Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Applied Mathematics

Volume 2015, Article ID 203404, 9 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/203404

Research Article
Analytical Solution of Heat Conduction for
Hollow Cylinders with Time-Dependent Boundary Condition
and Time-Dependent Heat Transfer Coefficient

Te-Wen Tu1 and Sen-Yung Lee2

1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology, No. 198 Jieshou W. Road, Gangshan Township,
Kaohsiung 820, Taiwan
2
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan

Correspondence should be addressed to Sen-Yung Lee; sylee@mail.ncku.edu.tw

Received 5 May 2015; Accepted 21 July 2015

Academic Editor: Assunta Andreozzi

Copyright © 2015 T.-W. Tu and S.-Y. Lee. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

An analytical solution for the heat transfer in hollow cylinders with time-dependent boundary condition and time-dependent heat
transfer coefficient at different surfaces is developed for the first time. The methodology is an extension of the shifting function
method. By dividing the Biot function into a constant plus a function and introducing two specially chosen shifting functions, the
system is transformed into a partial differential equation with homogenous boundary conditions only. The transformed system is
thus solved by series expansion theorem. Limiting cases of the solution are studied and numerical results are compared with those
in the literature. The convergence rate of the present solution is fast and the analytical solution is simple and accurate. Also, the
influence of physical parameters on the temperature distribution of a hollow cylinder along the radial direction is investigated.

1. Introduction For the heat transfer in hollow cylinders with mixed

The problems of transient heat flow in hollow cylinders are
important in many engineering applications. Heat exchanger
tubes, solidification of metal tube casting, cannon barrels,
time variation heating on walls of circular structure, and
heat treatment on hollow cylinders are typical examples. It
is well known that if the temperature and/or the heat flux
are prescribed at the boundary surface, then the heat transfer
system includes heat conduction coefficient only; on the other
hand, if the boundary surface dissipates heat by convection
on the basis of Newton’s law of cooling, the heat transfer
coefficient will be included in the boundary term.
For the problem of heat conduction in hollow cylinders
with time-dependent boundary conditions of any kinds at
inner and outer surfaces, the associated governing differential
equation is a second-order Bessel differential equation with
constant coefficients. After conducting a Hankel transforma-
tion, the analytical solutions can be obtained and found in the
textbook by Özisik [1].
type boundary condition and time-dependent heat transfer
coefficient simultaneously, the problem cannot be solved by
any analytical methods, such as the method of separation
of variable, Laplace transform, and Hankel transform. Few
studies in Cartesian coordinate system can be found and var-
ious approximated and numerical methods were proposed.
By introducing a new variable, Ivanov and Salomatov [2, 3]
together with Postol’nik [4] transformed the linear governing
equation into a nonlinear form. After ignoring the nonlin-
ear term, they developed an approximated solution, which
was claimed to be valid for the system with Biot number
being less than 0.25. Moreover, Kozlov [5] used Laplace
transformation to study the problems with Biot function in
a rational combination of sines, cosines, polynomials, and
exponentials. Even though it is possible to obtain the exact
series solution of a specified transformed system, the problem
is the computation of the inverse Laplace transformation,
which generally requires integration in the complex plane.
Becker et al. [6] took finite difference method and Laplace
2 Journal of Applied Mathematics

