidance Task ns se Lane Placement and Road Following Car Following... Passing Maneuvers. Other Guidance Activities The Information System... Traffic Control Deviees.. . ‘The Roadway and Its Environment... Information Handling. Reaction Time Primacy.. Expectancy Driver BP 0F nn Exrors Due to Driver Deficiencies Enors Due to Situation Demands Speed and Design Design Assessment. ‘Traffic Characteristics General Considerations Vote sisi Average Daily Traffic. Peak-Hour Traffic. Directional Distribution Composition of Trac. Projection of Future Traffic Demands Speed... Operating Speed Running Speed. Design Speed. Traffic Flow Relationships. Highway Capacity. General Characteristics Application.Capacity as a Design Control. Design Service Flow Rate Versus Design Volume Measures of Congestion. Relation between Congestion and Trafic Flow Rate ‘Acceptable Degrees of Congestion . Principles for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion. Reconciliation of Principle for Acceptable Degrees of Congestion, Factors Other than Traffic Volume That Affect Operating Conditions. Highway Factors Alignment. Weaving Sections. Ramp Terminals. Traflie Factors Peak Hour Factor. Levels of Service... Design Service Flow Rates... ‘Weaving Sections. Mullane Highways without Access Conta. ‘Asteria Streets and Urban Highways Intersections... Pedestrians and Bicycles. ‘Access Control and Access Management. General Condition... Basic Principles of Aocess Managemen. Access Classifications. Methods of Controlling Access Benefits of Controlling Access... The Pedestrian... General Considerations... General Characteristics nn Walking Speeds Walkway Capacities Sidewalks, Intersections en Reducing Pedestian-Vehiclar Confit Characteristics of Persons with Disabilities... Mobility Impairments.. 100 100 Visual Impairments Developmental Impairments... 100 Bicycle Facilities... 100 Safety. 101 Environment... 106 Beonomic Analysis. 106 References. 106Chapter 3 ELEMENTS OF DESIGN Introduction Sight Distance... : General Considerations... Stopping Sight Distance... Brake Reaction Tim¢ Braking Distance Design Vatues. Effect of Grade on Stopping... Variation for Trucks. Decision Sight Distance Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways Criteria for Design. Design Values... Effect of Grade on Passing Sigh Distance. Frequency and Length of Passing Sections. Sight Distance for Multilane Highways Criteria for Measuring Sight Distance... Height of Driver's Eye Height of Object Sight Obstructions. Measuring and Recording Sight Distance on Plans Horizontal Alignment. ‘Theoretical Considerations. General Considerations. ‘Superelevation. Side Friction Factor... : Distribution ofe and fovera Range of Curves. Design Considerations ‘Notmal Cross Slope... Sharpest Curve without Superelevation.. Maximum Superelevation Rates for Streets and Highways. Maximum Superelevation for Turing Roadways. ‘Minimum Radius. Effects of Grades Design for Low-Speed Urban Streets. Side Friction Factors. ‘Superelevation, Sharpest Curve without Superelevation Design for Rural Highways, Usbaa Freeways, and High-Speed Urban Streets Side Friction Factors... Superelevation. Procedure for Development of Method 5 Superelevation Disubution Tuming Roadways..‘Vertical Alignment... Design Speed... Use of Compound Curves Design Superelevation Tables. 165 Sharpest Curve without Superelevation, 166 ‘Transition Design Controls... 175 General Considerations. 15 Tangent-to-Curve Transition. 176 Spiral Curve Transitions 184 Length of Spiral : 185 ‘Compound Curve Transition niesen 192 Methods of Attaining Superelevation. 192 Design of Smooth Profiles for Traveled Way Edges. 196 Axis of Rotation with « Median 197 Minimum Transition Grades 198 ‘Transitions and Compound Curves for Tuming Roadways 199 Length of Spiral for Turning Roadways... 200 Compound Circular Curves .-201 Offtracking. 202 Derivation of Design Values for Widening on Horizontal Curves Traveled Way Widening on Horizontal Curves. 1 208 Design Values for Traveled Way Widening... 210 Application of Widening on Curves... 24 Widths for Turning Roadways at Intersections... 216 Design Values 219 ‘Widths Outside Traveled Way. 222 Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves, 224 Stopping Sight Distance.. 224 Passing Sight Distance... 28 General Controls for Horizontal Alignment. soe 229 DBL 21 Terrain. : Grades. 21 Vehicle Operating Characteristis on Grades. pene BBD Control Grades for Design : = seen 233 Critical Lengths of Grade for Design. 236 Climbing Lanes... 241 241 Climbing Lanes for Two-Lane Highways on DAT Climbing Lanes on Freeways and Multilane Highways. ‘Methods for Increasing Passing Opportunities on Two-Lane Roads. 250 Passing Lanes. 250 Turnout 253, Shoulder Driving.. 254 Shoulder Use Sections. 255 Emergency Escape Ramps. 235 Ge eFal enn 255 ‘Need and Location for Emergency Escape Ramps 287 aiiCombinations of Horizontal and Vertical Alignment, Other Elements Affecting Geometric Design... References . General. Pavement... Lane Widths. Shoulders. ail ‘Types of Emergency Escape Ramps. ‘Design Considerations Brake Check Areas... Maintenance Vertical Curves. General Considerations. Crest Vertical Curves, Sag Vertical Curves.. Sight Distance at Undercrossings.. : General Controls for Vertical Alignment. General Considerations, General Design Controls. ‘Alignment Coordination in Design. Drainage... Erosion Control and Landscape Development Rest Areas, Infomation Centers, and Scenic Overooks Lighting Utilities...., Genel ‘Urban Rural... Traffic Control Devies.. Signing end Marking Traffic Signals Noise Baris Fencing sn Maintenance of Traffic trough Construction Areas. Chapter 4 Cross Section Elements. Surface Type Cross Slope... Skid Resistance. General Characteristics ‘Width of Shoulders ‘Shoulder Cross Sections, Shoulder Stability. Shoulder Contrast... Tumouts..