The Catholic Reformation and the Baroque

25/08/2010 09:26:00
← The counter-reformation
• The catholic church began to revive the church after the Protestant
reformation led by Martin Luther. The Catholic Church some of this
spirit came from Loyola and the Jesuits. The council of trent
confirmed the main measures of the church and removed the
abuses. Each country took on different styles of the Baroque. One
country in particular used the Baroque art style to draw people back
to the Catholic church and of course that was Italy. The words to
describe it in Rome would be:
o Extravagant excess
o Intricate embellishment still, all the people could enjoy the
arts that the church commissioned. In Italy the Baroque
master was Bernini
• Bernini.
o 1. David (p 14) My favorite, the david, that moves and is
about to attack Goliath-energy tension different than
Donatello’s young boy and Michelangelo’s who seems to be
contemplating confronting Goliath.
o 2. The piazza in front of St. Peter’s (p14) a space surrounded
by buildings.
o 3. The four rivers fountain (p13) designed by Bernini and
each figure sculpted by a different sculpture artist in his
workshop. This could be viewed by all the people, not just the
aristocrats.
o 4. The exstasy of St. Teresa (p6) Spanish nun who at the age
of 40 began to experience mystical visions. Here we see art
designed to appeal to the emotions and feelings of its
audience. To draw them in.
• words of St. Teresa (p5) Bernini felt he recognized in her words a
thinly veiled description of a sexual orgasm. His sculpture has
teresa in an exotic swoon, the angel standing above her having just
drawn his arrow from her entrails.
• The pope said the church was in great luck when the found t\he
genius of Bernini. He could do anything architecture, sculpture,
fountains, theatrical displays, and fireworks
• Caravaggio
o The drama of painting. The use of light and dark. One could
say Caravaggio life was also full of light and dark.
o 1. The calling of st. matthews
 he insists on reality, the people are in clothes of his
time and they are tax collectors counting their take.
Jesus reaches out to levi, who becomes the apostles of
St. matthew with St. peter at his side. He used what is
called “tenebrism” – the use of large areas of dark
contrasted with sharp smaller areas of white. Shading
of light and dark
o 2. He also painted some homoerotic paintings of Bacchus, the
wine god looking like a young boy, much if this went along
with his life. He street brawled, carried weapons illegally and
in 1620 killed a tennis referee.
 He was copied by one of the most famous women
painters of this time (unusual)
• Gentileschi:
o 1. Judith slaying Holofernes (p12) her father was a painter
and a friend of Caravaggio
o 2. There is a story behind the subject in her paintings and the
style she used (p12)
• eventually, when the trial was over she married an artist and
moved to Florence and was accepted in the Academy of Design.
Subjects were often biblical, many violent and many of women
(often nude) (p12)
• Mannerist style
o Madonna of the long neck by parmigianino
 Given a new theatrical mood
 The elongated mother of God with her spidery fingers
touching her cheat as she looks at the over sized Christ
child who is slipping off her lap
  On lookers crowd to see the scene a small figure at the
bottom may be a prophet
o Tintoretto’s Last Supper compared to da Vinci’s
 His does not have the symmetry and geometric look of
Leonardo
 The viewer is above the painting and the vanishing
point in the distance
 There is not the even texture of da vinci but various
contrast of light and dark produced by the smoking oil
lamp
 Leonardo focuses on the human element while
tintoretto illustrates the miraculous when Jesus
illustrates the sacrament
 He makes them very natural by having ordinary
servants occupy the right side of the picture
← The result of Martin Luther’s who encouraged religious devotion free of
papal authority prepared the way for other protestant sects. This resulted in
a thirty years war (1618-1648) and caused the death of some five million
Christians. The counter-reformation or the catholic reform began:
• Art
• Missionary work
• And the elimination of some abuses by the council of trent
← Loyola and the jusits (Spanish story)
• The most important of the missionary groups established. (still is
today)
• There members acted as preachers, confessors, and teachers
• They were especially successful in mexico and south America, but
also in areas of Europe.
• The Jesuits had fascinating elements of mysticism and militant
religious zeal (page 3)
← Council of trent
• It did reconfirm all seven sacraments, it also, set clear guidelines
for the eliminations of abuses among the clergy and emphasized
education for the uneducated and encouraging intellectualism in the
monasteries
 • Unfortunately the inquisition still went on and certain books were
banned from reading (still today)
← Baroque Music
• Gabriel in Venice very influential. He brought polychoral no longer a
cappella two or more choruses and instrumental ensembles. Also,
dynamics and the concertato opposing contrasting sonorities. Plus,
tonality where there is a home note.