transformation method to study the heating of the rock

adjacent to water flowing through a crevice. Recently, Chen
and his colleagues [7] proposed an analytical solution by
using the shifting function method for the heat conduction r
in a slab with time-dependent heat transfer coefficient at one
end. Yatskiv et al. [8] studied the thermostressed state of
cylinder with thin near-surface layer having time-dependent
Initially at a 𝜕T
thermophysical properties. They reduced the problem to an −k = h(t)T
T = T0 (r) 𝜕r
integrodifferential equation with variable coefficients and
solved it by the spline approximation.
b
In addition, different approximation methods such as the T = H(t)
iterative perturbation method [9], the time-varying eigen-
function expansion method with finite integral transforms
[10, 11], generalized integral transforms [12], and the Lie
point symmetry analysis [13] were used to study this kind of
problems. Various inverse schemes for determining the time-
dependent heat transfer coefficient were developed by some
researchers [14–20]. Figure 1: Hollow cylinders with time-dependent temperature and
According to the literature, because of the complexity time-dependent heat transfer coefficient at inner and outer surfaces.
and difficulty of the methodology, none of any analytical
solutions for the heat conduction in a hollow cylinder with
time-dependent boundary condition and time-dependent
heat transfer coefficient existed. This work extends the Here, 𝐻(𝑡) is a time-dependent temperature function at the
methodology of shifting function method [7, 21, 22] to inner surface, 𝑘 is the thermal conductivity, ℎ(𝑡) is a time-
develop an analytical solution with closed form for the heat dependent heat transfer coefficient function, and 𝑇0 (𝑟) is
transfer in hollow cylinders with time-dependent bound- an initial temperature function. For consistence in initial
ary condition and time-dependent heat transfer coefficient temperature field, 𝐻(0) must be equal to 𝑇0 (𝑎). The above
simultaneously. By setting the Biot function in a particular problem can be normalized by defining
form and introducing two specially chosen shifting functions,
the system is transformed into a partial differential equation 𝑇
𝜃= ,
with homogenous boundary conditions and can be solved by 𝑇𝑟
series expansion theorem. Examples are given to demonstrate
𝑟
the methodology and numerical results are compared with 𝑅= ,
those in the literature. And last but not least, the influence of 𝑏
physical parameters on the temperature profile is studied. 𝛼𝑡
𝜏= ,
𝑏2
2. Mathematical Modeling 𝑎
𝑟= , (3)
𝑏
Consider the transient heat conduction in heat exchanger
tubes as shown in Figure 1. A fluid with time-varying 𝐻 (𝑡)
𝜓 (𝜏) = ,
temperature is running inside the hollow cylinder and the 𝑇𝑟
heat is dissipated by the time-dependent convection at the
ℎ (𝑡) 𝑏
outer surface into an environment of zero temperature. The Bi (𝜏) = ,
governing differential equation of the system is 𝑘
𝑇0 (𝑟)
𝜃0 (𝑅) = ,
𝜕2 𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕𝑇 𝑇𝑟
+ = , 𝑎 < 𝑟 < 𝑏, 𝑡 > 0, (1)
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
where 𝑇𝑟 is a constant reference temperature, and the dimen-
where 𝑇 is the temperature, 𝑟 is the space variable, 𝛼 is the sionless boundary value problem will then become
thermal diffusivity, 𝑡 is the time variable, and 𝑎 and 𝑏 denote
inner and outer radii, respectively. The boundary and initial 𝜕2 𝜃 1 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
conditions of the boundary value problem are + = , 𝑟 < 𝑅 < 1, 𝜏 > 0, (4)
𝜕𝑅2 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 𝜕𝜏
𝑇 = 𝐻 (𝑡) , at 𝑟 = 𝑎, 𝜃 = 𝜓 (𝜏) , at 𝑅 = 𝑟, (5)

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝜃
−𝑘 = ℎ (𝑡) 𝑇, at 𝑟 = 𝑏, (2) + Bi (𝜏) 𝜃 = 0, at 𝑅 = 1, (6)
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑅
𝑇 (𝑟) = 𝑇0 (𝑟) , when 𝑡 = 0. 𝜃 (𝑅, 0) = 𝜃0 (𝑅) , when 𝜏 = 0. (7)
Journal of Applied Mathematics 3

