Criminal​ ​Law​ ​1​ ​Case​ ​Digests

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UNITED​ ​STATES​ ​vs.​ ​EDUAVE

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​12155​ ​ ​ ​February​ ​2,​ ​1917
FACTS:
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​accused​ ​rushed​ ​upon​ ​the​ ​girl​ ​suddenly​ ​and​ ​struck​ ​her​ ​from​ ​behind​ ​with​ ​a​ ​sharp​ ​bolo​ ​producing
a​ ​gash​ ​in​ ​the​ ​lumbar​ ​region​ ​and​ ​to​ ​the​ ​side,​ ​severing​ ​all​ ​of​ ​the​ ​muscles​ ​and​ ​tissues​ ​of​ ​that​ ​part.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​MOTIVE:​ ​She​ ​had​ ​charged​ ​him​ ​with​ ​rape​ ​and​ ​being​ ​the​ ​cause​ ​of​ ​her​ ​pregnancy.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​He​ ​was​ ​her​ ​mother’s​ ​querido​ ​(kabit)​ ​and​ ​was​ ​living​ ​with​ ​her​ ​at​ ​the​ ​time​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​was​ ​committed.
ISSUE:
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​What​ ​is​ ​the​ ​precise​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​which​ ​he​ ​should​ ​be​ ​convicted?
1. If​ ​death​ ​had​ ​resulted,​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​would​ ​not​ ​have​ ​been​ ​murder​ ​but​ ​homicide​ ​(Ito​ ​yung
sinabi​ ​sa​ ​case​ ​pero​ ​feel​ ​ko​ ​napagbaliktad​ ​lang.​ ​See:​ ​ratio).
2.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​It​ ​is​ ​attempted​ ​and​ ​not​ ​frustrated​ ​homicide.
RATIO:
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​accused​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​murder.
o​ ​ ​ ​Intent​ ​to​ ​kill.
o​ ​ ​ ​Deadly​ ​weapon​ ​was​ ​used.
o​ ​ ​ ​Blow​ ​was​ ​directed​ ​toward​ ​a​ ​vital​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​body.
o​ ​ ​ ​Purpose​ ​to​ ​kill,​ ​thought​ ​he​ ​had​ ​killed,​ ​and​ ​threw​ ​the​ ​body​ ​into​ ​the​ ​bushes;​ ​he​ ​declared​ ​that
he​ ​had​ ​killed​ ​the​ ​complainant.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​FIRST​ ​CONTENTION:
o​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​crime​ ​would​ ​have​ ​been​ ​murder​ ​if​ ​the​ ​girl​ ​had​ ​been​ ​killed.
o​ ​ ​ ​Such​ ​an​ ​attack​ ​suggests​ ​that​ ​it​ ​was​ ​made​ ​treacherously.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​SECOND​ ​CONTENTION:
o​ ​ ​ ​Crime​ ​was​ ​frustrated​ ​and​ ​not​ ​attempted​ ​murder.
v​ ​ ​FRUSTRATED​ ​FELONY
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​A​ ​felony​ ​is​ ​frustrated​ ​when​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​performs​ ​all​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​which
should​ ​produce​ ​the​ ​felony​ ​as​ ​a​ ​consequence,​ ​but​ ​which,​ ​nevertheless,​ ​do​ ​not​ ​produce​ ​it​ ​by
reason​ ​of​ ​causes​ ​independent​ ​of​ ​the​ ​will​ ​of​ ​the​ ​perpetrator​.
v​ ​ ​ATTEMPTED​ ​FELONY
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​There​ ​is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​when​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​commences​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​felony
directly​ ​by​ ​overt​ ​acts,​ ​and​ ​does​ ​not​ ​perform​ ​all​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​which​ ​constitute​ ​the
felony​ ​by​ ​reason​ ​of​ ​some​ ​cause​ ​or​ ​accident​ ​other​ ​than​ ​his​ ​own​ ​voluntary​ ​desistance​.
o​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​crime​ ​cannot​ ​be​ ​attempted​ ​murder.
o​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​defendant​ ​performed​ ​all​ ​of​ ​the​ ​acts.
FRUSTRATED​ ​MURDER ATTEMPTED​ ​MURDER

No​ ​intervention​ ​of​ ​a​ ​foreign​ ​or​ ​extraneous
cause​ ​or​ ​agency​ ​between​ ​the​ ​beginning​ ​of​ ​the
commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​the​ ​moment​ ​when
all​ ​of​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​have​ ​been​ ​performed​ ​which
should​ ​result​ ​in​ ​the​ ​consummated​ ​crime.
There​ ​is​ ​such​ ​intervention​ ​and​ ​the​ ​offender
does​ ​not​ ​arrive​ ​at​ ​the​ ​point​ ​of​ ​performing​ ​all​ ​of
the​ ​acts​ ​which​ ​should​ ​produce​ ​the​ ​crime.​ ​He​ ​is
stopped​ ​short​ ​of​ ​that​ ​point​ ​by​ ​some​ ​cause​ ​apart
from​ ​his​ ​voluntary​ ​desistance.

Subjective​ ​phase​ ​is​ ​completely​ ​passed. Never​ ​passes​ ​the​ ​subjective​ ​phase​ ​of​ ​the
offense.
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·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​SUBJECTIVE​ ​PHASE​ ​–​ ​between​ ​the​ ​act​ ​which​ ​begins​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​the​ ​last​ ​act
performed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​offender.​ ​Period​ ​which​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​has​ ​control.​ ​From​ ​that​ ​time​ ​forward​ ​the​ ​phase​ ​is
OBJECTIVE.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Case​ ​is​ ​frustrated.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Penalty​ ​–​ ​13​ ​years​ ​of​ ​cadena​ ​temporal​ ​there​ ​being​ ​neither​ ​aggravating​ ​nor​ ​mitigating​ ​circumstance.

Rivera​ ​v.​ ​People

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​166326,​ ​25​ ​January​ ​2006,
480​ ​SCRA​ ​188​,​ ​Callejo,​ ​Sr.,​ ​J.:

Facts:
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- A​ ​petition​ ​for​ ​review​ ​of​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Court​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Appeals​ ​wherein​ ​the​ ​same​ ​court
affirmed​ ​with​ ​modifications,​ ​the​ ​Decision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​RTC​ ​of​ ​Cavite,​ ​in​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​case
involving​ ​Esmeraldo​ ​and​ ​his​ ​two​ ​brothers​ ​Ismael​ ​and​ ​Edgardo​ ​Rivera​ ​and​ ​founding​ ​them
guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​murder​ ​of​ ​one​ ​Ruben​ ​Rodil
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​At​ ​noon​ ​of​ ​May​ ​2,​ ​1998,​ ​Ruben​ ​went​ ​to​ ​a​ ​nearby​ ​store​ ​to​ ​buy​ ​food.​ ​Edgardo​ ​mocked
him​ ​for​ ​being​ ​jobless​ ​and​ ​dependent​ ​on​ ​his​ ​wife​ ​for​ ​support.​ ​Ruben​ ​resented​ ​the​ ​rebuke
and​ ​hurled​ ​invectives​ ​at​ ​Edgardo.​ ​A​ ​heated​ ​exchange​ ​of​ ​words​ ​ensued.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​On​ ​the​ ​subsequent​ ​day,​ ​May​ ​3,​ ​1998.​ ​Ruben,​ ​together​ ​with​ ​his​ ​3​ ​year​ ​old​ ​daughter,​ ​went
to​ ​the​ ​store​ ​to​ ​buy​ ​food​ ​and​ ​look​ ​for​ ​his​ ​wife​ ​when​ ​He​ ​was​ ​immediately​ ​attacked​ ​the
petitioners​ ​who​ ​emerged​ ​from​ ​their​ ​house​ ​and​ ​mauled​ ​Ruben​ ​with​ ​fist​ ​blows​ ​that​ ​resulted
with​ ​him​ ​falling​ ​to​ ​the​ ​ground
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​From​ ​that​ ​helpless​ ​position,​ ​Edgardo​ ​hit​ ​Ruben​ ​three​ ​times​ ​with​ ​a​ ​hollow​ ​block​ ​on​ ​the
parietal​ ​area​ ​and​ ​the​ ​other​ ​two​ ​Rivera​ ​brothers​ ​continued​ ​mauling​ ​Ruben
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​People​ ​who​ ​saw​ ​the​ ​incident​ ​shouted:​ ​Awatin​ ​sila!​ ​Awatin​ ​sila!​ ​Ruben​ ​felt​ ​dizzy​ ​but
managed​ ​to​ ​stand​ ​up.​ ​Ismael​ ​threw​ ​a​ ​stone​ ​at​ ​him,​ ​hitting​ ​him​ ​at​ ​the​ ​back.​ ​When
policemen​ ​on​ ​board​ ​a​ ​mobile​ ​car​ ​arrived,​ ​Esmeraldo,​ ​Ismael​ ​and​ ​Edgardo​ ​fled​ ​to​ ​their
house​ ​and​ ​Ruben​ ​was​ ​immediately​ ​brought​ ​to​ ​the​ ​hospital.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​His​ ​attending​ ​physician,​ ​Dr.​ ​Lamberto​ ​Cagingin,​ ​Jr.,​ ​signed​ ​a​ ​medical​ ​certificate​ ​in
which​ ​he​ ​declared​ ​that​ ​Ruben​ ​sustained​ ​lacerated​ ​wounds​ ​on​ ​the​ ​parietal​ ​area,​ ​cerebral
concussion​ ​or​ ​contusion,​ ​hematoma​ ​on​ ​the​ ​left​ ​upper​ ​buttocks,​ ​multiple​ ​abrasions​ ​on​ ​the
left​ ​shoulder​ ​and​ ​hematoma​ ​periorbital​ ​left.​ ​The​ ​doctor​ ​declared​ ​that​ ​the​ ​lacerated​ ​wound
in​ ​the​ ​parietal​ ​area​ ​was​ ​slight​ ​and​ ​superficial​ ​and​ ​would​ ​heal​ ​from​ ​one​ ​to​ ​seven​ ​days.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​accused​ ​and​ ​their​ ​witness​ ​gave​ ​their​ ​respective​ ​testimonies​ ​which​ ​the​ ​RTC​ ​gave​ ​no
credence​ ​and​ ​they​ ​were​ ​found​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​murder.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Subsequently,​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​appealed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​CA​ ​which​ ​rendered​ ​the​ ​judgement,​ ​affirming,
with​ ​modification,​ ​the​ ​appealed​ ​decision.​ ​The​ ​Decision​ ​was​ ​modified​ ​from​ ​frustrated
murder​ ​to​ ​attempted​ ​murder.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​accused​ ​then,​ ​raised​ ​the​ ​Decision​ ​in​ ​the​ ​Supreme​ ​Court
Issue(s):
1. WON​ ​there​ ​is​ ​intent​ ​to​ ​kill​ ​on​ ​the​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the​ ​accused
2. WON​ t​ he​ ​accused​ ​are​ ​only​ ​liable​ ​for​ ​physical​ ​injuries​ ​based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​testimony​ ​of​ ​the
attending​ ​physician,​ ​Dr.​ ​Cagigin.
3. WON​ ​there​ ​is​ ​treachery