• Monteverdi and the birth of opera, Venice (still most important for
opera)
o A form of theatre that combines music, drama, dance and the
visual arts $$
o The written text should be the master of the music – the
libretto, little book (or the text of the opera). The overture –
introduction and the arias – elaborate solo songs. Recitatives
– develop a characters feelings – explains plot
← Cervantes and don Quixote (not in book)
• Poor veteran of foreign wars, slavery and debtors prison. He wrote
a book that made him in the 17th centery and became a broadway
music and best selling film
• Man of la mancha – the story of an impoverished Spanish noble
who has spent his life reading about knights. So he goes and deals
with the world as it should be not as it is
← Aristocratic power and the aristocratic style – absolutism
• Phillip IV spain valazquez los meinas – why do you think this picture
is so unusual and famous?
← Moliere
• Used his biting with wit and used satire to attack the hypocrisy and
French society, he gained the favor of Louis XIV who granted him a
theatre inside the Louvre. He was a playwright, actor and part
owner of his own theatrical company.
o Tartuffe – the story of a religious hypocrite
o The miginary invalid – the story of a hypochondriac. A
comedy ballet where he collapsed and died.
o The would-be gentleman – mocked the france’s social
climbers.
 o His play showed a careful observation of the social manners
of the time
o The play we will do the plot of a wealthy tradesman who hires
tutors to teach him the ways of upper class
← Absolutism
• The thirty year war gives Europe a problem – how to maintain
social order and law?
• One solution was to give absolute power to a monarch who could
subdue the disturbing factions
• The monarch had absolute power and control over every aspect of
national life. What would we call it today? (dictator)
• Thomas hobbes was the defender of this concept from a realist and
secular perspective
o Hobbes had a deep pessimism about humanity
o Without a king to rule them people could expect “a solitary,
poor nasty, brutal and short life”
o The ruling would be brutal but a benevolent life
• What did this do for france?
o Improved the efficiency of the government
o Raised a standing army of half a million
o Supported the arts
o Symbolized the nations unity and international prestige
o Peasants are taxed heavily for this
o Louis the XIV (I am the state” – for the people of france this
was an act of patriotism. He was the sun king. Many of the
things louis did are in our democracy.
← Louis XIV and Versailles
• Louis did not like paris so did not want his palace to be in the louver
in paris. It took 36,000 workers and almost 20 years to build
Versailles
• The nobles were to live there so he could keep a finger on them and
make them dependent on him
 • He loved the arts and also realized the propaganda value of them.
he had academies of language, literature, paintings, sculptor,
dance, music, architecture, and science. The king fixed the
standards for all of these academies (do it my way). He even
danced as the sun king (p37)
• His architecture was neo-classical mixed with baroque (p 28-33)
• The gardens were magnificent by mansart
• 1500 servants at times 40-60,000 nobles
← peter paul rubens – Painters of the court
• established a reputation in the courts of Europe
• he had a large workshop with artist assistants and it is said he
finished 1800 paintings. His color was robust and dynamic (p 36)
many flesh bodies of nude maidens, but ok since myths
← Nicolas Poussin
• His paintings were academic in style absolute clarity. You can
almost see the pyramid fixtures in the painting on page 34. It is
theatrical but the main concept in all of his paintings is
intellectualism and order
← Another type of painting many artists did were paintings of the
aristocrats. This was especially important in the concept of marriage. Send a
picture of your beautiful princes daughter to a king who had a son who
would inherit power. P 63. Do not study pages 45-58
←
← the baroque in the protestant north
• in England, there was much dissension but eventually a bill of rights
was written that the king could not suspend parliament and the
toleration act of 1688 that there could be freedom of worship. A
problem after England changed from the catholic faith to Episcopal
so the king could get a divorce and remarry.
• On important written material came out of England and that was
the king james bible
← The London of Chirstopher wren
• In 1666, a divesting fire tore through London and destroyed three-
fourths of the city. Thus a huge building activity occurred to rebuild
and modernized London
 • Following the fire wren prepared a design for london’s
reconstruction, it was rejected but he did build over 50 churches
including st. paul’s (londond’s most famous church) the dome
became a model for our capital
• The Holland of today
o For then, a high rate of literacy. Artists pained regular people.
o A Rembrandt
 He choose subjects that were uncommon in catholic art.