‘Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions 318. Cutts... umn 319 General Considerations. 319 Curb Configurations 320 Curb Placement... 322 Drainage Channels and Sidesiopes. 323 General Considerations... 323 Drainage Channels... 323 Sideslopes... 326 TMustrative Outer Cross Sections 329 Normal Crown Sections 329 Superelevated Sections... 330 Traffic Barres... 331 General Considerations. Longitudinal Barriers... Roadside Barriers 333 Median Barriers, 334 Bridge Railings. 335 Crash Cushions... 336 Medians 337 Frontage Road. 339 Outer Separations... 342 Noise Control 344 General Considerations. 344 General Design Provedures. 345 Noise Reduction Designs... 346 Roadside Control. 1 348 General Considerations. 348 Driveways... 348 Mailboxes... 349 Tunnels. 351 General Considerations. 351 ‘Types of Tunnels... 352 General Design Considerations, 352 ‘Tunnel Sections sonar 353 Examples of Tunnels 1 355 Pedestrian Facilities. 357 Sidewalks... ‘ 357 Grade Separated Pedestrian Crossings 359 Sidewalk Curb Ramps... Bicycle Facilities Bus Tumouts..... Freeways... Arterial... Park-and-Ride Facilites. Location, 370 xix371 373 376 Desiga. On-Street Parking References... Chapter 5 Local Roads and Streets Introduction. Local Rural Roads..... General Design Considerations, Design Traffic Volume. Design Speed, Sight Distance. Grades. Alignment Cross Slope... Superelevation, ‘Number of Lanes. Width of Traveled Way, Shoulder, and Roadway. Structures. Bridges to Remain in Place Vertical Clearance Right-of Way Width, Foreslopes. sn Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. CPS rn Intersection Design... Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings ‘Traffic Control Devices. Bicycle Facilities. Erosion Control Local Urban Streets General Design Considerations Design Traffic Volume... Design Speed. Sight Distance. Grades... Alignment Cross Slope.. Superelevation ear ‘Number of Lanes... Width of Traveled Wey.... Parking Lanes Median, Curbs Drainage... Cul-de-Sacs and TurnaroundsAlleys Sidewalis... Sidewalk Carb Ramps Driveways. Roadway Widths for Bridges Horizontal Clearance to Obstruction: Vertical Clearance. Border Area. Right-of: Way Width Provision for Utilities Intersection Design = Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. Street and Roadway Lighting Traffic Control Devices.. Erosion Control Landscaping . Bicycle Facilites. Special-Purpose Roads... Introduction... Recreational Roads ne General Considerations. Design Speed. Design Vehicle... Sight Distance Passing Sight Distance. Grades Vertical Alignment Horizontal Alignment. ‘Number of Lanes. Widths of Traveled Way, Shoulder, nd Rosdway Cross Slope Clear Recovery Area. Roadside Slopes... Roadside Barriers Signing and Marking Structures. Resource Recovery Roads Very Low-Volume Local Roads (ADT < 400). References Chapter 6 Collector Roads and Streets Introduction... 419 Rural Collectors. 420 General Design Considerations. 420 Design Traffic Volumes 420Urban Collectors. Design Speed, Sight Distance. Grades... Alignment. Cross Slope, Superelevation ‘Number of Lanes... ‘Width of Roadway. Foreslopes. Structures... : Bridges io Remain in Place Vertical Clearance . Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Right-of Way Width Intersection Design... se Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. ‘Traffic Control Devices Erosion Control General Design Considerations. Design Traffic Volumes Design Speed... Sight Distance. Grades... Alignment. Cross Slope, Superelevation. ‘Number of Lanes. Width of Roadway. Parking Lanes Medians Curbs... Drainage. Sidewalks. Driveways. Roadway Widths for Bridges Vertical Clearance. Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Right-of Way Width... Provision for Utilities Border Area. Intersection Desig ec Rairoad-Highvay Grade Crossings. Street and Roadway Lighting Taal Control Devices... Erosion Control.Landscaping References... Chapter 7 Rural and Urban Arterials Introduction. Rural Arteta ce General Characteristics... General Design Considerations. Design Speed. Design Traffic Volume Levels of Service... Sight Distance. Alignment... Grades Number of Lanes. Superelevation. C1055 $l0pe Vertical Clearances Structures. ‘Trafiie Control Devices. Erosion Control... Widths Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions Cross Section and Right-of-Way. Provision for Passing... : . Ultimate Development of Four-Lane Divided Arterial. Maaltilane Unéivided Arterials. Divided Arterals General Features. Lane Widths... Cross Slope Shoulders. : Median Barrier Clearance. Medians Alignment and Profile... Climbing Lanes on Multilane Arterial. Superelevated Cross Sections. Cross Section and Right-of-Way Widths Sections with Widely Separated Roadways. Intersections... ‘Access Management... Bikeways and Pedestrian Facilities. Bus TUMOUS nnn Railroad-Highway Crossings Rest Areas...