Ruling:
1. Yes,​ ​the​ ​Supreme​ ​Court​ ​held​ ​that​ ​the​ ​intent​ ​to​ ​kill​ ​is​ ​presumed​ ​even​ ​though​ ​the​ ​wounds
sustained​ ​by​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​were​ ​merely​ ​superficial​ ​and​ ​could​ ​not​ ​have​ ​produced​ ​his​ ​death.
The​ ​head​ ​wounds​ ​sustained​ ​by​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​were​ ​merely​ ​superficial​ ​and​ ​could​ ​not​ ​have
produced​ ​his​ ​death​ ​does​ ​not​ ​negate​ ​petitioners​ ​criminal​ ​liability​ ​for​ ​attempted​ ​murder.
Even​ ​if​ ​Edgardo​ ​did​ ​not​ ​hit​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​squarely​ ​on​ ​the​ ​head,​ ​petitioners​ ​are​ ​still​ ​criminally
liable​ ​for​ ​attempted​ ​murder.
2. No,​ ​the​ ​CA​ ​was​ ​correct​ ​when​ ​they​ ​found​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​murder.​ ​Since
based​ ​on​ ​the​ ​last​ ​paragraph​ ​Art.​ ​6​ ​of​ ​the​ ​RPC,​ ​There​ ​is​ ​an​ ​attempt​ ​when​ ​the​ ​offender
commences​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​a​ ​felony​ ​directly​ ​by​ ​overt​ ​acts,​ ​and​ ​does​ ​not​ ​perform​ ​all
the​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​which​ ​should​ ​produce​ ​the​ ​felony​ ​by​ ​reason​ ​of​ ​some​ ​cause​ ​or
accident​ ​other​ ​than​ ​his​ ​own​ ​spontaneous​ ​desistance.​ ​In​ ​the​ ​case​ ​at​ ​bar,​ ​petitioners,​ ​who
acted​ ​in​ ​concert,​ ​commenced​ ​the​ ​felony​ ​of​ ​murder​ ​by​ ​mauling​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​and​ ​hitting​ ​him
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three​ ​times​ ​with​ ​a​ ​hollow​ ​block;​ ​they​ ​narrowly​ ​missed​ ​hitting​ ​the​ ​middle​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​his
head.​ ​If​ ​Edgardo​ ​had​ ​done​ ​so,​ ​Ruben​ ​would​ ​surely​ ​have​ ​died.
3. Yes,​ ​since​ ​Ruben​ ​had​ ​no​ ​chance​ ​to​ ​defend​ ​himself​ ​and​ ​retaliate.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​overwhelmed​ ​by
the​ ​synchronized​ ​assault​ ​of​ ​the​ ​three​ ​siblings.​ ​The​ ​essence​ ​of​ ​treachery​ ​is​ ​the​ ​sudden​ ​and
unexpected​ ​attack​ ​on​ ​the​ ​victim.​ ​Even​ ​if​ ​the​ ​attack​ ​is​ ​frontal​ ​but​ ​is​ ​sudden​ ​and
unexpected,​ ​giving​ ​no​ ​opportunity​ ​for​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​to​ ​repel​ ​it​ ​or​ ​defend​ ​himself,​ ​there
would​ ​be​ ​treachery.​ ​Obviously,​ ​petitioners​ ​assaulted​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​because​ ​of​ ​the​ ​altercation
between​ ​him​ ​and​ ​petitioner​ ​Edgardo​ ​Rivera​ ​a​ ​day​ ​before.​ ​There​ ​being​ ​conspiracy​ ​by​ ​and
among​ ​petitioners,​ ​treachery​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​against​ ​all​ ​of​ ​them

Baleros​ ​v.​ ​People

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​138033,​ ​22​ ​February​ ​2006,
483​ ​SCRA​ ​10​,​ ​GARCIA,​ ​J.
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FACTS:
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Petitioner​ ​Renato​ ​Baleros,​ ​Jr.​ ​filed​ ​a​ ​petition​ ​for​ ​review​ ​for​ ​certiorari​ ​before​ ​the
Supreme​ ​Court,​ ​assailing​ ​and​ ​seeking​ ​the​ ​reversal​ ​of​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​CA​ ​which​ ​said
decision​ ​affirmed​ ​an​ ​earlier​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​the​ ​RTC​ ​of​ ​Manila,​ ​finding​ ​the​ ​petitioner​ ​guilty
of​ ​attempted​ ​rape​ ​of​ ​one​ ​Malou​ ​Albano,​ ​a​ ​medical​ ​student​ ​of​ ​the​ ​University​ ​of​ ​Sto.
Tomas,​ ​who​ ​stayed​ ​at​ ​Room​ ​307​ ​with​ ​her​ ​maid​ ​Marvilou
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​That​ ​in​ ​the​ ​evening​ ​of​ ​December​ ​12,​ ​Malou​ ​retired​ ​at​ ​around​ ​10:30​ ​and​ ​outside​ ​who​ ​was
sleeping​ ​on​ ​a​ ​folding​ ​bed​ ​was​ ​her​ ​maid,​ ​Marvilou
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Following​ ​that​ ​day​ ​at​ ​1AM,​ ​Petitioner​ ​arrived​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Building​ ​wearing​ ​a​ ​white​ ​t-shirt
with​ ​fraternity​ ​symbols​ ​and​ ​black​ ​shorts​ ​with​ ​the​ ​brand​ ​name​ ​“Adidas”​ ​from​ ​a​ ​party.​ ​ ​He
requested​ ​permission​ ​from​ ​S/G​ ​Ferolin​ ​to​ ​go​ ​up​ ​to​ ​Room​ ​306​ ​leased​ ​by​ ​Ansbert​ ​Co​ ​but​ ​at
that​ ​time​ ​only​ ​Joseph​ ​Bernard​ ​Africa​ ​was​ ​there.​ ​ ​Although​ ​Chito​ ​could​ ​not​ ​produce​ ​the
required​ ​written​ ​authorization,​ ​he​ ​let​ ​him​ ​in​ ​because​ ​he​ ​will​ ​be​ ​a​ ​tenant​ ​in​ ​the​ ​coming
summer​ ​break.​ ​ ​Joseph​ ​was​ ​awaken​ ​by​ ​Chito’s​ ​knock​ ​so​ ​he​ ​glanced​ ​the​ ​alarm​ ​clock​ ​and
let​ ​him.​ ​ ​He​ ​saw​ ​him​ ​wearing​ ​dark-colored​ ​shorts​ ​and​ ​white​ ​T-shirt.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Few​ ​minutes​ ​later,​ ​at​ ​around​ ​1:50​ ​am,​ ​Malou​ ​was​ ​awakened​ ​when​ ​the​ ​petitioner
forcefully​ ​covered​ ​her​ ​was​ ​with​ ​a​ ​piece​ ​of​ ​cloth​ ​soaked​ ​in​ ​chemical​ ​with​ ​dizzying​ ​effect.
She​ ​struggled​ ​but​ ​could​ ​not​ ​move​ ​because​ ​she​ ​was​ ​tightly​ ​held​ ​and​ ​pinned​ ​down​ ​on​ ​the
bed.​ ​ ​She​ ​kicked​ ​him​ ​and​ ​got​ ​her​ ​right​ ​hand​ ​free​ ​to​ ​squeeze​ ​his​ ​sex​ ​organ​ ​causing​ ​him​ ​to
let​ ​her​ ​go.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​From​ ​that​ ​moment,​ ​she​ ​was​ ​able​ ​to​ ​go​ ​the​ ​bedroom​ ​door​ ​and​ ​woke​ ​up​ ​Marvilou.​ ​She
was​ ​also​ ​able​ ​to​ ​notify​ ​S/G​ ​Ferolin​ ​that​ ​someone​ ​tried​ ​to​ ​rape​ ​her.​ ​Malou​ ​then,​ ​seeks​ ​the
help​ ​of​ ​her​ ​classmates​ ​who​ ​were​ ​also​ ​staying​ ​in​ ​the​ ​same​ ​building​ ​namely​ ​ ​Christian
Alcala,​ ​Bernard​ ​Baptista,​ ​Lutgardo​ ​Acosta​ ​and​ ​Rommel​ ​Montes.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Upon​ ​returning,​ ​she​ ​saw​ ​her​ ​bed​ ​in​ ​a​ ​mess​ ​and​ ​noticed​ ​that​ ​her​ ​nightdress​ ​was​ ​stained
with​ ​blue.​ ​ ​Aside​ ​from​ ​the​ ​window​ ​with​ ​grills​ ​which​ ​she​ ​had​ ​originally​ ​left​ ​opened,
another​ ​window​ ​inside​ ​her​ ​bedroom​ ​which​ ​leads​ ​to​ ​Room​ ​306​ ​was​ ​now​ ​open.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Subsequently,​ ​investigation​ ​was​ ​conducted​ ​by​ ​CIS​ ​and​ ​they​ ​asked​ ​Christian​ ​and​ ​his
roommates​ ​to​ ​look​ ​for​ ​anything​ ​not​ ​belonging​ ​to​ ​them​ ​in​ ​their​ ​Unit
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​As​ ​a​ ​result,​ ​Rommel​ ​Montes​ ​went​ ​inside​ ​and​ ​found​ ​a​ ​grey​ ​bag​ ​which​ ​Christian​ ​knew
right​ ​away​ ​that​ ​it​ ​belonged​ ​to​ ​Chito​ ​which​ ​contained​ ​white​ ​t-shirt​ ​with​ ​fraternity​ ​symbol,
a​ ​Black​ ​Adidas​ ​short​ ​pants,​ ​a​ ​handkerchief,​ ​3​ ​white​ ​T-shirts,​ ​an​ ​underwear​ ​and​ ​socks.​ ​In
addition,​ ​the​ ​handkerchief​ ​contained​ ​chloroform
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​As​ ​a​ ​defense,​ ​Chito​ ​pleaded​ ​not​ ​guilty​ ​which​ ​he​ ​denied​ ​the​ ​accusations​ ​against​ ​him.
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​RTC​ ​rendered​ ​its​ ​decision,​ ​convicting​ ​the​ ​petitioner​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​rape
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Aggrieved,​ ​went​ ​to​ ​the​ ​CA​ ​wherein​ ​the​ ​appellate​ ​court​ ​affirmed​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​the
lower​ ​court.