The prodigal son. The night watch (not in book) maybe
one of his most famous. He did 60 portraits of himself,
but as his fame dropped so did the way he looked (p92)
← A. Johonnes Vermeer
• He was almost unknown in his day, but would sell for millions today
(girl with a pearl Earring). In comparison to Rembrandt, he only
painted 40 works. He was a master of light, color and detail. P89-
90) view of delft
• Woman, holding a balance the woman is maybe pregnant and there
is a message – she is holding jewels and behind is a painting of the
last judgment (p90). What is more important? Jewels or your soul?
He also is known to use a camera obscura which suggests the use
of an optical lens. Perfection!
Bach
• Bach excelled in both musical forms secular and religious, but today
he is more known for his religious music
o Counterpoint – two or more melodies of equal importance.
Sometimes used as synonym for polyphonic
o Basso continuo – a strong bass line that supports the
polyphonic lines
• He served for twenty years in a noblemen’s court. The last 20 years
he worked as a composer in Leipzig, composed a new cantata each
Sunday. Cantata is a composition for voices and instruments. Not
as big as an oratoria. Prelude – introduces a large instrumental
work a fugue the theme of the work often done by counterpoint. St.
Matthews passion a gigantic work (p284) film
← Handel and the English oratoria
 • His father wanted him to become a lawyer, but he smuggle into the
attic an instrument and proved himself to be a musician. He left
germany and became a british citizen and produced many operas,
but they became too expensive so he developed the oratoria.
• The oratoria has an orchestra, chorus, solo voices but not scenery,
costumes and dramatic action.
• He produced the messiah, his words were dramatic and action filled
– helleluja chorus
← The Scientific revolution
• Others had begun to reach into science de vinci drawings of the
human body and the polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus
o Copernicus – the earth and all planet revolved around the
sun. the heliocentric theory – the sun theory – stood in
contrast to the geocentric (earth centrered model) this was
not a god-filled view. Another mathematician agreed with
him, but all of this caused problems among Christians
o Galileo – law of falling bodies – the earth’s gravity attracts all
bodies at the same rate of acceleration
 Then when a dutch lens maker made a telescope of
power Galileo realized that the heliocentric theory was
fact
 This brought the catholic church to put him in front of
the inquisition. He lied and said he did not say this so
he would not be killed. He was put under house arrest
for life, but he could have visitors and he wrote things
that they had published in protestant countries.
• The new learning
o Bacon – the empirical method – inductive reasoning – direct
observation and scientific experimentation as the bases to
have conclusions. He sought to eliminate errors in reasoning.
Knowledge through the senses.
o Descartes – modern philosopher
 How does one know what one knows? Through abstract
reasoning and math
  Deductive reasoning – you establish a premise and
work towards a truth – the opposite of inductive
reasoning
 His most famous slogan – I think therefore I am. He
was a thinking thing
← The new learning and religion
• The deist – Descartes defended the ideas of god. God didn’t
interfere with the ideas of humanity, and nature (no bible, religious
laws) god was a master mechanic who created the world and then
stepped aside.
• John locke – agreed with bacon that all things come from a sensory
experience, thus our mind is a blank slate until we experience
something.
o This gave people an optimistic view – if your experiences
were good on your blank slated mind you would be good –
the opposite of Hobbes who didn’t feel optimism about man
o The social contract – hobbes felt you surrendered your
freedom to a ruler since man couldn’t rule himself. Locke felt
their must be a contrast with the ruler for happiness and
power was with the ruled
• Locke’s government for the people
o People may give up some of their rights for protection if that
is not done right or the ruler takes away some of their rights.
They can rebel – people need life, liberty and estate.
Government must live on the consent of the governed. This
was what our revolution was about
o Locke’s influence on Jefferson and Montesquieu
 Our declaration of independence much done by
jeffereson expressed locke’s ideas
o Montesquieu believed in a separation of powers or a check
and balance system which we have executive, legislative, and
judicial. If everything is in one person’s hands, it could be
dangerous
← Adam smith – economic theory
 • Laissez faire – free enterprise allowed to act on an economic free
level – capitalism labor was the foundation for prosperity and all
men should be free do and make as much as they can with their
work. Nobility and dictators can not tell you what to do or how
much you can make. This is also a part of john locke’s thoughts.
← The philosophies
• When Louis XIV died, the nobles fled Versailles to live in fashionable
Paris townhouses. Noblewomen wanting to enhance their image had
noble gatherings in the saloons of their homes. Here they discussed
their opinion on morality, politics, science, religion
• Diderot – as stated, most philosophers were deists. They believed
in a God, but the bible was mythology and scorned church hierarchy
o The encyclopedia put together by Diderot was 35 volumes. It
was the most comprehensive collection of knowledge to be
produced in the west. The contributors to this work included
the most progressive and intellectual minds of the time
• Mary Wollstonecraft (Mary Shelly’s Mom)
o Considered to be the first feminist
o Vindication of the rights of women attacked the version of the
female stereotype – docile, domestic, and childlike. Males
went for this because it kept their women childlike and
obedient. They didn’t need an education
o She led a turbulent life as many early feminist did and died
early. She would have been proud of her daughter.