‘Urban Arterials General Characteristics General Design Considerations. Design Speed. Design Traffic Volume... Levels of Service. Sight Distance..... Alignment. Grades... Superelevation, Cx085 SLOPE nn ‘Vertical Clearances. Lane Widths. Curbs and Shoulders. ‘Number of Lanes ‘Width of Roadway. Medians Drainage Parking Lanes enn Borders and Sidewalks. Railroad-Highway Crossings. Roadway Width for Bridges Bridges to Remain in Place . Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions, Right-of Way Width. ‘Traffic Barriers. ‘Access Management General Features... 7 Access Control by Statute, Access Control by Zoning. ‘Access Control Through Driveway Regulations. Access Control through Geometric Design Pedestrian Facilities Provision for Utilities. Intersection Design Operational Control and Regulations. Traffic Control Deviess.. Regulatory Meastres uu 488 Operational and Control Measures for Right-Turm Maneuvers M88 Operational and Control Measures for Lefi-Tum Maneuvers 488, Regulation of Curb Parking... so Directional Lane Usage... sn AB Frontage Roads and Outer Separations. se 94 Grade Separations and Interchanges 494 Erosion Control 1-496 Lighting... 496Bikeways... 496 Public Transit Facilities on A96 Location of Bus Stops 497 Bus Tumouts. 500 Reserved Bus Lanes 500 ‘Traffic Control Measures, 501 References. 502 Chapter 8 Freeways Introduction se General Design Considerations Design Speed Design Traffic Volumes. Levels of Service Pavement and Shoulder... CaIdS one Superelevation Grades.. Structures Vertical Clear. : Horizontal Clearance to Obstructions. Ramps and Terminals Outer Separations, Borders, and Frontage Roads Rural Freeways... ‘Alignment and Profile Medians Sidestopes Frontage Roads... Urban Freeways... General Design Characersis, Medians . = Depressed Freeways. General Characteristics Slopes and Walls. ‘Typical Cross Section... Restricted Cross Section, Walled Cross Section Examples of Depressed Freeways: Blevated Freeways General Characteristics Medians... ‘Ramps and Terminals. Frontage Roads. Clearance to Building Line. Typical Cross Section uneViaduct Freeways without Ramps. Two-Way Viaduct Freeways with Ramps... Freeways on Earth Embankment. Examples of Elevated Freeways. (Ground-Level Freeways. General Characteristics. Typical Cross Section. Restricted Cross Section. Example ofa Ground:-Level Freeway. Combination-Type Freeways. General Characteristics. Profile Control... Cross-Section ConttOl wie Examples of Combination-Type Freeways. Special Freeway Designs Reverse-Flow Roadways... Dual-Divided Freeways Freeways with Collector Distibator Roads. Accommodation of Transit and Hiigh-Occupancy Vehicle Facilites. General Considerations. Buses Rail Transit. References Chapter 9 Intersections 555 355 558 358, 559 559 564 Introduction General Design Considerations and Objectives. ‘Types and Examples of Intersections. General Considerations... ‘Three-Leg Intersections... Basic Types of Intersections f Channelized Three-Leg Intersections. Four-Leg Intersections... 565 Basic Types. . 565 Chanelized Four-Leg Intersections 566 Multileg Intersections ST ‘Modem Roundabouts. 574 Capacity Analysis. 579 Alignment and Profile 579 General Considerations.. 379 Alignment 580 Profile. 1 582 ‘Types of Turning Roadways. 383 General... 583 Minimum Edge-of Traveled: Way Designs =Design for Specific Conditions (Right-Angle Tums) 1592 Passenger Vehicles... 593 Single-Unit Truck and City Transit Buses 609 Semitrailer Combination Trucks 610 Oblique-Angle Turns... 610 Effect of Curb Radii on Turning Paths. 611 Effect of Curb Radii on Pedestrians. o14 Comer Radii Into Local Urban Streets... 621 Islands... ee ve 621 General Characteristie.. 621 Channelizing Islands. 23 Divisional Islands... 625 Refuge Islands . 626 Island Size and Designation. er Island Delineation and Approsch Treat. os, ‘Turning Roadways with Comer Islands. 634 Right-Angle Tums with Comer Islands... 634 Oblique-Angle Tums with Comer Islands... eT Free-Flow Tuming Roadways at Intersections, o9 Superelevation for Turning Roadways at Intersections. 639 General Design Guidelines 639 Superelevation Runoff... 1 642 Development of Superelevaton at Turning Roadway Terminals, 7 General Procedure. 643 Tur-Lane Cross-Slope Rollover... Superelevaton Transition and Gradeline Conto. 648 Traffic Control Devices. 649 Intersection Sight Distance, 650 General Considerations. 650 Sight Triangle... see 681 Approach Sight Triangles. sevens 651 Departure Sight Triangles. 653, [dentifcation of Sight Obstructions within Sight Triangles. 653 Intersection Control 64 Case AIntrsections with No Cont 654 Case B—Intersections with Stop Control on the Minot Road ...n. 657 Case B1—Left Turn from the Minor Road. 657 Case B2—Right Turn from the Minor Rosd. 663 Case B3—Crossing Maneuver from the Minor Road... 663 Case CIntersections with Yield Control on the Minot Roa... 666 Case Cl—Crossing Maneuver from the Minor Road .. 666 Case C2—Left- and Right-Tum Maneuvers... 671 Case D—Intersections with Traffic Signal Control. on Case E—Intersections with All-Way Stop Control. 