To keep the boundary condition of the third kind at outer Something worthy to mention is that (13) contains three
surface in the following analysis, one sets the Biot function functions, that is, V(𝑅, 𝜏) and 𝑔𝑖 (𝑅) (𝑖 = 1, 2), and hence it
Bi(𝜏) in the form of cannot be solved directly.
Bi (𝜏) = 𝛿 + 𝐹 (𝜏) , (8)
3.2. The Shifting Functions. For convenience in the analysis,
where 𝛿 and 𝐹(𝜏) are defined as the two shifting functions are specifically chosen in order to
𝛿 = Bi (0) , satisfy the following conditions:
(9) 𝑔1 (𝑟) = 1,
𝐹 (𝜏) = Bi (𝜏) − Bi (0) .
It is obvious that 𝐹(0) = 0, and the boundary condition at 𝑔2 (𝑟) = 0,
𝑅 = 1 can be rewritten as at 𝑅 = 𝑟
𝜕𝜃
+ 𝛿𝜃 = − 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝜃, at 𝑅 = 1. (10) 𝑔1 (1) = 0,
𝜕𝑅
𝑔2 (1) = 0, (15)
3. The Shifting Function Method
𝑑𝑔1 (1)
3.1. Change of Variable. To find the solution for the second- = 0,
𝑑𝑅
order differential equation with time-dependent boundary
condition and time-dependent heat transfer coefficient at 𝑑𝑔2 (1)
= 1,
different surfaces, the shifting function method [7, 21, 22] was 𝑑𝑅
extended by taking
at 𝑅 = 1.
𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = V (𝑅, 𝜏) + 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝑓1 (𝜏) + 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝑓2 (𝜏) , (11)
Consequently, the shifting functions can be easily determined
where V(𝑅, 𝜏) is called transformed function, 𝑔𝑖 (𝑅) (𝑖 = 1, 2) as
are two shifting functions to be specified, and 𝑓𝑖 (𝜏) (𝑖 = 1, 2) 1−𝑅 2
are the auxiliary time functions defined as 𝑔1 (𝑅) = ( ) ,
1−𝑟
(16)
𝑓1 (𝜏) = 𝜓 (𝜏) , (𝑅 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑟)
(12) 𝑔2 (𝑅) = .
𝑓2 (𝜏) = − 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝜃 (1, 𝜏) . 1−𝑟
Substituting (11) into (4), (5), (10), and (7), one has the Substituting these shifting functions and auxiliary time func-
following equation: tions into (11) yields
1−𝑅 2
𝜕2 V (𝑅, 𝜏) 1 𝜕V (𝑅, 𝜏) 𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = V (𝑅, 𝜏) + ( ) 𝜓 (𝜏)
+ 1−𝑟
𝜕𝑅2 𝑅 𝜕𝑅 (17)
𝑑𝑓 (𝜏) (𝑅 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝜕V (𝑅, 𝜏) −[ ] 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝜃 (1, 𝜏) .
= + 𝑔1 (𝑅) 1 1−𝑟
𝜕𝜏 𝑑𝜏
When setting 𝑅 = 1 in the equation above, one has the
𝑑2 𝑔1 (𝑅) 1 𝑑𝑔1 (𝑅) relation
−[ + ] 𝑓1 (𝜏) (13)
𝑑𝑅2 𝑅 𝑑𝑅
𝜃 (1, 𝜏) = V (1, 𝜏) . (18)
𝑑𝑓 (𝜏)
+ 𝑔2 (𝑅) 2 Therefore, two functions in governing differential equation
𝑑𝜏 (13) are integrated to one. With (16) and (18), (13) can be
𝑑2 𝑔2 (𝑅) 1 𝑑𝑔2 (𝑅) rewritten in terms of the function V(𝑅, 𝜏) as
−[ + ] 𝑓2 (𝜏) ,
𝑑𝑅2 𝑅 𝑑𝑅 𝜕V (𝑅, 𝜏) 𝜕2 V (𝑅, 𝜏) 1 𝜕V (𝑅, 𝜏)
− −
and the associated boundary and initial conditions now are 𝜕𝜏 𝜕𝑅2 𝑅 𝜕𝑅
𝑑 (19)
V (𝑟, 𝜏) + 𝑔1 (𝑟) 𝑓1 (𝜏) + 𝑔2 (𝑟) 𝑓2 (𝜏) = 𝑓1 (𝜏) , − 𝑔2 (𝑅) [𝐹 (𝜏) V (1, 𝜏)] + 𝑑2 (𝑅) 𝐹 (𝜏) V (1, 𝜏)
𝑑𝜏
at 𝑅 = 𝑟,
= − 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝜓̇ (𝜏) + 𝑑1 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏) ,
𝜕V (1, 𝜏) 𝑑𝑔 (1) where 𝑑𝑖 (𝑅), (𝑖 = 1, 2) are defined as
+ 𝛿V (1, 𝜏) + [ 1 + 𝛿𝑔1 (1)] 𝑓1 (𝜏)
𝜕𝑅 𝑑𝑅 (14)
4𝑅 − 2
𝑑1 (𝑅) = ,
𝑑𝑔 (1) 𝑅 (1 − 𝑟)2
+[ 2 + 𝛿𝑔2 (1)] 𝑓2 (𝜏) = 𝑓2 (𝜏) , at 𝑅 = 1, (20)
𝑑𝑅
4𝑅 − (1 + 𝑟)
𝑑2 (𝑅) = .
V (𝑅, 0) + 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝑓1 (0) + 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝑓2 (0) = 𝜃0 (𝑅) . 𝑅 (1 − 𝑟)
4 Journal of Applied Mathematics

Meanwhile, the associated boundary conditions of the trans- Expanding 𝑔1 (𝑅) and 𝑑1 (𝑅) on the right hand side of (28) in
formed function turn to homogeneous ones as follows: series forms we obtain
∞
V (𝑟, 𝜏) = 0, ∑ {𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) − [𝜙𝑛󸀠󸀠 (𝑅) +
1 󸀠
𝜙 (𝑅)] 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)
(21) 𝑛=1 𝑅 𝑛
𝜕V (1, 𝜏)
+ 𝛿V (1, 𝜏) = 0.
𝜕𝑅 − 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) [𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) + 𝐹̇ (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)]
(29)
Since 𝑓2 (0) = −𝐹(0)𝜃(1, 0) and 𝐹(0) = 0, hence, the ∞
associated initial condition can be simplified as + 𝑑2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)} = ∑ [−𝛾𝑛 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜓̇ (𝜏)
𝑛=1
V (𝑅, 0) = 𝜃0 (𝑅) − 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝜓 (0) = V0 (𝑅) . (22) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏)] ,