ISSUE:​ ​WON​ ​Chito​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​Attempted​ ​Rape

RULING:
-​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​No,​ ​the​ ​Supreme​ ​Court​ ​ruled​ ​in​ ​favor​ ​of​ ​the​ ​petitioner​ ​Chito​ ​Baleros,​ ​Jr.​ ​acquitting​ ​him
of​ ​the​ ​charge​ ​for​ ​attempted​ ​murder​ ​but​ ​finding​ ​him​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​light​ ​coercion.​ ​Under​ ​Article
335​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal​ ​Code,​ ​rape​ ​is​ ​committed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​man​ ​who​ ​has​ ​carnal​ ​knowledge​ ​or
intercourse​ ​with​ ​a​ ​woman​ ​under​ ​any​ ​of​ ​the​ ​following​ ​circumstances:​ ​(1)​ ​By​ ​using​ ​force
or​ ​intimidation;​ ​(2)​ ​When​ ​the​ ​woman​ ​is​ ​deprived​ ​of​ ​reason​ ​or​ ​otherwise​ ​unconscious;​ ​and
(3)​ ​When​ ​the​ ​woman​ ​is​ ​under​ ​twelve​ ​years​ ​of​ ​age​ ​or​ ​is​ ​demented​ ​and​ ​Under​ ​Article​ ​6,​ ​in
relation​ ​to​ ​the​ ​aforementioned​ ​article​ ​of​ ​the​ ​same​ ​code,​ ​rape​ ​is​ ​attempted​ ​when​ ​the
offender​ ​commences​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​rape​ ​directly​ ​by​ ​overt​ ​acts​ ​and​ ​does​ ​not​ ​perform
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all​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​which​ ​should​ ​produce​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​rape​ ​by​ ​reason​ ​of​ ​some​ ​cause
or​ ​accident​ ​other​ ​than​ ​his​ ​own​ ​spontaneous​ ​desistance.​ ​In​ ​addition,​ ​the​ ​court​ ​relied​ ​on​ ​the
fact​ ​that​ ​Chito​ ​was​ ​fully​ ​clothed​ ​and​ ​that​ ​there​ ​was​ ​no​ ​attempt​ ​on​ ​his​ ​part​ ​to​ ​undress
Malou,​ ​let​ ​alone​ ​touch​ ​her​ ​private​ ​part.

Valenzuela​ ​v.​ ​People

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​160188​ ​;​ ​June​ ​21,​ ​207

Facts:
-​​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​May​ ​19,​ ​1994​ ​4:30​ ​pm:​ ​Aristotel​ ​Valenzuela​ ​and​ ​Jovy​ ​Calderon​ ​were​ ​sighted​ ​outside​ ​the​ ​ ​Super
Sale​ ​Club,​ ​a​ ​supermarket​ ​within​ ​the​ ​ShoeMart​ ​(SM)​ ​complex​ ​along​ ​North​ ​EDSA,​ ​by​ ​Lorenzo
Lago,​ ​a​ ​security​ ​guard​ ​who​ ​was​ ​then​ ​manning​ ​his​ ​post​ ​at​ ​the​ ​open​ ​parking​ ​area​ ​of​ ​the
supermarket
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- Lago​ ​saw​ ​Valenzuela,​ ​who​ ​was​ ​wearing​ ​an​ ​ID​ ​with​ ​the​ ​mark​ ​“Receiving​ ​Dispatching​ ​Unit
(RDU)”​ ​who​ ​hauled​ ​a​ ​push​ ​cart​ ​with​ ​cases​ ​of​ ​detergent​ ​of​ ​“Tide”​ ​brand​ ​and​ ​unloaded​ ​them​ ​in​ ​an
open​ ​parking​ ​space,​ ​where​ ​Calderon​ ​was​ ​waiting
- He​ ​then​ ​returned​ ​thereafter​ ​from​ ​the​ ​supermarket​ ​and​ ​came​ ​back​ ​more​ ​cartons​ ​of​ ​Tide​ ​again
unloaded​ ​these​ ​boxes​ ​to​ ​the​ ​same​ ​area​ ​in​ ​the​ ​open​ ​parking​ ​space.
- ​ ​He​ ​then​ ​left​ ​the​ ​parking​ ​area​ ​and​ ​called​ ​a​ ​taxi.
- He​ ​boarded​ ​the​ ​cab​ ​and​ ​directed​ ​it​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​parking​ ​space​ ​where​ ​Calderon​ ​was​ ​waiting.
Calderon​ ​loaded​ ​the​ ​cartons​ ​of​ ​Tide​ ​Ultramatic​ ​inside​ ​the​ ​taxi,​ ​then​ ​boarded​ ​the​ ​vehicle.
- Lago​ ​watched​ ​them,​ ​he​ ​proceeded​ ​to​ ​stop​ ​the​ ​taxi​ ​as​ ​it​ ​was​ ​leaving​ ​the​ ​open​ ​parking​ ​area​ ​and
asked​ ​Valenzuela​ ​for​ ​a​ ​receipt​ ​of​ ​the​ ​merchandise​ ​but​ ​Valenzuela​ ​and​ ​Calderon​ ​reacted​ ​by
running​ ​on​ ​foot.
- Lago​ ​fired​ ​a​ ​warning​ ​shot​ ​to​ ​alert​ ​his​ ​fellow​ ​security​ ​guards.
- Valenzuela​ ​and​ ​Calderon​ ​were​ ​apprehended​ ​at​ ​the​ ​scene​ ​and​ ​the​ ​stolen​ ​merchandise​ ​recovered
worth​ ​P12,090.
- ​ ​Valenzuela,​ ​Calderon​ ​and​ ​4​ ​other​ ​persons​ ​were​ ​first​ ​brought​ ​to​ ​the​ ​SM​ ​security​ ​office​ ​before
they​ ​were​ ​transferred​ ​to​ ​the​ ​Baler​ ​Station​ ​II​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Philippine​ ​National​ ​Police​ ​but​ ​only​ ​Valenzuela
and​ ​Calderon​ ​were​ ​charged​ ​with​ ​theft​ ​by​ ​the​ ​Assistant​ ​City​ ​Prosecutor
- During​ ​the​ ​arraignment​ ​at​ ​the​ ​RTC​ ​of​ ​Quezon​ ​City,​ ​they​ ​both​ ​pleaded​ ​not​ ​guilty.
- Calderon’s​ ​Alibi:​ ​On​ ​the​ ​afternoon​ ​of​ ​the​ ​incident,​ ​he​ ​was​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Super​ ​Sale​ ​Club​ ​to​ ​withdraw
from​ ​his​ ​ATM​ ​account,​ ​accompanied​ ​by​ ​his​ ​neighbor,​ ​Leoncio​ ​Rosulada.​ ​As​ ​the​ ​queue​ ​for​ ​the
ATM​ ​was​ ​long,​ ​he​ ​and​ ​Rosulada​ ​decided​ ​to​ ​buy​ ​snacks​ ​inside​ ​the​ ​supermarket.​ ​While​ ​ ​they​ ​were
eating,​ ​they​ ​heard​ ​the​ ​gunshot​ ​fired​ ​by​ ​Lago,​ ​ ​so​ ​they​ ​went​ ​out​ ​to​ ​check​ ​what​ ​was​ ​transpiring​ ​and
when​ ​they​ ​did,​ ​they​ ​were​ ​suddenly​ ​grabbed​ ​by​ ​a​ ​security​ ​guard
- Valenzuela’s​ ​Alibi:​ ​He​ ​is​ ​employed​ ​as​ ​a​ ​“bundler”​ ​of​ ​GMS​ ​Marketing​ ​and​ ​assigned​ ​at​ ​the
supermarket.​ ​ ​He​ ​and​ ​his​ ​cousin,​ ​a​ ​Gregorio​ ​Valenzuela,​ ​had​ ​been​ ​at​ ​the​ ​parking​ ​lot,​ ​walking
beside​ ​the​ ​nearby​ ​BLISS​ ​complex​ ​and​ ​headed​ ​to​ ​ride​ ​a​ ​tricycle​ ​going​ ​to​ ​Pag-asa,​ ​when​ ​they​ ​saw
the​ ​security​ ​guard​ ​Lago​ ​fire​ ​a​ ​shot​ ​causing​ ​evryon​ ​to​ ​start​ ​running.​ ​ ​Then​ ​they​ ​were​ ​apprehended
by​ ​Lago.
- ​ ​ ​RTC:​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​consummated​ ​theft
- Both​ ​accused​ ​filed​ ​a​ ​notice​ ​of​ ​appeal​ ​but​ ​only​ ​Valenzuela​ ​filed​ ​a​ ​brief​ ​with​ ​the​ ​CA,​ ​causing​ ​the
appeal​ ​of​ ​Calderon​ ​as​ ​abandoned​ ​and​ ​dismissed.
- ​ ​CA:​ ​Confirmed​ ​RTC​ ​and​ ​rejected​ ​his​ ​contention​ ​that​ ​it​ ​should​ ​only​ ​be​ ​frustrated​ ​theft​ ​since​ ​at​ ​the
time​ ​he​ ​was​ ​apprehended,​ ​he​ ​was​ ​never​ ​placed​ ​in​ ​a​ ​position​ ​to​ ​freely​ ​dispose​ ​of​ ​the​ ​articles
stolen.
Issue:
- WON​ ​Valenzuela​ ​should​ ​be​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​consummated​ ​theft.