674 Case F—Left Turns from the Major Road... 14 Effect of Skew .. om voit‘Stopping Sight Distance at Intersections for Turning Roadways... General Considerations Vertical Control. Horizontal Control. Design to Discourage Wrong. Way Entry General Intersection Types sn General Design Considerations... Channelization. Speed-Change Lanes at Intersections Median Openings. General Design Considerations... Control Radii for Minimum Turning Paths. Shape of Median End enn Minimum Length of Median Opening : Median Openings Based on Control Rai for Design Vehicles. Passenger Vehicles. Single-Unit Trucks or Buses Semitrailer Combinations Effect of Skew Above-Minimum Designs for Direct Let Turns Indirect Left Tums and U-turn... General Design Considerations : Indirect Left Torn or Indirect U-Turn—Using Local Streets Indirect Left Tum or Indirect U-Turn—Wide Medians Location and Design of U-Turn Median Openings.. Flush or Traversable Medians Auxiliary Lanes... General Design Consideration. Deceleration Length. Storage Length... Taper. Median Lef-Tur Lanes, Median End Treatment Offset Left-Tum Lanes . Simultaneous Left Turns Intersection Design Elements with Frontage Roads. Bicycles at Intersections. o ‘Wheelchair Ramps at Intersections. Lighting at Intersections. Driveways nn Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings. Horizontal Alignment rons Vertical Alignment. General References villChapter 10 Grade Separations and interchanges Introduction and General Types of Interchanges. ‘Warrants for Interchanges and Grade Separations =. Adaptability of Highway Grade Separations and Interchanges.. Traffic and Operation. so Site Conditions. “Type of Highway and Inersectng Facility. ‘Access Separations and Control on the Crossroad at Interchanges Safety. Stage Development. Economic Factors Initial Costs Maintenance Costs... Vehicular Operating Costs Grade Separation Structures... Introduction. ‘Types of Separation Structures Overpass versus Underpass Roadways. General Design Considerations... Structure Widths, Underpass Roadways... Lateral Clearances Vertical Clearance Overpass Roadways. Bridge Reilings.. Lateral Clearances... Medians... Longitudinal Distance to Attain Grade Separation Grade Separations without Ramps. Interchanges ; General Considerations... ‘Three-Leg Designs.. Four-Leg Designs ‘Ramps in One Quadrant Diamond interchanges. Single-Point Urban Interchanges. Cloverleats Directional and Semidirectional Interchange. Other Interchange Configurations. Ofset interchanges Combination Interchanges. General Design Considerations. Determination of Interchange Configuration Approaches to the Structure... 802 805Interchange Spacing... Uniformity of Interchange Pattems Route Continuity Overlapping Routes... Signing and Marking . Basic Number of Lanes Coordination of Lane Balance and Basic Number of Lanes. Auxiliary Lanes. Lane Reductions Weaving Sections Collector-Distributor Roads... ‘Two-Exit versus Single-Exit Interchange Design. ‘Wrong-Way Entrances : Ramps... ‘Types and Examples... General Ramp Design Considerations. Ramp Traveled-Way Widtbs.. ‘Ramp Terminals Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Entrances Single-Lane Free-Flow Terminals, Exits... Other Interchange Design Features Testing for Ease of Operation... Pedestrian Ramp Metering. Grading and Landscape Development. Models... References...Exhibit Number rr 12 13 14 1s 16 17 2 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 2-10 2 212 213 21d 219 2-20 221 2.22 2.23 2.24 LIST OF EXHIBITS Exhibit Caption Page Hierarchy of Movement Channelization of Trips... Schematic Tustraton ofa Functionally Classified Rural Highway Network Schematic Iustration of a Portion of a Suburban Street Network Relationship of Functionally Casifid Systems in Serving Trafic Mobility and Land Access ‘Typical Distribution of Rural Functional Systems ‘Typical Distribution of Urban Functional Systems, Design Vehicle Dimensions... ‘Minimum Turning Redii of Design Vehicle... “Minimum Turing Path fr Passenger Car (P) Design Vehicle... ‘Minimum Turning Path for Single-Unit (SU) Truck Design Vehicle. ‘Minimum Turing Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-12 [BUS-40]) Design Vehicle. ‘Minimum Turing Path for Intercity Bus (BUS-14 [BUS-45]) Design Vehicle. ‘Minimum Turning Path for City Transit Bus (CITY-BUS) Design Vehicle. Misi Turning Path for Conventional Schoo! Bus (-BUS-1l [S-BUS-36) Design Vehicle. Minimum Turing Pat for Large Stool Bus (-BUS-12 [S-BUS-40), Design Vehicle. ..n. Minimum Turning Path for Articulated Bus (A-BUS) Design Vehicle. ‘Tuming Characteristics of a Typical Tractor-Semitrailer Combination Truck, Lengths of Commonly Used Truck Tractors Minimom Turing Pat for Intermediate Semitaler(WB-12 (WB-40} Design Vehicle.nsnn Minimum Turning Pah for Intermediate Semitailer (WB-15 twe-sop Design Vehicle. = Minimum Turing Pat for Intersat Semivailer (WB-19 [WB-4 <2) Design Vebiele nu ‘Minimom Turning Path for Interstate Semitailer 20 WE 65 and WB sy Design Vehicle non Minimum Turiag Path for Double-Trailer Combination ie 20D (WB-67D) Design Vehicle. Minimum Turning Path for Tae Trailer Combination 8 307 [WB-100TD 10 12 16-17 19-20 26 35 Design Vehicle. 36 Minimum Turning Path for Tumpike-Double Combination ows 33D [WB- 099 Design Vehicle.. we 37 Minimum Turning Path for Motor Home (MH) Design Veen. 38 Mini Turning Path for Passenger Car and Comper Trailer PT) 39 Design Vehicle.. : Minimum Tuning Pat for Passenger Cat and Boa! Trailer 7B) Design Vehicle... 40 ‘Minimum Turning Path for Motor Home and Boat Trailer (MH/B) Design Vehicle... 