3.3. Series Expansion. To find the solution for the boundary where 𝛾𝑛 and 𝛾𝑛 are
value problem of heat conduction, that is, (19)–(22), one uses
the method of series expansion with try functions: 1
∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 1
𝛾𝑛 = = [𝜉𝐽1 − 2𝜉𝐽2
𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝑁𝑛 (1 − 𝑟)2
𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) = 𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑅) − 𝑌 (𝜆 𝑅) ,
𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 0 𝑛 (23) 𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)
+ 𝜉𝐽3 − (𝜉 − 2𝜉𝑌2 + 𝜉𝑌3 )] ,
𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝑌1
(30)
1
satisfying the boundary conditions (21). Here the character- ∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑑1 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 2
𝛾𝑛 = = [2𝜉𝐽1 − 𝜉𝐽0
istic values 𝜆 𝑛 are the roots of the transcendental equation 𝑁𝑛 (1 − 𝑟)2

𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝑌1 (𝜆 𝑛 ) − 𝐽1 (𝜆 𝑛 ) 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝛿 𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)
= . (24) − (2𝜉𝑌1 − 𝜉𝑌0 )] ,
𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 ) − 𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 ) 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝜆 𝑛 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)

The try functions have the following orthogonal property: in which 𝜉𝑊𝑖 (𝑖 = 0, 1, 2, 3; 𝑊 = 𝐽, 𝑌) are given as
1
1 {0, 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 ∫𝑟 𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑅) 𝑑𝑅
∫ 𝑅𝜙𝑚 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 = { (25) 𝜉𝑊0 = ,
𝑟 𝑁, 𝑚 = 𝑛, 𝑁𝑛
{ 𝑛
1
∫𝑟 𝑅2 𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑅) 𝑑𝑅
where the norms 𝑁𝑛 are 𝜉𝑊2 = ,
𝑁𝑛
1 4 1
𝑁𝑛 = [(𝜆2𝑛 + 𝛿2 ) 𝜙𝑛2 (1) − 2 2 ]. (26) ∫𝑟 𝑅𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 1
2𝜆2𝑛 𝜋 𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 𝜉𝑊1 = = [𝑊1 (𝜆 𝑛 )
𝑁𝑛 𝜆 𝑛 𝑁𝑛 (31)
Now, one can assume that the solution of the physical
− 𝑟𝑊1 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)] ,
problem takes the form of
1
∞ ∫𝑟 𝑅3 𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 1
V (𝑅, 𝜏) = ∑ 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) , 𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . . , (27) 𝜉𝑊3 = = [2𝜆 𝑛 𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 )
𝑁𝑛 𝜆3𝑛 𝑁𝑛
𝑛=1

+ (𝜆2𝑛 − 4) 𝑊1 (𝜆 𝑛 ) − 2𝜆 𝑛 𝑟2 𝑊0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)
where 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) (𝑛 = 1, 2, 3, . . .) are time-dependent generalized
coordinates. Substituting solution from (27) into differential − 𝑟 (𝜆2𝑛 𝑟2 − 4) 𝑊1 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)] .
equation (19) leads to
∞ From (29), one can let
1
∑ {𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) − 𝜙𝑛󸀠󸀠 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) − 𝜙𝑛󸀠 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)
𝑅 1 󸀠
𝑛=1
𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) − [𝜙𝑛󸀠󸀠 (𝑅) + 𝜙 (𝑅)] 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)
𝑅 𝑛
− 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) [𝐹̇ (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) + 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏)]
(28) − 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) [𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) + 𝐹̇ (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)]
(32)
+ 𝑑2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)} = − 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝜓̇ (𝜏) + 𝑑2 (𝑅) 𝜙𝑛 (1) 𝐹 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)
+ 𝑑1 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏) . = − 𝛾𝑛 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜓̇ (𝜏) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏) .
Journal of Applied Mathematics 5