Ruling:
- Yes,​ ​Valenzuela​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​consummated​ ​theft.
- Article​ ​6​ ​defines​ ​those​ ​three​ ​stages,​ ​namely​ ​the​ ​consummated,​ ​frustrated​ ​and​ ​attempted​ ​felonies.
- A​ ​felony​ ​is​ ​consummated​ ​“when​ ​all​ ​the​ ​elements​ ​necessary​ ​for​ ​its​ ​execution​ ​and​ ​accomplishment
are​ ​present.”
- Each​ ​felony​ ​under​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal​ ​Code​ ​has​ ​a​ ​subjective​ ​phase​ ​“ortion​ ​of​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​constituting
the​ ​crime​ ​included​ ​between​ ​the​ ​act​ ​which​ ​begins​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​and​ ​the​ ​last​ ​act
performed​ ​by​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​which,​ ​with​ ​prior​ ​acts,​ ​should​ ​result​ ​in​ ​the​ ​consummated​ ​crime”.
- ​ ​If​ ​the​ ​offender​ ​never​ ​passes​ ​the​ ​subjective​ ​phase​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense,​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​merely​ ​attempted.
- Subjective​ ​phase​ ​is​ ​completely​ ​passed​ ​in​ ​case​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​crimes.
- ​ ​ ​Article​ ​308​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal​ ​Code​ ​(Elements​ ​of​ ​Theft):
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1. that​ ​there​ ​be​ ​taking​ ​of​ ​personal​ ​property​ ​-​ ​only​ ​one​ ​operative​ ​act​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​by​ ​the
actor​ ​involved​ ​in​ ​theft
2. property​ ​belongs​ ​to​ ​another
3. taking​ ​be​ ​done​ ​with​ ​intent​ ​to​ ​gain​ ​-​ ​descriptive​ ​circumstances
4. taking​ ​be​ ​done​ ​without​ ​the​ ​consent​ ​of​ ​the​ ​owner​ ​-​ ​descriptive​ ​circumstances
5. taking​ ​be​ ​accomplished​ ​without​ ​the​ ​use​ ​of​ ​violence​ ​against​ ​or​ ​intimidation​ ​of​ ​persons​ ​or
force​ ​upon
- We​ ​are​ ​satisfied​ ​beyond​ ​reasonable​ ​doubt​ ​that​ ​the​ ​taking​ ​by​ ​the​ ​petitioner​ ​was​ ​completed​ ​in​ ​this
case.​ ​With​ ​intent​ ​to​ ​gain,​ ​he​ ​acquired​ ​physical​ ​possession​ ​of​ ​the​ ​stolen​ ​cases​ ​of​ ​detergent​ ​for​ ​a
considerable​ ​period​ ​of​ ​time​ ​that​ ​he​ ​was​ ​able​ ​to​ ​drop​ ​these​ ​off​ ​at​ ​a​ ​spot​ ​in​ ​the​ ​parking​ ​lot,​ ​and​ ​long
enough​ ​to​ ​load​ ​these​ ​onto​ ​a​ ​taxicab.
- ​ ​Article​ ​308​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Revised​ ​Penal​ ​Code,​ ​theft​ ​cannot​ ​have​ ​a​ ​frustrated​ ​stage.​ ​Theft​ ​can​ ​only​ ​be
attempted​ ​(no​ ​unlawful​ ​taking)​ ​or​ ​consummated​ ​(there​ ​is​ ​unlawful​ ​taking).
- Hence,​ ​Valuenzuela​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​Consummated​ ​theft​ ​and​ ​not​ ​frustrated​ ​theft.

People​ ​v​ ​Lamahang

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​L-43530,​ ​August​ ​3,​ ​1935
Recto,​ ​J.
Facts:
At early dawn on March 2, 1935 on C.R. Street in the City of Iloilo, Aurelio Lamahang, the
accused, was caught in the act of making an opening through the wall of a store of cheap goods using an
iron bar. On the other hand, the owner of the store named Tan Yu was sleeping with another Chinaman
inside the store. The accused only succeeded in breaking one board since he got caught by policeman Jose
Tomambing who was patrolling his beat on the aforementioned street. The provincial fiscal of Iloilo, the
trial​ ​court​ ​as​ ​well​ ​as​ ​the​ ​Solicitor​ ​General​ ​held​ ​that​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​robbery.

Issue:
Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​Aurelio​ ​Lamahang​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​robbery.

Ruling:
No, the accused is not guilty of attempted robbery rather, attempted trespass to dwelling since
when the offense is not fully consummated, the nature of the action intended cannot clearly be
ascertained. According to Article 280 of the Revised Penal Code, trespassing is committed when a person
forced​ ​its​ ​way​ ​through​ ​a​ ​private​ ​dwelling​ ​of​ ​an​ ​individual​ ​without​ ​the​ ​consent​ ​of​ ​the​ ​latter.
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People​ ​v.​ ​Borinaga

GR.​ ​No.​ ​33463,​ ​December​ ​18,​ ​1930
Malcolm,​ ​J.

FACTS:
An american named Harry H. Mooney, a resident of Calubian, Leyte, contracted with one Juan Lawaan
for the construction of a fish corral. Basilio Borinaga was associated with Lawaan in the construction of
the corral. On March 4, 1929, Lawasan with his men, went to Mooney's shop to collect the whole amount
fixed by the contract, notwithstanding two-thirds of the fish corral had been finished. Mooney refused to
pay​ ​and​ ​Lawaan​ ​warned​ ​him​ ​that​ ​if​ ​he​ ​did​ ​not​ ​pay,​ ​something​ ​would​ ​happen​ ​to​ ​him.
On the evening, Mooney was in the store of a neighbor Perpetua when Basilio from the window strike a
knife at Mooney but fortunately the knife lodged in the back of the chair. Borinaga ran away towards the
market place. But Borinaga was persistent, ten minutes after the first attack, he returned, knife in hand, to
renew it, but was unable to do so because Mooney and Perpetua were then on their guard and turned a
flashlight​ ​on​ ​Borinaga,​ ​frightening​ ​him​ ​away.

ISSUE:
Whether or not the facts constitute frustrated murder or attempted murder within the meaning of Article 3
of​ ​the​ ​Penal​ ​Code

HELD:
Yes. The crime committed was that of frustrated murder. This is true notwithstanding the admitted fact
that Mooney was not injured in the least. The essential condition of a frustrated crime, Borinaga
performed all the acts of execution, attended the attack. Nothing remained to be done to accomplish the
work of the assailant completely. The cause resulting in the failure of the attack arose by reason of forces
independent of the will of the perpetrator. The assailant voluntarily desisted from further acts. What is
known​ ​as​ ​the​ ​subjective​ ​phase​ ​of​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​act​ ​was​ ​passed.
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People​ ​v.​ ​Kalalo

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​39303-05,​ ​March​ ​17,​ ​1934
Diaz,​ ​J.
FACTS:
On November 10, 1932, the appellants Felipe Kalalo, Marcelo Kalalo, Juan Kalalo and Gregorio
Ramos, were tried in the Court of First Instance of Batangas jointly with Alejandro Garcia, Fausta
Abrenica, and Alipia Abrenica in criminal cases Nos. 6858, 6859, 6860, the first two for murder, and the
last​ ​for​ ​frustrated​ ​murder.

Prior to the three crimes, the appellant Marcelo Kalalo and Isabela Holgado had a litigation over a
parcel of land situated in the barrio of Calumpang of the municipality of San Luis, Province of Batangas.
On September 28, 1931 and on December 8th of the same year, Marcelo Kalalo filed a complaint against
the said woman in the Court of First Instance of Batangas. Marcelo Kalalo cultivated the land in question
during the agricultural years 1931 and 1932, but when harvest time came Isabela Holgado reaped all that
had​ ​been​ ​planted​ ​thereon.