41 ‘Acceleration of Passenger Cars, Level Conditions... voxExhibit Number 225 2.26 227 228 229 2:30 231 232 233 234 2:35 2:36 237 34 32 33 a4 35 36 37 39 3-10 Bell 342 3.13 344 345 316 3417 318 3.19 3-20 3.21 3.22 3.23 324 3.25 3.26 Exhibit Caption Page Deceleration Distances for Passenger Vehicles Approaching Intersections Median Driver Reaction Time to Expected and Unexpected Information 7 85th-Percentile Driver Reaction Time to Expected and Unexpected Information wn... 52 Relation between Peak-Hour and Average Daily Traffic Volumes on Rural Arerals Corresponding Design Speeds in Metic and US Customary Unis Generalized Speed-Volume-Density Relationships... General Definitions of Levels of Service Guidelines for Selection of Design Levels of Service Weaving Sections nun Simple and Maltiple Weaving Seti0B$ sn Estimated Crash Rates by Type of Median—Urban and Suburban Areas. Estimated Crash Rates by Type of Modian—Rural A188 vrcrcon xia Crash Rates by Unsgnlzed and Signlized Access Density Urban and Suburban Areas. 95 ‘Stopping Sight Distance. 12 Stopping Sight Distance on Grades. 1s Decision Sight Distance . 116 lement of Passing Sight Distance for Two-Lane Highways sve 19) Elements of Safe Passing Sight Distance for Design of Two-Lane HighWayS..ra.u.m 120 ‘Total Passing Sight Distance and Its Components—Two-Lane Highways, 123 Passing Sight Distance for Design of Two-Lane Highways. ve 24 Scaling and Recording Sight Distances on Plans. 129 Geometry for Ball-Bank Indicator. 134 Side Friction Factors for High-Speed Streets and Highways. 137 Side Friction Factors for Low-Speed Streets and Highways. 138 Side Friction Factors Assumed for Design. . 139 Methods of Distributing Superelevation and Side Friction “41 Average Running Speeds sone M43 Minimum Radius Using Limiting Vales of an... : _ 147 ‘Minimum Radii and Superelevation for Low-Speed Urban Streets 150-151 Superelevaton, Radius and Design Speed for Low-Speed Urban Steet Design... 152 Method 5 Procedure for Development of the Finalized e Distribution. 154 Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 4 Percent... 155 Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 6 Percents 156 Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 8 Percentiasuins 157 Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 10 Percent. 158 Design Superelevation Rates for Maximum Superelevation Rate of 12 Peroent..u.u.u. 159 Lengths of Circular Ares for Different Compound Curve Radi... 165 Minimum Rai for Design Soperlevain Rates, Design Spends and enax = 4%, 167 Minimum Radi for Design Sipe ates, Deen Spe and eax = O% os 168Exhibit Number Exhibit Caption Page 227 ‘Mision Rail fo Design Supeeevation Rats, Design Speeds and nay = 8% - 169-170 3.28 Minimum Radi for Design Septem ates Design Spent, and éaay= 10% 1-172, 3.29 Minimum Radi for Design Superlovation Rates, Des Sees and enax = 12% ——- 173-174 3.30 Maximum Relative Gradients 7 331 Adjustment Facor for Number of Lanes Rotated o 178 332 Superelevation Runoff L, (m) (ft) for Horizontal Curves, sow 180-181 3-33 Runoff Locations that Minimize the Vehicle's Lateral Motion. 1 183 3.34 Limiting Superelevation Rates. 184 3-35 Transition Spirals... 186 3-36 Maximum Radius for Use ofa Spiral Curve Transition 187 3:37 Desirable Length of Spiral Curve Transition... 189 3-38 Superelevation Rats Associated with Large Relative Gradient... 190 3.39 Tangent Runout Length for Spiral Curve Transition Design... 192. 3-40 Diagrammatic Profiles Showing Methods of Attaining Soparievaion for a Curve to the Right. 1 194-195 3-41 Minimum Lengths of Spiral for Intersection Curves. 200 3-42 Length of Circular Are for a Compound Intersection Curve When Followed by a Curve of One-Half Radius or Preceded by a Curve of Double Radius... 202 3:43 Track Width for Widening of Traveled Way on Curves... 204 3-44 Front Overhang for Widening of Traveled Way on Curves.. 206 3-45 Extra Width Allowance for Difficulty of Driving on Traveled Wey on Curves. 207 3-46 Widening Components on Open Highway Curves (Two-Lane Highways One-Way or Two-Way) seme: 209 4:47 Calculated and Design Vales for Traveled Way Widening on One “Highway Curves (Two-Lane Highways, One-Way or Two-Way). 211-212 3-48 Adjustments for Traveled Way Widening Values on Open Highway Curves 213, (wo-Lane Highways, One-Way or Two-Way) on = 349 Derivation of Turing Roadway Widths on Curves at Intersections 215 3-50 Derived Pavement Widths for Turning Roadways for Different Design Vehicles...» 217-218 3-51 Design Widths of Pavements for Tuming Roadways 220 352 Range of Usble Shoulder Widths o Equivalent Lateral Clearances Ouse of Turning Roadways, Not on Structure a 224 3:58 Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance on Horizontal Curves. 1» 225-226 3-54 Diagram Illustrating Components for Determining Horizontal Sight Distance 27 3-55 Speed Distance Curves for «Typical Heavy Truck of 120 keW (200 lop] for Deceleration on Upgrades. = pee 234 4:56 Speed Distance Cuves for Acceleration ofa Typical Heavy Truck of 120 sen {200 Ib/hp] on Upgrades and Downgrades. 235 3-57 Speed-Distance Curves for a Typical Recreational Vehicle on the Selected Upgrades... 237 3-58 Crash Involvement Rate of Trucks for Which Running Spas “Are Reduced 238 below Average Running Speed of All Traffic. soniExhibit ‘Number Exhibit Caption Page 3-59 Critical Lengths of Grade for Design, Assumed ‘Topical Heavy Track of 120 kykW {200 Ib/hp}, Entering Speed= 110 kawh [70 mph}. 242 S60 Cea Lengths of Gide UsinganApproath Speed [of 90 kw (sso tor Typical Recreational Vehicle .