After taking the inner product with try function 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) and where the generalized coordinates 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) are
integrating from 𝑟 to 1, the resulting differential equation now 𝜏
2
is 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝑒−𝜆 𝑛 𝜏 {𝑞𝑛 (0) + ∫ [−𝛾𝑛 𝜓̇ (𝜑) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜓 (𝜑)]
0
𝜆2 − 𝛽𝑛 𝐹̇ (𝜏) + 𝛽𝑛 𝐹 (𝜏) (41)
𝑞𝑛̇ (𝜏) + 𝑛 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝜉𝑛 (𝜏) , (33)
𝜆2𝑛 𝜑
1 − 𝛽𝑛 𝐹 (𝜏) ⋅𝑒 𝑑𝜑} .
where 𝛽𝑛 and 𝛽𝑛 are
The 𝑞𝑛 (0)’s for the problem under consideration are
1
∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 𝜙𝑛 (1) 1
𝛽𝑛 = 𝜙𝑛 (1) = {𝜉𝐽3 ∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) [𝜃0 (𝑅) − 𝜓 (0) 𝑔1 (𝑅)] 𝑑𝑅
𝑁𝑛 1−𝑟 𝑞𝑛 (0) = . (42)
𝑁𝑛
− (1 + 𝑟) 𝜉𝐽2 + 𝑟𝜉𝐽1
Introducing (42) in (41) and performing integration by parts,
𝐽 (𝜆 𝑟) we can get
− 0 𝑛 [𝜉𝑌3 − (1 + 𝑟) 𝜉𝑌2 + 𝑟𝜉𝑌1 ]} ,
𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) (34) 𝑒−𝜆 𝑛 𝜏
2
1
𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) = [∫ 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜃0 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅
1
∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑑2 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅 𝑁𝑛 𝑟
𝜙𝑛 (1) (43)
𝛽𝑛 = 𝜙𝑛 (1) = {4𝜉𝐽1 𝜏 2
𝑁𝑛 1−𝑟 2
− ∫ 𝑒𝜆 𝑛 𝜑 𝜓 (𝜑) 𝑑𝜑] − 𝛾𝑛 𝜓 (𝜏) .
𝜋𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 0
𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟)
− (1 + 𝑟) 𝜉𝐽0 − [4𝜉𝑌1 − (1 + 𝑟) 𝜉𝑌0 ]} ,
𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) Substituting (43) into (40) yields the temperature distribu-
tion:
and 𝜉𝑛 (𝜏) is 2
∞
𝑒−𝜆 𝑛 𝜏 1
−𝛾 𝜓̇ (𝜏) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜓 (𝜏) 𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = ∑ 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) [∫ 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜃0 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅
𝜉𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝑛 . (35) 𝑛=1 𝑁𝑛 𝑟
1 − 𝛽𝑛 𝐹 (𝜏) (44)
𝜏 2
2
The associated initial condition is − ∫ 𝑒𝜆 𝑛 𝜑 𝜓 (𝜑) 𝑑𝜑] .
1 𝜋𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 0
∫𝑟 𝑅𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) V0 (𝑅) 𝑑𝑅
𝑞𝑛 (0) = . (36) This solution is the same as that obtained via the integral
𝑁𝑛
transform method by Özisik [1].
As a result, the complete solution of the ordinary differential
equation (33) subject to the initial condition (36) is 4. Verification and Example
𝜏 𝜉𝑛 (𝜑)
𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝑄𝑛 (𝜏) [𝑞𝑛 (0) + ∫ 𝑑𝜑] , (37) To illustrate the previous analysis and the accuracy of the
0 𝑄𝑛 (𝜑) three-term approximation solution, one examines the follow-
ing case.
where 𝑄𝑛 (𝜏) is
The time-dependent boundary condition 𝜓(𝜏) consid-
𝜏 2 ̇ ered at 𝑅 = 𝑟 is taken as
𝑄𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝑒− ∫0 ((𝜆 𝑛 −𝛽𝑛 𝐹(𝜁)+𝛽𝑛 𝐹(𝜁))/(1−𝛽𝑛 𝐹(𝜁)))𝑑𝜁 . (38)

After substituting (16), (18), (23), and (27) back to (11), one 𝜓 (𝜏) = 𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑒−𝑠1 𝜏 cos 𝜔1 𝜏, (45)
obtains the analytical solution of the physical problem and differentiating it with respect to 𝜏 leads to
∞
𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = ∑ {[𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) − 𝜙𝑛 (1) 𝑔2 (𝑅) 𝐹 (𝜏)] 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)} 𝜓̇ (𝜏) = 𝑏1 𝑒−𝑠1 𝜏 (𝑠1 cos 𝜔1 𝜏 + 𝜔1 sin 𝜔1 𝜏) , (46)
𝑛=1 (39)
where 𝑎1 and 𝑏1 are two arbitrary constants and 𝑠1 and 𝜔1 are
+ 𝑔1 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏) , two parameters.
The Biot function considered at boundary 𝑅 = 1 is
where the summation is taken over all eigenvalues 𝜆 𝑛 of the
problem. Bi (𝜏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 cos 𝜔2 𝜏, (47)
where 𝑎2 and 𝑏2 are two arbitrary constants and 𝑠2 and 𝜔2 are
3.4. Constant Heat Transfer Coefficient at 𝑅 = 1. When the
two parameters. According to (8)-(9), we obtain
heat transfer coefficient ℎ at 𝑅 = 1 is time-independent, the
Biot function is a constant 𝛿 and 𝐹(𝜏) = 0. The infinite series 𝛿 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 ,
solution, (39), is reduced to
∞ 𝐹 (𝜏) = 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 cos 𝜔2 𝜏) , (48)
𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = ∑ {𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜙𝑛 (𝑅) 𝜓 (𝜏)} , (40)
𝑛=1 𝐹̇ (𝜏) = 𝑏2 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 (𝑠2 cos 𝜔2 𝜏 + 𝜔2 sin 𝜔2 𝜏) .
6 Journal of Applied Mathematics