On October 1, 1932, Isabela Holgado and her brother Arcadio Holgado, decided to order the
aforesaid land plowed, and employed several laborers for that purpose. Marcelo Kalalo proceeded to the
place accompanied by his brothers Felipe and Juan Kulalo, his brother-in-law Gregorio Ramos and by
Alejandro​ ​Garcia,​ ​who​ ​were​ ​later​ ​followed​ ​by​ ​his​ ​mother​ ​Fausta​ ​Abrenica​ ​and​ ​his​ ​aunt​ ​Alipia​ ​Abrenica.
The​ ​first​ ​five​ ​were​ ​all​ ​armed​ ​with​ ​bolos,​ ​they​ ​ordered​ ​those​ ​who​ ​were​ ​plowing​ ​to​ ​stop.

Marcelino Panaligan, cousin of Isabela and Arcadio arrived. Having been informed of the said
suspension of the work, Marcelino Panaligan ordered said Arcadio and other laborers to again hitch their
respective carabaos to continue the work already began. At this juncture, Marcelo Kalalo approached
Arcadio and the other appellants approached Marcelino Panaligan. At the remark of Fausta Abrenica, they
all simultaneously struck with their bolos. Arcadio Hodalgo and Marcelino Panaligan died instantly from
the​ ​wounds​ ​received​ ​by​ ​them.​ ​The​ ​plowmen​ ​hired​ ​by​ ​Arcadio​ ​and​ ​Isabela​ ​all​ ​ran​ ​away.

ISSUE:
Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​the​ ​sentences​ ​of​ ​the​ ​appellants​ ​are​ ​in​ ​accordance​ ​with​ ​the​ ​law

HELD:
The Attorney General maintains that they are guilty of murder in view of the presence of the qualifying
circumstance of abuse of superior strength in the commission of the acts to which the said two cases
particularly refer. The trial court was of the opinion that they are guilty of simple homicide but with
aggravating​ ​circumstance​ ​of​ ​abuse​ ​of​ ​superior​ ​strength.
Court is of the opinion that the acts established in cases Nos. 6858 and 6859, merely constitute two
homicides,​ ​with​ ​no​ ​modifying​ ​circumstance​ ​to​ ​be​ ​taken​ ​into​ ​consideration​ ​because​ ​none​ ​has​ ​been​ ​proved.
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As to case No. 6860, the acts committed by the said appellant Marcelo Kalalo constitute attempted
homicide with no modifying circumstance to be taken into consideration, because none has been
established.

People​ ​v.​ ​Trinidad

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​79123-25​ ​;​ ​January​ ​9,​ ​1989

Facts:
- Lolito​ ​SORIANOwas​ ​a​ ​fish​ ​dealer​ ​in​ ​Davao​ ​City
- His​ ​helpers​ ​were​ ​TAN​ ​a​ ​driver,​ ​and​ ​LAROA.
- January​ ​19,​ ​1983,​ ​they​ ​went​ ​to​ ​Butuan​ ​to​ ​sell​ ​fish​ ​using​ ​a​ ​Ford​ ​Fiera
- Jan.​ ​20,​ ​Soriano​ ​went​ ​to​ ​Buenavista​ ​along​ ​with​ ​LAROA​ ​and​ ​one​ ​COMENDADOR.
- TAN​ ​was​ ​left​ ​behind​ ​in​ ​Butuan​ ​to​ ​dispose​ ​the​ ​remaining​ ​fish​ ​left​ ​at​ ​the​ ​market.
- He​ ​however,​ ​followed​ ​them​ ​later​ ​in​ ​the​ ​morning.
- TRINIDAD,​ ​a​ ​member​ ​of​ ​the​ ​Integrated​ ​Police​ ​Unit​ ​assigned​ ​at​ ​Nasipit​ ​Station,​ ​asked​ ​for​ ​a​ ​ride
to​ ​Bayugan,​ ​which​ ​was​ ​on​ ​the​ ​way​ ​to​ ​Davao.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​wearing​ ​a​ ​uniform​ ​and​ ​had​ ​2​ ​guns​ ​(carbine
and​ ​side​ ​arm)
- SORIANO,​ ​LAROA,​ ​TAN​ ​and​ ​TRINIDAD​ ​left​ ​butuan​ ​5:20​ ​pm​ ​of​ ​Jan.​ ​20.
- Tan​ ​was​ ​drivng​ ​the​ ​car​ ​and​ ​seated​ ​to​ ​his​ ​right​ ​were​ ​SORIANO,​ ​LAROA​ ​TRINIDAD,
respectively.
- When​ ​they​ ​reached​ ​the​ ​strech​ ​of​ ​El​ ​Rio​ ​and​ ​Afga,​ ​TRINIDAD​ ​told​ ​them​ ​to​ ​slow​ ​down​ ​because
the​ ​road​ ​was​ ​dangerous.
- All​ ​of​ ​a​ ​sudden​ ​TAN​ ​heard​ ​2​ ​gun​ ​shots,​ ​SORIANO​ ​and​ ​LAROA​ ​were​ ​dead.
- TAN​ ​did​ ​not​ ​saw​ ​the​ ​shooting​ ​of​ ​LAROA​ ​but​ ​because​ ​he​ ​was​ ​alerted​ ​by​ ​the​ ​first​ ​shot,​ ​he​ ​saw
shooting​ ​on​ ​SORIANO.​ ​Both​ ​were​ ​shot​ ​in​ ​the​ ​head.
- He​ ​then​ ​jumped​ ​out​ ​of​ ​the​ ​FIERA​ ​and​ ​ran​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​direction​ ​of​ ​Butuan​ ​and​ ​hid​ ​in​ ​the​ ​bushes.
- He​ ​heard​ ​a​ ​shot​ ​coming​ ​from​ ​the​ ​Fiera.
- When​ ​a​ ​jeep​ ​came​ ​by,​ ​he​ ​ran​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​jeep​ ​and​ ​rode​ ​in​ ​while​ ​seating​ ​in​ ​front,​ ​he​ ​noticed​ ​that
Trinidad​ ​was​ ​also​ ​in​ ​the​ ​same​ ​jeep​ ​seating​ ​at​ ​the​ ​back​ ​side.
- When​ ​he​ ​was​ ​seen​ ​by​ ​Trinidad,​ ​he​ ​was​ ​ordered​ ​by​ ​the​ ​latter​ ​to​ ​go​ ​down​ ​the​ ​jeep,​ ​however,​ ​they
ended​ ​up​ ​running​ ​around​ ​the​ ​jeepney.
- When​ ​the​ ​driver​ ​started​ ​to​ ​move​ ​the​ ​jeep,​ ​he​ ​was​ ​able​ ​to​ ​clung​ ​towards​ ​the​ ​side​ ​of​ ​the​ ​jeep​ ​which
prompted​ ​Trinidad​ ​to​ ​shoot​ ​him​ ​which​ ​resulted​ ​to​ ​his​ ​injury​ ​in​ ​his​ ​thigh.
- When​ ​another​ ​jeepney​ ​passed​ ​by,​ ​he​ ​jumped​ ​unto​ ​it​ ​but​ ​the​ ​passengers​ ​didnt​ ​want​ ​him​ ​there
because​ ​they​ ​dont​ ​want​ ​to​ ​get​ ​involved.
- Tan​ ​crawled​ ​until​ ​a​ ​P.C.​ ​chanced​ ​upon​ ​him​ ​and​ ​helped​ ​him​ ​board​ ​a​ ​bus​ ​going​ ​to​ ​BUTUAN.
- TRINIDAD’s​ ​ ​alibi:​ ​he​ ​was​ ​at​ ​Cagayan​ ​De​ ​Oro​ ​during​ ​the​ ​time​ ​of​ ​the​ ​incident.​ ​He​ ​reported​ ​to
work​ ​on​ ​Jan​ ​19​ ​but​ ​asked​ ​for​ ​a​ ​day​ ​off​ ​because​ ​the​ ​next​ ​day​ ​was​ ​his​ ​birthday.​ ​He​ ​took​ ​a​ ​bus
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going​ ​to​ ​CDO​ ​and​ ​arrived​ ​there​ ​at​ ​8:00​ ​pm​ ​and​ ​went​ ​to​ ​his​ ​sister’s​ ​house​ ​at​ ​Camp​ ​Alagar​ ​to​ ​get
his​ ​subsistence​ ​allowance​ ​as​ ​his​ ​sister​ ​is​ ​working​ ​at​ ​the​ ​Financial​ ​Section.​ ​He​ ​further​ ​claimed​ ​that
he​ ​left​ ​CDO​ ​the​ ​following​ ​day​ ​around​ ​6:00​ ​PM​ ​and​ ​went​ ​to​ ​his​ ​house​ ​directly​ ​to​ ​get​ ​his​ ​service
carbine.​ ​He​ ​was​ ​on​ ​his​ ​way​ ​to​ ​Nasipit​ ​to​ ​report​ ​for​ ​duty​ ​on​ ​Jan​ ​21​ ​when​ ​he​ ​was​ ​arrested​ ​around
6:00​ ​pm​ ​at​ ​Buenavista.

- RTC​ ​Bayugan,​ ​Agusan​ ​Del​ ​Sur,​ ​held​ ​him​ ​guilty​ ​for​ ​2​ ​counts​ ​of​ ​murder​ ​and​ ​frustrated​ ​murder.

Issue:
- WON​ ​Trinidad​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​Frustrated​ ​Murder.