- 243 3-61 Climbing Lanes on Two-Lane Highways. 244 3-62 Climbing Lane on Freeways and Multlane Highway... .- 250 3-63 Passing Lanes Section on Two-Lane Roads... 252 3-64 Recommended Lengths of Tumouts Including Taper... snes 254 3-65 Forces Acting on a Vehicle in Motion ..u. 256 3-66 Rolling Resistance of Roadway Surfacing Materials. 237 3-67 Basic Types of Emergency Escape Ramps... .. 260 3-68 Typical Emergency Escape Ramp. 264 3-69 Types of Vertical Curves. 266 3-0 Parameters Considered in Determining the Length ofa Crest Vertical Curve to Provide Sight Distance 268 3-71 Design Contos for Crest Vertical Curves Open Road Conditions, 2m 3-72 Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves... 272 3-73 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distance 272 3-74 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves—Open Road Conditions ..u.ne 215 3-75 Design Controls for Sag Vertical Curves. ss Se eae 3-76 Sight Distance at Undercrossings... . 278 3-77 Alignment and Proile Relationships in Roadway Design 284-286 41 Typical Cross Section, Normal Crown... 306 42 Typical Cross Section, Superelevated... snes 307 43 Roadway Sections for Divided Highway (Basic Cross Slope Arrangements) 308 44 Normal Traveled-Way Cross Slope... 310 45 Graded and Usable Shoulders . se soon 313 46 Typical Highway CUDbS..snun =e sosnsnnnnnnnenee 321 4-7 Designation of Roadside RegioMs..n.nsnomnsonennnn srsnan 326 340 341 4-8 Typical Frontage Road Arrangements, 4-9 Frontage Roads, Irregular Pattern 4-10” One-Way Frontage Roads, Entrance and Exit Ramps... 342 4-11 ‘Two-Way Frontage Roads, Entrance and Exit Ramps : 342 4-12 Frontage Road in Business Area with Narrow Outer Separation. sn 343 413 ‘Typical Outer Separations ..u.en = oe 3a 4414 Noise-Abatement Criteria for Various Land Uses, 346 415 Effects of Depressing the Highway... 347 416 Effects of Blevating the Highway. 348 4-17 Typical Two-Lane Tunnel Sections 354 4-18 Diagrammatic Tunnel Sections 356 419 Entrance to a Freeway Tunnel 356 4-20. Intesior ofa Three-Lane One-Way Tunnel. 357 4-21 Typical Pedestrian Overpasses on Major Highways. 362Exhibit Number 422 423 424 4.25 4-26 427 4-28 4.29 4.30 431 S- 52 54 535 56 37 58 59 5-10 sal S12 S13 Sed 63 6-4 6-5 66 Exhibit Caption Page Mid-Block Sidewalk Curb Ramp Details... son 364 Sidewalk Curb Ramp at Middle of Radius—Discouraged Where Pedestrian and/or Vehicular Volumes Are Moderate to High. 365 Sidewalk Curb Ramp at End of Curb Radius... 365 Sidewalk Curb Ramp at Mid-Block..... 366 Median and Island Openings... 366 Bus Tumouts. = 369 Mid-Block Bus Tumout 370 Sawtooth Bus Loading Area... 374 ‘Typical Park-and-Ride Facility Parking Lane Transition at Intersection o en 1 375 ‘Minimum Design Speeds for Local Rural Roads... eee oe! Design Controls for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest, and Sag Vertical Curves... soe 381 Design Controls for Crest Vertical Curves Based on Passing Sight Distan 382 ‘Maximum Grades for Local Rural Roads 382 ‘Minimum Width of Traveled Way and Shoulders. 384 Minimum Clear Roady Widths and Design Loadings for New and Reconstructed Bridges... 386 ‘Minimum Structural Capacities and Minimum Roadway Widhs for Bridges to Remain in Place... = a 386 ‘Types of Culs-de-Sae and Dead-End Streets... - 395 Alley Tumarounds.. : 397 ‘Actual Cub Radius and Eietive Radi fr Rig Tum Movements at Intersections... : 401 ‘Minimum Ilumination Levels. 402 Potential Road Network... 405 Design Contos for Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and ad Verical Curves—Recreational Roads. Design Contos for Passing Sight Distance fr Crest Verical 407 Curves—Reereational Roads 408 ‘Maximum Grades for Recreational Roads. 409 Minimam-Radius Horizontal Curve for Gravel Surface... 410 Tamout Design = vw AID Widts of Traveled Way and ShouldrsRecretional Roads a2 Design Speeds for Resource Recovery and Local Service Roads. 41s ‘Minimum Design Speeds for Rural Collectors 42 Design Contos fr Stopping Sight Distance and for Crest and Sag Vertical Curves 422 Design Contzols Zor Crest Vertcl Curves Based on Passing Sigh Distance. 43 Maximum Grades for Rural Collectors AB Minimum Width of Traveled Way and Shoulders. 425 Minimum Roadway Widths and Design Leaings for New and Reconstructed Bridges. c 426Exhibit Number Exhibit Caption 6-7 Structural Capacities and Mininzam Roadway Widths for Bridges to Remain in Place. os 6-8 Maximum Grades for Urban Collectors. 7-1 Minimum Sight Distances for Arterials.. 7-2 Maximum Grades for Rural Arterials 7-3. Minisnum Width of Traveled Way and Usable Shoulder for Rural Artevals 7-4 Climbing Lane on Two-Lane Rural Arterial 7-5 Two-Lane Arterial Cross Section with Ultimate Development to a Four-Lane Arterial. 7-6 Methods of Attaining Superelevaton on Divided Arterial. 1 Typical Medians on Divided Arterials : 7-8 Cross Sectional Arrangements on Divided Arterial... 7-9 Cross Sectional Arrangements on Divided Arterials... 7-10 Maximum Grades for Urban Arterials... 7-11 Continuous Two-Way Left-Tun Lane. 7-12 Parking Tumouts in Downtown Distrct.. 7-13 Arterial Street in Residential Area 7-14 Divided Arterial Street with Parking Lanes. 7-15 Urban Arterial with Dual Left-Tum Lanes. 7-16 Divided Arterial Stret with Two-Way Frontage Road. 7-17 Bus Stops at Special Locations Adjacent to Certain Arterials 718 Exclusive Bus Lane nr sev 8-1 Maximum Grades for Rural and Urban Freeways... 