Consequently, the temperature distribution in the hollow 1.0

cylinder is
∞ 0.8
𝜃 (𝑅, 𝜏) = ∑ {𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) [𝜙𝑛 (𝑅)
𝑛=1
0.6
(𝑅 − 1) (𝑅 − 𝑟)

𝜃(R, 𝜏)
− 𝜙𝑛 (1) 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 cos 𝜔2 𝜏)]} (49)
1−𝑟
0.4
2
1−𝑅
+( ) (𝑎1 − 𝑏1 𝑒−𝑠1 𝜏 cos 𝜔1 𝜏) ,
1−𝑟 0.2

where the 𝑞𝑛 (𝜏)’s are defined in (37). The associated 𝜉𝑛 (𝜏) now
is 0.0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
−𝛾𝑛 𝜓̇ (𝜏) + 𝛾𝑛 𝜓 (𝜏)
𝜉𝑛 (𝜏) = . (50) R
1 − 𝛽𝑛 𝑏2 (1 − 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 cos 𝜔2 𝜏)
s1 = 2, 𝜏 = 1.0 s1 = 2, 𝜏 = 0.1
s1 = 1, 𝜏 = 1.0 s1 = 1, 𝜏 = 0.1
To avoid numerical instability that occurred in computing
𝑞𝑛 (𝜏), (37) is rewritten as Figure 2: Temperature distribution and variation along the radial
𝜏 of the hollow cylinder with different parameter 𝑠1 of temperature
𝑄𝑛 (𝜏)
𝑞𝑛 (𝜏) = 𝑄𝑛 (𝜏) 𝑞𝑛 (0) + ∫ 𝜉𝑛 (𝜑) ⋅ 𝑑𝜑. (51) function 𝜓(𝜏), [𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − 𝑒−𝑠1 𝜏 , Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 , 𝜃0 = 0].
0 𝑄𝑛 (𝜑)

Since the initial conditions cannot have effect on the Table 1: Temperatures of the hollow cylinder at outer surface and at
steady-state response, we consider only the heat conduction various times [𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 , Bi(𝜏) = 1, 𝜃0 = 0].
in a hollow cylinder with constant initial temperature 𝜃0 (𝑋) =
𝜃0 as prescribed in the previous sections. The 𝑞𝑛 (0)’s are now 𝜃 (1, 𝜏)
computed as 𝜏 2 terms 3 terms 20 terms
A B A B A B
𝐽0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 0.1 0.0263 0.0155 0.0261 0.0337 0.0262 0.0250
𝑞𝑛 (0) = [𝜉𝐽1 − ] 𝜃 − 𝛾 𝜓 (0) . (52)
𝑌0 (𝜆 𝑛 𝑟) 0 𝑛 0.5 0.2287 0.1841 0.2296 0.2610 0.2297 0.2248
1 0.3981 0.3263 0.3998 0.4502 0.3998 0.3919
For consistence in the temperature field, the constant 𝜃0 is 5 0.6541 0.5416 0.6591 0.7364 0.6598 0.6449
taken as zero in the following examples. 10 0.6578 0.5456 0.6675 0.7417 0.6690 0.6495
In comparison with the literature, the example of constant
A: present solution, (39); B: Özisik [1], (44).
Biot function is studied first. Bi(𝜏) = 1 and time-dependent
temperature function, 𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 , are chosen in the
case. In Table 1, we find that the convergence of the present Table 2: Temperatures of the hollow cylinder at outer surface and
solution is faster than that of Özisik [1]. The error of three- at various times [𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − 𝑒−𝜏 cos 𝜏, Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 , 𝜃0 = 0].
term approximation in present study is less than 0.4%; on the 𝜃(1, 𝜏)
contrary, at least twenty-term approximation is required to 𝜏
2 terms 3 terms 10 terms 20 terms
get the same accuracy in Özisik’s [1] cases.
0.1 0.0267 0.0265 0.0266 0.0266
In the case of time-dependent boundary condition and
time-dependent heat transfer coefficient at both surfaces, we 0.5 0.2398 0.2408 0.2408 0.2408
consider the time-dependent temperature function, 𝜓(𝜏) = 1 0.4163 0.4185 0.4184 0.4185
1 − 𝑒−𝜏 cos 𝜏, and the Biot function, Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 . From 5 0.4900 0.4951 0.4951 0.4958
Table 2, one can find that the error of three-term approxima- 10 0.4889 0.4987 0.4989 0.5001
tion is less than 0.4%. Because of large values of Bi(𝜏), the
internal conductance of the hollow cylinder is small, whereas
the heat transfer coefficient at the surface is large. In turn, source comes to the hollow cylinder from inner surface 𝑅 =
the fact implies that the temperature distribution within the 0.6, and the heat dissipates from 𝑅 = 1 to the surrounding
hollow cylinder is nonuniform. Therefore, we find that the environment.
larger the Biot function, that is, when 𝜏 approaches to 10 in Variable heat source versus variable Biot function is
Table 2, the more the iteration numbers. drawn to show the temperature variation of the hollow
Figure 2 depicts the temperature profiles along the radial cylinder at 𝑅 = 0.8 and 𝑅 = 1.0 with respect to 𝜏 in Figures
of the hollow cylinder at different times, 𝜏 = 0.1 and 𝜏 = 1. 3(a) and 3(b), respectively. Two cases of Biot function Bi(𝜏) =
We find that the temperature at 𝑅 = 0.6 is higher than the 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 (solid lines) and Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−2𝜏 (dash lines) are
temperature at 𝑅 = 1 and the temperature profile decreases considered. Due to the fact that the function 𝑒−2𝜏 severely
at the negative slope for every case. It is clear since the heat decays as time goes, therefore, in the same temperature
Journal of Applied Mathematics 7