← The modern Novel
• Robinson crusoe by Daniel defoe – this stories inspired by real
castaways in an age sea-voyages appealed to readers more than
Cervantes
• Pamela by samual Richardson was the story of a domestic servant
who worked her way up in society
• Tom jones by henry fielding brought to life the episodes of criminals
and prostitues
← Ch. 25 – the limits of reason
• The industrial revolution
o The spinning jenny and the water frame transformed the
production of textiles
 o The steam engine used for everything from sawmills to
railroads
o The result factories – capitalism and unregulated hours for
even children (12-14)
o Slave trade P.118-122
• Satire
o Jonathan swift – an Anglican priest had a pessimist outlook
without complete despair
o His two famous writings – gulliver’s travels and a modest
proposal (p122-125). Especially, the concept that the poor
should fatten up their papers and sell to the rich
• Voltaire and candied
o Voltaire was the person you wanted to come to you saloon.
He was a poet, critic, playwright and very clever and fun
o When he visited England, he highly regarded their
constitutional government and the writings of John locke
o Like most of the philosophers, he condemned organized
religion. He didn’t see how a good god could have such awful
natural disasters and man could do such evil things
o In candied, a naïve and good natured young man lives
through many horrors and doesn’t see how this could be the
best of all possible worlds. He settles on a farm and his
answer to the horrors is we must cultivate our own
garden (look after yourself). It is foolish to think reason
can combat evil. Candied was censored in most of Europe, but
was the most popular read. Its satire and wit drew people to
it (p125-128)
← visual satire
• hogarth-marriage a la mode
o a marriage of convenience the son of poor nobleman is
contracted out to the daughter of a rich merchant (p130-131)
• roussea’s revolt against reason
 o contributed to the encyclopedia – a playwright, composer,
and educator, took issue with some of the englihtenment
thought – especially that the progress of art and sciences
might improve human conduct. But they are corrupted by
society. God makes all things good. Man meddles with
them and they become evil. He felt that instinct was better
than reason. Man is born free and everywhere he is in chains
o rousseau did believe in social contract like Locke. The state is
the general will of its citizens
o rousseau: education. He believed a childs education began at
birth (as we do today). He divided education and learning into
five sections. Many of his ideas for education of children are
today used by the montessory. He really upset mary
Wollstonecraft when he said a women’s place was in the
home and by the cradle.
←
← 1000 word essay due sept 20 – syllabus or
• compare the catholic and protestant baroque revolutions. What did
they do and why did it happen?
• The philosophies: pick one and say that you believe in certain
things he said. Pick another and say what were some of the things
he said you didn’t agree on. Why? The philosophies: diderot,
Montesquieu, pope, equiano, Voltaire, rousseau
• 1000 words, 3 cites, (2 from internet)
test on Monday – questions: diderot: page 107, pope page 114, equiano
page 121, Voltaire page 128, rouseau page 123

the American revolution 1776

• Jefferson restates john lock’s concept that you must protect a
citizen’s right to life, liberty and property in our constitution
• The british political theorist john paine said that our revolution had
done more to enlighten and to diffuse a spirit of freedom than
anything that had happened so far in the world
The French revolution
 • The French intellectuals watched and studied our revolution and the
government even gave us money to win our battles against Britain,
but,
• Their revolution was for two very different reasons – class
inequality and financial problems
o 500 years of costly wars and royal extravagances. B. 4/5ths
of the peasants income went for taxes. C. the clergy and the
nobles owned almost half of the land yet they paid no taxes.
D. this led to a shortage of bread – the major food for
peasants
o louis XVI called a meeting for more taxes and riots broke out
throughout France and in 1789 they stormed the bastille and
formed a constitution much like ours
o but, their were divisions among the people which resulted in
the reign of terror
• louis the XVI and his queen marie Antoinette were guillotined
• the French radical antiroyalist was assassinated in his bath. By
charlotte corday a radical royalist
• his friend and famous painted david immortalized him by painting
his picture of death
• finally in 1789 a government was set up by 2 legislative chambers
and a five man executive body of directors. But,
• violence continued and one of the executive men, napoleon
Bonaparte took over five years later and became a military dictator.