82 Typical Ground-Level Rural Freeway. 8-3 Typical Rural Medians 7 8-4 Typical Cross Section for Depressed Freeways 8-5 Restricted Cross Sections for Depressed Freeways... 7 86 Cross Sections with Retaining Walls on Depressed Freeways without Ramps 8-7 Depressed Freeway. 8-8 Depressed Freeway. 89 Typical Cross Sections for Elevated Freeways on Stucttes without Ramps 810 Typical and Restricted Cross Sections for Elevated Freeways on Srvenre with Frontage Roads... 8-11 Typical and Restricted Cross Sections for Elevted Frecways on Embenkneat., 812 Viaduct Freeway. 813 Two-Level Viaduct Freeway... $14 Typical Cross Seotions for Ground-Level Freeways. 8-15 Restricted Cross Sections for Ground-Level Freeway’. 816 Profile Control—Rolling Terain Combination-Type Freeway 8-17 Profile Control—Flat Terrain Combination-Type Freeway... 818 Cross-Section Control—Combination-Type Freeway... 819 Combination-Type Freeway. 8.20 Four-Level Cantilevered Freeway Page a7 432 445 26 450 453 461 462 . 464 465 47 476 479 480 481 490 495, 499 S01 506 510 sul 516 516 518 519 520 524 525 526 527 528 529 530 331 1» 932 534 535 . $36Exhibit Number Exhibit Caption 8-21 Typical Cross Sections for Reverse-Flow Operation. 8.22 Typical Reverse Roadway Terminals. 8-23 Reverse-Flow Freeway. sn 8-24 Typical Dual-Divided Freeway... $25 Dual-Divided Freeway with a43-2-4 Roadway Arrangement c 8:26 Bus Roadway Located between a Freeway and a Parallel Frontage Road... 827 Bus Stops at Freeway Level... £28 Bus Stops at Freeway-Level Diamond Inerchange 8:29 Freeway-Level Bus Stop at Cloverleaf Interchange. 8-30 Bus Stops at Street Level on Diamond Interchange. 831 Joint Freeway-Transit Right-of-Way £32 Typical Seeons with Rail Transit in Freevay Median. 8-33 Example of Transit Station Layout 834 Depressed Freeway with Rail Rapid Transit in the Median Physical and Functional Intersection Area... Elements of the Functional Area of an Intersection . Channelized High-Type “I” Intersections... Three-Leg Rural Intersection, Channelized “T” “T" Intersections. Channelized“T” Intersections “T" Intersections. Channelized“T" Intersections Unchannelized Four-Leg Intersections, Plain and Flared. Channelized Four-Leg Intersections . ‘Channelized Four-Leg Intersections Four-Leg Intersections (Channelized High-Type) Four-Leg Intersections (Channelized High-Type) Realigning Multi-Leg Intersections Geometric Elements ofa Single-Lane Modem Roundabot.. Typical Modern Roundabout. Roundabout with Entry Faring in Two Quadrant Realignment Variations at Intersections. Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs for Tums at Intersections... Edge of Traveled Way for Turns at Intersections Minirsum Traveled Way (Passenger Vehicles). Minimum Edge of Traveled-Way Designs (WB-12[WB-40} Design Vehicle Path). 9-24 Minimum Edge-of-Traveled-Way Designs ws [WB s0)) Design Vehicle Path. 925 Minimum Edge of-Traveled-Way Designs (WB- "15 4 so) Design Vehicle Path). $51 san 552 1 $53 Minimum Traveled Way Design (Single-Unit Trucks and City Transit Buse)... Page 337 539 540 542. 542 544 347 548. 548. 549 554 357 357 559 359 560 561 562 568 366 = 567 . 569 1 $70 wo S72 573 575 516 578. 580 584-587 vo 588-591 . $94-595 596-597 598-599 600 .- 601-602 soxviiExhibit Number 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9-30 931 9-32 933 9-34 9:35 9.36 9.37 9-38 9.39 9-40 9-41 9-42 9-43 9-44 9.45 9-46 9.47 9-48 9-49 9-50 9-51 9-52 9-53 9-54 9-55 9-56 9.57 9-58 Exhibit Caption Minimum Edge of Traveled Way Designs (WB-19[WB-62}) Design Vehicle Path)... Minimum Edge-of-Traveled-Way Desi (WB-30T [wB-100T] Design Vehicle Path). Minimum Bdge-of-Taveled-Wey Designs (WB-33D [WB. 1090) Design Vehicle Path)... Effect of Curbed Radi on Right Turning Paths of Various Design Vehicles. Effect of Curbed Radii on Rae Tenis Paths of Vasious Design Vehicles. Cross Sueet Width Occupied by Turning Vehicle for Various Angles of Intersection and Curb Radi. Effect of Curbed Radi and Packing on Right Taming Paths Variations in Length of Crosswalk with Different Curb Radi and Width of Borders Comer Setbacks with Different Curb Rai and Width of Border. General Types and Shepes of Islands and Medians. Alignment for Addition of Divisional Islands at Intersections. Deteils of Comer Island Designs for Turing Roadways (Urban Location) et of Comer land Desens for Tung Rosas Ral ross Section on Approach) cs : Nose Ramping at Approach End of Median or Come sand. Details of Divisional Island Design. Minimum Turning Roadway Designs with Comer Islands a Usban Locations. ‘Typical Designs for Tuming Roadways Use of Simple and Compound Curves at Free-Flow Turing Roadways... Effective Maximum Relative Gradients... Development of Superelevaion at Turing Roadway Terminals. Development of Superclevation at Turning Roadway Terminals. Development of Superelevation at Taming Roadway Terminals... Development of Superelevation at Turning Roadway Terminals. Maximum Algebraic Difference in Cross Slope at Taming _ —Roadway-Terminals = Intersection Sight Triangles. Length of Sight Triangle Leg—Case A—No Traffic Conte Length of Sight Triangle Leg—Case A—No Traffic Control Adjustment Factors for Sight Distance Based on Approach Grade. ‘Time Gap for Case BI—Left Tum from Stop... = Design Intersection Sight Distance—Case BI—Left Tum from Stop. Intersection Sight Distance—Case B1—Left Tum from Stop... ‘Time Gap for Case B2—Right Tum from Stop and Case B3—Crossing Manewvet osm Design Intersection Sight Distance—Case B2 Right Tum from Stop and Case B3—Crossing Maneuver. Page 603-604 605-606 .