0.8 0.6

0.5
0.6
0.4
𝜃(0.8, 𝜏)

𝜃(1.0, 𝜏)
0.4 0.3

0.2
0.2
0.1

0.0 0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
𝜏 𝜏
s1 = 2, s2 = 1 s1 = 1, s2 = 1
s1 = 2, s2 = 2 s1 = 1, s2 = 2

(a) At 𝑅 = 0.8 (b) At 𝑅 = 1

Figure 3: Influence of function parameters 𝑠1 and 𝑠2 on the temperatures of the hollow cylinder at middle and right surfaces, [𝜓(𝜏) = 1−𝑒−𝑠1 𝜏 ,
Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 , 𝜃0 = 0].

1.6

1.2
𝜃(R, 𝜏)

0.8

0.4

0.0
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
R
𝜔1 = 2, 𝜏 = 1.0 𝜔1 = 2, 𝜏 = 0.4
𝜔1 = 1, 𝜏 = 1.0 𝜔1 = 1, 𝜏 = 0.4

Figure 4: Temperature distribution and variation along the radial of the hollow cylinder with different parameter 𝜔1 of temperature function
𝜓(𝜏), [𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − cos 𝜔1 𝜏, Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 , 𝜃0 = 0].

function 𝜓(𝜏) the temperature in Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−2𝜏 is less than
that in Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 as 𝜏 proceeds. That is to say, more
heat will be dissipated into the surrounding environment for
Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−2𝜏 as 𝜏 goes.
Figure 4 depicts the effect of the parameter 𝜔1 of tem-
perature function 𝜓(𝜏) upon the temperature variation of the
hollow cylinder. It is found that, in the same temperature
function 𝜓(𝜏), the temperature for 𝜏 = 0.4 is less than that for
𝜏 = 1.0. Besides, as 𝜏 increases from 0.4 to 1.0, the difference
between temperatures at 𝜔1 = 1 and at 𝜔1 = 2 becomes
significant.
Periodical heat source versus time-varying Biot function
is drawn to show the temperature variation of the hollow
cylinder at 𝑅 = 0.8 and 𝑅 = 1.0 with respect to 𝜏 in Figures
5(a) and 5(b), respectively. Two cases of heat source 𝜓(𝜏) =
1 − cos 𝜏 (solid lines) and 𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − cos 2𝜏 (dash lines) are
considered. At the same 𝜏, the temperature of Bi(𝜏) = 2−𝑒−𝜏 is
less than that of Bi(𝜏) = 2−𝑒−0.1𝜏 for constant 𝜓(𝜏). The reason
is that more heat has been dissipated into the surrounding
environment at the case of Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝜏 . It can be observed
that as 𝜏 proceeds, in the beginning, the temperatures are
nonsensitive with 𝜔1 parameters, as shown in Figure 5.
8 Journal of Applied Mathematics

2.4 heat conduction problems of hollow cylinders with time-

dependent boundary conditions of different kinds at both
2.0 surfaces.