Held:
- No,​ ​Trinidad​ ​is​ ​not​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​murder.​ ​He​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​murder.​ ​He​ ​commenced
the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​felony​ ​directly​ ​by​ ​overt​ ​acts​ ​but​ ​was​ ​unable​ ​to​ ​perform​ ​all​ ​the​ ​acts​ ​of
execution​ ​which​ ​would​ ​have​ ​produced​ ​it​ ​by​ ​reason​ ​of​ ​causes​ ​other​ ​than​ ​his​ ​spontaneous
desistance,​ ​such​ ​as,​ ​that​ ​the​ ​jeep​ ​to​ ​which​ ​TAN​ ​clung​ ​was​ ​in​ ​motion,​ ​and​ ​that​ ​there​ ​was​ ​a​ ​spare
tire​ ​which​ ​shielded​ ​the​ ​other​ ​parts​ ​of​ ​his​ ​body.​ ​Moreover,​ ​the​ ​wound​ ​inflicted​ ​by​ ​Trinidad​ ​was
not​ ​fatal​ ​and​ ​the​ ​doctrinal​ ​rule​ ​is​ ​that​ ​where​ ​the​ ​wound​ ​inflicted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​is​ ​not​ ​sufficient
to​ ​cause​ ​his​ ​death,​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​only​ ​attempted​ ​murder​,​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​not​ ​having​ ​performed​ ​all
the​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution​ ​that​ ​would’ve​ ​brought​ ​about​ ​death.​ ​Hence,​ ​Trinidad​ ​shall​ ​only​ ​liable​ ​for
attempted​ ​murder.

MARTINEZ​ ​V.​ ​COURT​ ​OF​ ​APPEALS​ ​&​ ​THE​ ​PEOPLE​ ​OF​ ​THE​ ​PHILIPPINES
G.R.​ ​No.​ ​168827​ ​April​ ​13,​ ​2007

FACTS: On February 3, 1999, Dean Dongui-is had an encounter with Benjamin Martinez at the Tubao
Credit Coop. Office. As Dean Dongui-is was leaving the building, the latter, armed with a bolo, emerged
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and stabbed him on the left breast. Dean was able to go to the bank office as he was being chased by
Benjamin but he was again stabbed on the right elbow. Thereafter, Dean fell on the ground and was
stabbed again on the left breast. He was able to seek refuge inside a counter which was partitioned with a
glass. Unable to get inside, Benjamin Martinez shouted at Dean: “You kneel down because I will really
kill​ ​you​ ​now​ ​this​ ​day.”

Afterwards, Benjamin Martinez was brought to the police station and was placed in jail by SPO1
Sulatre. Dean Dongui-is was transferred to Ilocos Regional Hospital (IRH) in San Fernando, La Union
where he was examined and operated on by Dr. Nathaniel Rimando. He sustained two stab wounds in the
anterior​ ​chest,​ ​left,​ ​and​ ​a​ ​lacerated​ ​wound​ ​in​ ​the​ ​right​ ​elbow,​ ​forearm.

On the other hand, Benjamin contended that he was acting in self-defense since Dean shouted insults,
spatted, and threw punches at him. He just defended himself by getting his bolo from his tricycle and
stabbing Dean. Prior to the incident, Benjamin said that Dean was so jealous of him for the reason that his
mistress, Elvisa Basallo, was also Benjamin’s mistress; and that the civil case filed against him by Dean,
was​ ​only​ ​meant​ ​for​ ​harassment.

On April 30, 2001, the Regional Trial Court convicted Petitioner of frustrated homicide and on
February 21, 2005, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the RTC with modification regarding
the​ ​awarding​ ​of​ ​damages.

ISSUES:
1.​ ​WON​ ​the​ ​Petitioner​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​homicide.
2.​ ​WON​ ​he​ ​can​ ​invoke​ ​self-defense.

HELD:
1. No. Petitioner is found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of frustrated murder. The petitioner, without a
doubt, intended to kill Dean Dongui-is. He performed all the acts of execution but the crime was not
consummated because of the timely medical intervention applied on the victim. The intent to kill may be
proved by evidence of the following: (a) motive; (b) the nature or number of weapons used in the
commission of the crime (c) the nature and number of wounds inflicted on the victim; (d) the manner the
crime was committed and (e) words uttered by the offender at the time the injuries are inflicted by him on
the​ ​victim.

In​ ​the​ ​case​ ​at​ ​bar,​ ​the​ ​Petitioner​ ​was​ ​proven​ ​to​ ​have:
A. Motive: He and Dean had a history of personal animosity which started from the issue
with​ ​Elvisa​ ​Basallo​ ​and​ ​the​ ​filing​ ​of​ ​lawsuit​ ​against​ ​Benjamin.
B. Weapon:​ ​He​ ​was​ ​armed​ ​with​ ​a​ ​14​ ​1/2​ ​inch​ ​bolo.
C. Nature and number of wounds inflicted: The presence of the wounds, their location and
their​ ​seriousness​ ​indicate​ ​a​ ​determined​ ​effort​ ​to​ ​kill.
D. Manner​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​was​ ​committed:​ ​The​ ​Petitioner​ ​ambushed​ ​an​ ​unarmed​ ​Dean​ ​Dongui-is.
E. Words uttered by the offender: Petitioner shouted "You kneel down because I will really
kill​ ​you​ ​now"​ ​at​ ​Dean​ ​Dongui-is​ ​during​ ​the​ ​commission​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime.
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Aside from intent to kill, there is also ample evidence of treachery. There is treachery when the offender
commits any of the crimes against the person, employing means, methods, or forms in the execution
thereof which tend directly and specially to insure its execution without risk to himself arising from the
defense which the offended party might take. When Dean was attacked, he was unarmed. He had just
exited the building and had no inkling that he would be attacked. Petitioner was also armed with a deadly
14 1/2-inch bolo. The attacked on Dean was swift and unannounced; undeniably, petitioner's attack was
treacherous.

2. No. The petitioner cannot invoke self-defense. The essential elements for the defense as provided in
Article 11, paragraph 1 of the Revised Penal Code include: (a) unlawful aggression; (b) reasonable
necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it and (c) lack of sufficient provocation on the part of
the​ ​person​ ​defending​ ​himself.

The​ ​Petitioner​ ​failed​ ​to​ ​prove​ ​that​ ​he​ ​acted​ ​in​ ​self​ ​defense​ ​during​ ​the​ ​incident​ ​because:
A. Petitioner failed to surrender himself to the responding authorities who arrived and the
bolo he used in stabbing the victim. One who acted in self defense is expected to
surrender, not only himself, but also the weapon he used to kill or inflict physical injuries
on​ ​the​ ​victim.
B. The victim, Dean Dongui-is, sustained fatal stab wounds which indicated the intent to kill
of​ ​the​ ​petitioner.
C. There​ ​was​ ​no​ ​evidence​ ​that​ ​Dean​ ​Dongu-is​ ​punched​ ​the​ ​Petitioner.

Isidoro​ ​Mondragon​ ​v​ ​People

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​L-17666.​ ​June​ ​30,​ ​1966
Facts:
On​ ​July​ ​11,​ ​1954​,​ ​Serapion​ ​Nacionales​,​ ​was​ ​opening​ ​the​ ​dike​ ​of​ ​his​ ​ricefield​ ​in​ ​Antandan,​ ​Miagao,
Iloilo​​ ​in​ ​preparation​ ​for​ ​is​ ​planting​ ​the​ ​next​ ​day.​ ​He​ ​heard​ ​someone​ ​shouting​ ​not​ ​to​ ​open​ ​the​ ​dike.​ ​When
he​ ​looked​ ​up,​ ​he​ ​saw​ ​Isidoro​ ​Mondragon​ ​coming​ ​towards​ ​him.​ ​Nacionales​ ​informed​ ​him​ ​that​ ​he​ ​opened​ ​it
to​ ​prepare​ ​for​ ​planting​ ​the​ ​next​ ​morning.​ ​Mondragon​ ​drew​ ​his​ ​bolo​ ​and​ ​struck​ ​him​ ​on​ ​different​ ​parts​ ​of
the​ ​body.​ ​Nacionales,​ ​in​ ​order​ ​to​ ​defend​ ​himself,​ ​he​ ​hacked​ ​Mondragon​ ​with​ ​his​ ​own​ ​bolo.​ ​The​ ​following
day,​ ​Nacionales​ ​was​ ​treated​ ​by​ ​Dr.​ ​Alfredo​ ​Jamandre,​ ​Municipal​ ​Health​ ​Officer​ ​of​ ​Miagao,​ ​Iloilo.
Upon​ ​raising​ ​complaint​ ​to​ ​CA,​ ​Mondragon​ ​was​ ​found​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​homicide.​ ​SC
examined​ ​the​ ​record​ ​and​ ​found​ ​that​ ​the​ ​intention​ ​of​ ​the​ ​petitioner​ ​to​ ​kill​ ​the​ ​offended​ ​party​ ​has​ ​not​ ​been
shown.​ ​SC​ ​modified​ ​the​ ​decision​ ​of​ ​CA,​ ​Petitioner​ ​is​ ​declared​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​the​ ​offense​ ​of​ ​less​ ​serious
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physical​ ​injury​ ​and​ ​sentenced​ ​to​ ​suffer​ ​the​ ​penalty​ ​of​ ​three​ ​months​ ​and​ ​fifteen​ ​days​ ​of​ ​arresto​ ​mayor​ ​with
cost

Issue:
WON​ ​Mondragon​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​homicide.

Held:
No. The element of intent to kill which is an essential element of frustrated or attempted homicide not
having been duly established, and considering that the injuries suffered by the offended party were not
necessarily​ ​fatal.

People​ ​V.​ ​Sy​ ​Pio

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​L-5848,​ ​30​ ​April​ ​1954
Labrador,​ ​J.