← 18th century art, music, and society
• the rococo style – born among the royals in paris who had left
Versailles. It was elegant and fancy the word rococo comes from
the French meaning fancy rock or shell work used to ornament the
nobles gardens.
o Rococo painting
 Watteau pained departure from the island cythera
(p143) a group of fashionable rich people getting on a
golden boat to visit the goddess of love
 Fragonard the swing – a picture of a man mistress
swinging, tossing her shoe as he hidden peers into her
skirt. Cupid on the left is laughing
  Boucher was a specialist in painting mythological
scenes. Venus consoling love is an erotic female nude.
This was commissioned by madame pampadour favorite
mistress of louis XVI (pompadour today means
hairstyle)
• French genre painting
o They focused on everyday life nurses, governesses kitchen
maids, and everyday families
o Charden’s the kitchen maid shows the dignity of work and the
virtues domesticity (p 147) also, boy spinning top a still life
with charm, simplicity and is moralizing in a way. How?
• Neoclassicism in America
o A tour of our capital or any major city in the US we see
neoclassic buildings and sculpture
o Thomas Jefferson among all the other things he was a self-
taught architect. He felt a nations building create a national
image and effect social conduct and human aspiration
 He designed the Virginia state capital modeled after a
roman building (p 161)
 Also, a building on the university of Virginia
 Jefferson’s had a neoclassical country estate called
Monticello. He used some American materials
• The birth of the symphony orchestra
o Haydn developed the classical style. At the age of 29 he was
requited to be the musical director to the court of the
powerful and wealthy Hungarian nobleman prince esterhazy
There for almost 30 years he did it all – composed music,
trained choristers, rehearsed and conduced an orchestra,
wrote operas, oratorios, solo concerts, sonatas, overtures, he
is called the father of the symphony.
o His surprise symphony is on your disc. He uses fortissimo a
loud crash of music in a quiet spot. Some say he wanted to
keep the audience awake.
o Terms
 Strings
 Woodwinds
  Sonata
 Symphony
 String quartet
 Brass
 Concerto
 Allego
 Theme and variations
 Andante
 Intermezzo
 Percussion
← The Genius of Mozart – Austria – 1756-91
• A child prodigy who wrote first composition at six and his first
symphony at eight
• His ability to sight read, improvise, and to transcribe flawlessly
composition he had heard only is unequaled in history
• He produced a total of 650 works
• His father was prominent composer and he and his sister toured
Europe and performed hundreds of public and private concerts
before he was 13
• Borrowed from popular dance tunes and turned them into elegant
music for garden parties “a little night music
• Throughout his life he had money problems yet in the last four
years of his life he wrote some of his famous operas. He was buried
in pauper’s grave. Marriage of Figaro, don Giovanni, the magic
flute.
• Like moliere’s plays his “opera buffet” often poked fun at the wealth
and thus with status. In the marriage of Figaro the maid susanna
and her fiancée in a plot to out wit their master who wants to
seduce Susanne.
Sometimes he got in trouble for this and had to tone down his
satire, but where the operas before tone down his satire, but where
the operas before him had stick figures his were real human beings
going through love and despair
←
 25/08/2010 09:26:00
← Test review
• Loyola and the Jesuits
• Michael Angelo
• Council of trent
• Mannerism – tinteretto
• Caravaggio
• Gentileschi – been raped/groteqse paintings
• Bernini
• Pic on page 24 – person in back, king and queen
• Absolutism – page 26
• Page 34 – poussin
• Page 36 – rubens – everybody wanted to be painted by him
• Page 37 – king louis XIV – ballet costume
• Moliere
• Priest
• Skip page 45-60
• Quotes – death be not proud – page 65
• 66 – love quoet
• 60 pictures of himself – Rembrandt
• page 69
• paradise lost
• page 70 – rambrandt – he painted himself (unusual)
• 92 – Rembrandt
• 93 – anatomy
• page 73 – bach, hendel
• hendel – messiah.
• Bach – first 20 years performed in the royal courts
• Page 76
• Galileo
• Papernekis
• Page 79
• Page 80
• Social contract – the contract with the government
• Know about the time when opera occurred
• Page 94 – vivaldi
• Page 114
• Cultivate your own garden – Voltare
• Page 121
• Pope’s essay on man
• Page 143 – verso
• No page 128
• No Chinese lit.
• Page 131
• Page 134
• Page 139
• Thomas Jefferson – university of Virginia – page 155
• No page 156-158
• Page 163
• Mozart – child prodigy – writing music at age 8 or 9. Wrote operas
– figero, don geovani. Made it more fun