1.6 Nomenclatures
𝜃(0.8, 𝜏)

1.2
𝑎, 𝑏: Inner and outer radii (m)
𝑎1 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏2 : Arbitrary constants used to express
temperature and Biot functions
0.8
Bi: Biot function
𝑑1 , 𝑑2 : Auxiliary functions
0.4
𝑓1 , 𝑓2 : Auxiliary time functions
𝐹: Biot function minus a constant
0.0 𝑔1 , 𝑔2 : Shifting functions
0 1 2 3 4 5
ℎ: Time-dependent heat transfer coefficient
𝜏 at outer surface (W⋅m−2 ⋅K−1 )
𝜔1 = 1, s2 = 0.1 𝜔1 = 2, s2 = 0.1 𝐻: Variable temperature function at inner
𝜔1 = 1, s2 = 1.0 𝜔1 = 2, s2 = 1.0 surface (K)
(a) At 𝑅 = 0.8 𝐽0 : Bessel function of order zero of the first
kind
2.0
𝑘: Thermal conductivity (W⋅m−1 ⋅K−1 )
𝑁𝑛 : Norm of try functions
1.6 𝑞𝑛 : Time-dependent generalized coordinates
𝑟: Space variable (m)
𝑟: Ratio of inner radius over outer radius
1.2
𝑅: Dimensionless radius
𝜃(1.0, 𝜏)

𝑠1 , 𝑠2 : Parameters used to express temperature

0.8 and Biot functions
𝑡: Time variable (sec)
𝑇: Temperature (K)
0.4
𝑇𝑟 : Constant reference temperature (K)
𝑇0 : Initial temperature (K)
0.0 V: Auxiliary function
0 1 2 3 4 5 𝑌0 : Bessel function of order zero of the
𝜏 second kind.
𝜔1 = 1, s2 = 0.1 𝜔1 = 2, s2 = 0.1
𝜔1 = 1, s2 = 1 𝜔1 = 2, s2 = 1 Greek Symbols
(b) At 𝑅 = 1 𝛼: Thermal diffusivity (m2 ⋅s−1 )
Figure 5: Influence of 𝜔1 parameter and 𝑠2 parameter on the 𝛽𝑛 , 𝛽𝑛 : Auxiliary functions
temperature variation of the hollow cylinder at middle and right 𝛿: Initial value of Biot function
surfaces, [𝜓(𝜏) = 1 − cos 𝜔1 𝜏, Bi(𝜏) = 2 − 𝑒−𝑠2 𝜏 , 𝜃0 = 0]. 𝜙𝑛 : Eigenfunctions
𝜑: Auxiliary integration variable
𝛾𝑛 , 𝛾𝑛 : Auxiliary functions
𝜆𝑛: Eigenvalues
5. Conclusion 𝜃: Dimensionless temperature
𝜃0 : Dimensionless initial temperature
An analytical solution for the heat conduction in a hollow 𝜏: Dimensionless time variable
cylinder with time-dependent boundary conditions of dif- 𝜔1 , 𝜔2 : Parameters for temperature and Biot functions
ferent kinds at both surfaces was developed for the first 𝜉𝑛 : Auxiliary function
time. The surface is subject to a time-dependent temperature 𝜉𝑊𝑖 : Auxiliary functions to express integration
field at inner surface, whereas the heat is dissipated by time- terms of Bessel functions
dependent convection from outer surface into a surrounding 𝜓: Dimensionless time-dependent temperature
environment at zero temperature. The methodology is an function
extension of the shifting function method and the present 𝜁: Auxiliary integration variable.
results are identical to those in the literature when constant
Biot function is considered. Since the methodology does Subscripts
not use integral transform, it has a proven result. The
proposed method can also be easily extended to various 0, 1, 2, 𝑚, 𝑛, 𝐽, 𝑌: Indices.
Journal of Applied Mathematics 9

Conflict of Interests [14] S. Chantasiriwan, “Inverse heat conduction problem of deter-

mining time-dependent heat transfer coefficient,” International
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 42, no. 23, pp. 4275–4285,
regarding the publication of this paper. 1999.
[15] J. Su and G. F. Hewitt, “Inverse heat conduction problem of
Acknowledgment estimating time-varying heat transfer coefficient,” Numerical
Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 777–789,
It is gratefully acknowledged that this work was supported by 2004.
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103-2221-E-006-048 and NSC 95-2221-E-344-001. of estimating time-dependent heat transfer coefficient with the
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Advances in Advances in Journal of Journal of
Operations Research
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