Facts:
Months prior to the root incident, Sy Pio, going by the Filipino name Policarpio De La Cruz,
together with his wife, Vicenta, was employed in a restaurant belonging to a certain Ong Pian and his
partner, Eng Cheng Suy. One day, his wife’s relatives ask for Vicenta’s financial assistance as her father
is ill. Sy Pio, then, asked for money to Ong Pian, but the latter only gave him P1.00. Meanwhile, Vicenta
was able to gather P20.00 from her employer. Eng Cheng Suy. Eventually, the accused was relieved from
his work and settled as a peddler instead. Ong Pian, however, showed the accused of a written list of his
debts, and these debts were deducted through his wife’s salary, although he cannot recall the debt as his.
This​ ​prompted​ ​resentment​ ​towards​ ​Ong​ ​Pian.
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The root incident happened on the 3​rd of September, 1949, on an early morning. Sy Pio, equipped
with a .45 caliber which he got from a certain Ngo Cho, went to the store located in 511 Misericordia, Sta.
Cruz, Manila, and started firing. The first one to get shot was Jose Sy. The next one was Tan Siong Kiap,
who, after being shot, immediately ran and hide in a room behind the store. Tan Siong Kap was later
admitted to Chinese General Hospital where he would return from the 3​rd of September to 12​th of the same
month,​ ​1949.​ ​It​ ​was​ ​learned​ ​later​ ​that​ ​he​ ​was​ ​also​ ​able​ ​to​ ​shoot​ ​Ong​ ​Pian.

Issue​:
W/N​ ​is​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​murder

Ruling:
NO, the Supreme Court held that the accused was not able to execute the necessary stages in the
acts of execution in order to build up the indictment that he is guilty of frustrated murder. They also
reiterated the scenario that the victim, although wounded, was able to hid himself in another room. The
accused, conscious of the situation, knows that he failed to do the task at hand. Thus, he was not able to
perform the necessary stages in order for him to be guilty of frustrated murder, but rather, he is guilty of
attempted​ ​murder.

People​ ​v​ ​Dio

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​L-36461,​ ​June​ ​29,​ ​1984

Facts:
On July 24, 1971, Crispulo Alega, a civil engineer working at the Sugar Construction Company,
went to Southeastern College, to fetch his girlfriend, Remedios Maniti, a third year high school student.
They went to Pasay City public market. While walking, Remedios walking in front of Crispulo, heard the
dropping of her folders, being carried by Crispulo. When she looked backed, she saw Danilo Tobias
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twisting Crispulo’s neck and Hernando Dio holding Crispulo’s two hands. They wanted to get Crispulo’s
Seiko watch but Crispulo resisted and fought the robbers. Because of this, Tobias stabbed Crispulo on the
left side of his chest. Crispulo ran down the stairs and followed Remedios who shouted for help. Crispulo
died at the front of Pasay Commercial Bank. At the time of his death the watch was still strapped to his
wrist.
On October 24, 1972, Hernando Dio was arrested. He was convicted of special complex crime of
robbery with homicide and sentenced to death penalty. That the appellant and his companion, with intent
to gain, and by means of force, take Crispulo’s Seiko watch. And pursuant to their conspiracy, with intent
to​ ​kill,​ ​assaulted​ ​and​ ​stabbed​ ​Crispulo​ ​Alega,​ ​causing​ ​his​ ​death.
Appellant argues that he should not be convicted of the special complex crime of robbery with
homicide​ ​because​ ​the​ ​robbery​ ​was​ ​not​ ​consummated.

Issue:
(1) Whether or not the appellant is guilty of special complex crime of robbery with homicide
or​ ​not.

Ruling:
No, appellant is not guilty of special complex crime of robbery with homicide. Appellant is only
guilty of attempted robbery with homicide because the evidence has shown that the appellant and his
companion were unsuccessful in their criminal venture of divesting the victim of his wrist watch so as to
constitute​ ​the​ ​consummation​ ​of​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​robbery.

People​ ​v​ ​Salvilla

G.R.​ ​No.​ ​86163,​ ​April​ ​26,​ ​1990
Melencio-Herrera,​ ​J.
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Facts:
On April 12, 1986 in the City of Iloilo, Bienvenido Salvilla, Reynaldo Canasares, and Simplicio
Canasares, armed with guns and a hand grenade, entered a Lumber Company owned by Severino Choco.
Together with the latter’s two daughters, Mary and Mimie and one employee Rodita Hablero, the four
accused committed robbery against them by willfully taking P20,000, 2 men’s wrist watches, and 2
ladies’ watches which have a value of P50,000. In addition, the accused asked for a ransom money to
Mayor Rosa Caram of Iloilo. The mayor, Major Sequio and other volunteer radio newscasters also
appealed to the accused to surrender but did not pay any attention. Finally, the group of policemen and
military authorities came to rescue and initiate an offensive assault which resulted to physical injuries of
the​ ​two​ ​daughters.​ ​The​ ​accused​ ​voluntarily​ ​surrendered​ ​afterwards.

Issue:
Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​it​ ​is​ ​an​ ​attempted​ ​or​ ​a​ ​consummated​ ​robbery.
Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​there​ ​is​ ​an​ ​illegal​ ​detention​ ​or​ ​only​ ​incidental​ ​to​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​robbery.
Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​the​ ​voluntary​ ​surrender​ ​of​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​is​ ​considered​ ​as​ ​a​ ​mitigating​ ​circumstance.

Ruling:
(1) It is a consummated robbery. One element of robbery is the taking of one’s personal property and
in the case at bar, it is sufficiently proved through the testimonies of Rodita Hablero that when the
Mayor handed the P50,000 cash to her, she handed it to one of the holduppers. The money
demanded as well as the wristwatches were also taken within the control and the dominion of the
appellants. Also, even if the property were only taken for a short period of time, it is already
consummated.
(2) It is an illegal detention and not incidental to robbery because they took ransom money as well
from the people outside the establishment. Even when they finally completed their job which is
the taking of the personal properties of the victims, they still did not release them to extort
additional​ ​amount.
(3) It is not a mitigating circumstance because they only surrendered when they felt that there is no
chance​ ​for​ ​them​ ​to​ ​escape​ ​since​ ​they​ ​were​ ​already​ ​being​ ​surrounded​ ​by​ ​a​ ​lot​ ​of​ ​forces.
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PEOPLE​ ​vs.​ ​ORITA
G.R.​ ​No.​ ​88724​ ​ ​ ​April​ ​3,​ ​1990
FACTS:
· Cristina S. Abayan – 19 year old freshman student at St. Joseph’s College (Borongan, Eastern
Samar)
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Ceilito​ ​“LITO”​ ​Orita​ ​–​ ​Philippine​ ​Constabulary​ ​soldier
· March 20, 1983 at about 1:30 in the morning, complainant arrived at her boarding house. Her
classmates had just brought her home from a party. Shortly after her classmates had left, she knocked
at the door of her boarding house. All of a sudden, somebody held her and poked a knife to her neck.
She​ ​then​ ​recognized​ ​appellant​ ​who​ ​was​ ​a​ ​frequent​ ​visitor​ ​of​ ​another​ ​boarder.
· He ordered her to go upstairs with him using the back door leading to the second floor. With the
Batangas​ ​knife​ ​still​ ​poked​ ​to​ ​her​ ​neck,​ ​they​ ​entered​ ​complainant’s​ ​room.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Upon​ ​entering​ ​the​ ​room​ ​appellant​ ​pushed​ ​complainant​ ​who​ ​hit​ ​her​ ​head​ ​on​ ​the​ ​wall.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Appellant​ ​undressed​ ​himself​ ​and​ ​ordered​ ​complainant​ ​to​ ​take​ ​off​ ​her​ ​clothes.
· He ordered her to lie down on the floor and then mounter her. Made her hold his penis and insert it
in​ ​her​ ​vagina.​ ​Only​ ​a​ ​portion​ ​of​ ​his​ ​penis​ ​entered​ ​her​ ​as​ ​she​ ​kept​ ​on​ ​moving.
· Appellant lay down on his back and commanded her to mount him. Only a small part of his penis
was inserted. At this stage, appellant had both his hands flat on the floor. She dashed out to the next
room and locked herself in. Appellant climbed the partition. She ran to another room and was still
followed.​ ​She​ ​ran​ ​to​ ​another​ ​room​ ​and​ ​jumped​ ​out​ ​through​ ​a​ ​window.
· Still naked, she darted to the municipal building. Pat. Donceras took off his jacket and wrapped it
around​ ​her.​ ​The​ ​policemen​ ​rushed​ ​to​ ​the​ ​boarding​ ​house​ ​but​ ​failed​ ​to​ ​apprehend​ ​the​ ​appellant.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Dr.​ ​Ma.​ ​Luisa​ ​Abude​ ​–​ ​examined​ ​complainant.
TRIAL​ ​COURT:​ ​frustrated​ ​rape
Accused​ ​assigned​ ​the​ ​following​ ​errors:
1.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Substantial​ ​inconsistencies​ ​in​ ​the​ ​testimonies​ ​of​ ​witnesses
- Court: Trivial inconsistencies only; not sufficient to blur or cast doubt on the
witnesses’​ ​straightforward​ ​attestations;​ ​not​ ​rehearsed.
- Accused: testimony of the victim that the accused asked her to hold and guide his
penis​ ​is​ ​strange.​ ​Court:​ ​but​ ​victim​ ​also​ ​testified​ ​that​ ​he​ ​was​ ​holding​ ​a​ ​Batangas​ ​knife.
2.​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Frustrated​ ​rape
ISSUE:​ ​WON​ ​the​ ​accused’s​ ​conviction​ ​for​ ​frustrated​ ​rape​ ​is​ ​proper.
RATIO:
Trial​ ​court:​ ​no​ ​conclusive​ ​evidence​ ​of​ ​penetration​ ​of​ ​the​ ​genital​ ​organ
Accused:​ ​no​ ​crime​ ​of​ ​frustrated​ ​murder
(See:​ ​Article​ ​356​ ​and​ ​6​ ​of​ ​RPC;​ ​page​ ​113​ ​-​ ​case)
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​For​ ​the​ ​consummation​ ​of​ ​rape,​ ​perfect​ ​penetration​ ​is​ ​not​ ​essential.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​It​ ​is​ ​hardly​ ​conceivable​ ​how​ ​the​ ​frustrated​ ​stage​ ​in​ ​rape​ ​can​ ​ever​ ​be​ ​committed.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​The​ ​alleged​ ​variance​ ​between​ ​the​ ​testimony​ ​of​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​and​ ​the​ ​medical​ ​certificate​ ​does​ ​not​ ​exist.
· The fact is that in a prosecution for rape, the accused may be convicted even on the sole basis of the
victim’s​ ​testimony​ ​if​ ​credible.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​Dr.​ ​Zamora’s​ ​testimony​ ​is​ ​merely​ ​corroborative.
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· The evidence sufficient to prove his guilt beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of consummated
rape.
· Lito Orita is hereby found guilty beyond reasonable doubt of the crime of RAPE and sentenced to
RECLUSION​ ​PERPETUA.
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PEOPLE​ ​V.​ ​CAMPUHAN
G.R.​ ​No.​ ​129433.​ ​March​ ​30,​ ​2000.