- 607-608 612 613 - 615-616 617-618 620 620 oa 626 630 631 632 633, 635-636 Cy 640-641 643 646 647 648 652 655 . 656 658 . 660 661 662 664Exhibit Number 9.59 9-60 9-61 9-62 9-63 9-64 9-65 9-66 9-67 9-68 9-69 9-70 on 9-72 9-73 9-74 9-75 9-76 9-17 9-78 9-79 9-80 9-81 9-82 9-83 9-84 9-85 9-86 9-87 9-88 9-89 Exhibit Caption Intersection Sight Distance Case B2—Right Tun from Stop and Case B3—Crossing Maneuver. : Case Cl—Crossing Maneuvers from Yield-Contoled ArocsLeeth of Minor Road Leg and Travel Times.. Length of Sight Triangle Leg along Major Road Case C1-~ Crossing ‘Maneuver at Yield Controlled Intersections... Length of Sight Triangle Leg along Major Road for: Passenger ‘Cars—Case Cl—Crossing Maneuver. Time Gap for Case C2—Left or Right Tum... Design Intersection Sight Distance—-Case C2—Left or Right ‘Turm at Yield Controlled Intersections. Intersection Sight Distance Case C2Yield Contlled Left or Right Tum. ‘Time Gap for Case F—Left Turns from the Major Road. Intersection Sight Distance—Case F—Left Turn from Major Road. Intersection Sight Distance—Case F—Left Tun from Major Road. Sight Triangles at Skewed Intersections ‘Stopping Sight Distance for Turning Roadways sn ‘Two-Lane Crossroad Designs to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry Divided Crossroad Designs to Discourage Wrong-Way Entry... General Types of Intersections... General Types of Intersections Guide for Lef-Tum Lanes on Two-Lane Highways Control Radii at Intersections for 90-Degree Left Turns Minimum Design of Median Opening ( Design Vice, Control Radius of 12 m [40 ft) ‘Minimum Design of Median pias e Design Ve hicle, Control Radius of 12 m [40 ft) Minimum Design of Mein Openings (SU Desi Vehicle, Control Radius of 15 m [50 ft]) 0 Minimum Design of Median Openings (WB-12 [WB-40] Design Vehicle, Control Radius of 23 m [75 #]). Minimum Design of Median Openings (SU Design Vehicle Contol Radius of 15 m [50 ft). Minimum Design of Median Openings (WB: 12 (3-0 Design Vehicle, Control Radius of 23 m [75 fi). Minimums Design of Median Openings (WB-12 [WB-40] Design eis, Control Radius of 30 m [100 #]) ‘Minimum Design of Median Openings (Effect of Skew) . Design Controls for Mininzum Median Openings a Effect of Skew on Minimum Design for Median Openings (Typical ‘Values Based on Control Radius of 15 m [50 ff). ‘Above-Minimum Design of Median Openings (Types! Bullet Nose Ends) Jughandle-Type Ramp with Crossroad .... At-Grade Loop (Surface Loop) with Crossroad.. Page 665 668, 669 670 on on 613 674 615 616 om 678 680 681 683 684 685 691-692 693, 694 694 695 695 696 696 700 701 703, 704 1 706 sw 706 sowieExhibit Number 9-90 9-91 9.92 9.93 9-94 9.95 9.96 9.97 9-98 9.99 9-100 9-101 9-102 9-103 9-104 9-105 10-1 10-2 103 104 10-5 10-6 10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10 10-11 30-12 10-13 10-14 10-15 10-16 10-17 10-18 10-19 10-20 10-21 10-22 10-23 xt Exhibit Caption Page Special Indirect Lefi-Tum Designs for Traffic Leaving Highway with Narrow Median css 107 Indirect Left Tum though a Crossover. 709 ‘Minimum Designs for U-Tums se mi Special Indirect U-Tum with Narrow Medians... ve 12 Flush or Traversable Median Lane Markings. _ 713 ‘Taper Design for Auxiliary Lanes. snes TITS 42-10 Sm [14-to 18] Median Width Lef-Tu Design... ~. 719-720 Median Left-Tura Design for Median Width in Excess of 5.4'm [18 #1... 721 Parallel and Tapered Ofiset Left-Tum Lane . 724 Fou-Leg Intersetion Providing Simultaneous Left Turms ‘25 Intersections with Frontage Roads RI Cumulative Frequency Distrtbution of Impact Lengths. 730 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossing eee ra2 Case A: Moving Vehicle to Safely Cross or Stop at Railroad Crossing... 735 Required Design Sight Distance for Combination of Highway and Train Vehicle Speeds: 20-m [65-ft] Truck Crossing Single Set of Tks at 90 Degrees... BT Case B: Departure of Vehicle from Spe Position to Cross Single Railroad Track... 738 Interchange Configurations rue 744 Factors Influencing Length of Access Contol along an Interchange Crossoad.... 750 ‘Typical Grade Separation Structures with Closed Abutments 736 757 ‘Typical Grade Separation Structure with Open-End Span ‘Multilevel Grade Separation Structures. se Lateral Clearances for Major Roadway Underpasses... = 762 ‘Typical Overpass Structures.. o sen 168 Flat Terrain, Distance Required to Effect Grade Separation se 768-169 . 758 Three-Leg interchanges with Single Structures... ™m ‘Three-Leg Interchanges with Multiple Structures... 7 ‘Three-Leg Interchange (I-Type or Trumpet)... 774 Three-Leg Interchange Semidirectional Desig. 774 Directional Three-Leg Interchange of a River Crossing. 18 ‘Trumpet Freeway-to-Freeway Interchange ... 776 Four-Leg Interchanges, Ramps in One Quadrant. 777 Diamond Interchanges, Conventional Arrangements.. 79 Diamond Interchange Arrangements to Reduce Traffic Conflicts. 779 Diamond Interchanges with Additional Structures. . 780 Freeway with a Three-Level Diamond Interchange... a 781 Existing Four-Leg Interchange with Diamond Stage Construction. 782 ‘X-Pattern Ramp Arrangement. 782 Underpass Single Point Urban Interchange... 784 ‘An SPUI Underpass in Restricted Right-of: Way 784