FACTS: On April 25, 1996, at around 4pm, Corazon Pamintuan heard her daughter, Crysthel (4 years
old) shout “Ayoko! Ayoko!” and upon entering the latter’s room, Corazon saw Primo Campuhan (helper
of Corazon’s brother) kneeling before Chrystel whose jogging pants and panties were already removed,
while his short pants were down to his knees. According to Corazon, Primo was forcing his penis into
Crysthel’s​ ​vagina.​ ​Primo​ ​was​ ​then​ ​brought​ ​to​ ​the​ ​Barangay​ ​hall.

The medico-legal officer noted on the physical examination of Crysthel that there was no sign of
extra-genital physical injury and that her hymen was still intact. Primo kept his innocence and argued that
Corazon’s statements were not credible since she has ill-will against him. He also asserted that he and
Crysthel​ ​were​ ​just​ ​playing​ ​when​ ​she​ ​suddenly​ ​pulled​ ​him​ ​down​ ​and​ ​that​ ​was​ ​how​ ​Corazon​ ​saw​ ​them.

On​ ​May​ ​27,​ ​1997,​ ​the​ ​trial​ ​court​ ​found​ ​Primo​ ​Campuhan​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​statutory​ ​rape.

ISSUE:​​ ​WON​ ​Primo​ ​committed​ ​a​ ​consummated​ ​statutory​ ​rape.

HELD:​ ​No.​ ​Primo​ ​Campuhan​ ​was​ ​found​ ​guilty​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​rape.

The Supreme Court held that in order for rape to be consummated, there must be a penetration of the
labia majora and not merely for the penis to stroke the surface of the female organ. In the case at bar, the
physical examination results showed that there was no external signs of physical injuries to conclude that
penetration had taken place. The Medico legal officer also stated that there was no medical basis to hold
that​ ​there​ ​was​ ​sexual​ ​contact​ ​between​ ​the​ ​accused​ ​and​ ​the​ ​victim.

Moreover, the prosecution failed to prove that there was inter-genital contact through the testimony
of Corazon Pamintuan. During the incident, Primo Campuhan’s kneeling position did not allow Corazon
to have an unobstructed view of the sexual contact. Also, Crysthel, herself stated that she resisted Primo’s
advances​ ​by​ ​closing​ ​her​ ​legs​ ​and​ ​she​ ​did​ ​not​ ​feel​ ​any​ ​pain.

Under Art. 6, in relation to Art. 335, of the Revised Penal Code, rape is attempted when the offender
commences the commission of rape directly by overt acts, and does not perform all the acts of execution
which should produce the crime of rape by reason of some cause or accident other than his own
spontaneous​ ​desistance.​ ​All​ ​the​ ​elements​ ​of​ ​attempted​ ​rape​ ​are​ ​present​ ​in​ ​the​ ​instant​ ​case.
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US​ ​v​ ​VALDES
GR​ ​No.​ ​L-14128​ ​10​ ​December​ ​1918
Torres,​ ​J.:

FACTS:

·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​In​ ​the​ ​morning​ ​of​ ​28​ ​April​ ​1918,​ ​Mrs​ ​Auckback,​ ​a​ ​resident​ ​at​ ​the​ ​same​ ​neighbourhood​ ​as​ ​the​ ​Lewins,
called​ ​Mrs​ ​Lewin​ ​to​ ​inform​ ​the​ ​latter​ ​that​ ​much​ ​smoke​ ​was​ ​issuing​ ​from​ ​the​ ​lower​ ​floor​ ​of​ ​her​ ​house.
Mrs​ ​Lewin​ ​ordered​ ​the​ ​servant​ ​Paulino​ ​Banal​ ​to​ ​look​ ​for​ ​the​ ​fire,​ ​as​ ​he​ ​did​ ​and​ ​he​ ​found,​ ​so​ ​asked
with​ ​kerosene​ ​oil​ ​and​ ​placed​ ​between​ ​a​ ​post​ ​of​ ​the​ ​house​ ​and​ ​a​ ​partition​ ​of​ ​the​ ​entresol,​ ​a​ ​piece​ ​of​ ​a
jute​ ​sack​ ​and​ ​a​ ​rag​ ​which​ ​were​ ​burning.​ ​At​ ​that​ ​moment​ ​the​ ​defendant​ ​Valdes​ ​was​ ​in​ ​the​ ​entresol
engaged​ ​in​ ​his​ ​work​ ​of​ ​cleaning,​ ​while​ ​the​ ​other​ ​defendant​ ​Hugo​ ​Labarro​ ​was​ ​cleaning​ ​the​ ​horses
kept​ ​at​ ​the​ ​place.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​On​ ​the​ ​same​ ​morning,​ ​the​ ​police​ ​arrested​ ​the​ ​defendants.​ ​Severino​ ​Valdes,​ ​after​ ​his​ ​arrest,​ ​admitted
that​ ​it​ ​was​ ​he​ ​who​ ​had​ ​set​ ​fire​ ​to​ ​the​ ​sack​ ​and​ ​the​ ​rag​ ​and​ ​he​ ​also​ ​started​ ​the​ ​several​ ​other​ ​fires​ ​which
had​ ​occurred​ ​in​ ​the​ ​said​ ​house​ ​on​ ​previous​ ​days​ ​through​ ​the​ ​inducement​ ​of​ ​Hugo​ ​Labarro.
·​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​In​ ​his​ ​affidavit,​ ​Severino​ ​Valdes​ ​admitted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​declarations​ ​he​ ​made​ ​in​ ​the​ ​police​ ​stations,​ ​however,
he​ ​denied​ ​having​ ​placed​ ​the​ ​rag​ ​and​ ​piece​ ​of​ ​jute​ ​sack,​ ​soaked​ ​with​ ​kerosene,​ ​in​ ​the​ ​place​ ​where​ ​they
were​ ​found,​ ​and​ ​stated​ ​that​ ​I​ ​was​ ​the​ ​servant​ ​Paulino​ ​who​ ​had​ ​done​ ​so.

ISSUE:

Whether​ ​or​ ​not​ ​Severino​ ​Valdes​ ​can​ ​be​ ​charged​ ​with​ ​frustrated​ ​arson​ ​or​ ​consummated​ ​arson

HELD:

The​ ​crime​ ​is​ ​classified​ ​only​ ​as​ ​frustrated​ ​arson,​ ​inasmuch​ ​as​ ​the​ ​defendant​ ​performed​ ​all​ ​the​ ​acts
conceive​ ​to​ ​the​ ​burning​ ​of​ ​said​ ​house,​ ​but​ ​the​ ​criminal​ ​act​ ​he​ ​intended​ ​was​ ​not​ ​produced.​ ​The​ ​offense
cannot​ ​be​ ​classified​ ​as​ ​consummated​ ​arson​ ​by​ ​the​ ​burning​ ​of​ ​said​ ​house,​ ​for​ ​the​ ​reason​ ​that​ ​no​ ​part​ ​of​ ​the
building​ ​had​ ​yet​ ​commenced​ ​to​ ​burn.
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Pp.​ ​v.​ ​Aguilos
G.R.​ ​No.​ ​121828,​ ​27​ ​June​ ​2003

Facts: ​On the night of February 1988, the group of Joselito Capa consisting of Julian Azul, Edmar
Aguilos and Odilon Lagliba were all drinking at a nearby store. Suddenly, their conversations resulted in
an angry dispute, which owner Elisa Rolan tried to settle before closing her store. Capa and Azul were
about to leave but Aguilos and Lagliba blocked their way. The group swapped fist blows, all the while
Rolan​ ​was​ ​shouting​ ​“Tama​ ​na!”.
Capa, trying to act as a referee, was stabbed by Lagliba. When Ronnie Diamante and Rene Pilola
saw his gangmate stabbing Capa, they joined in and stabbed him some more. Capa fell into a canal and
the culprits fled the scene. Azul tried to look back and saw Diamante pick up a piece of hollow block and
subsequently​ ​a​ ​broken​ ​bottle​ ​and​ ​bashed​ ​Capa’s​ ​head.​ ​The​ ​victim​ ​died​ ​on​ ​the​ ​spot.
Accused-appellants​ ​interposed​ ​the​ ​defense​ ​of​ ​alibi.

Issue:​​ ​W/n​ ​the​ ​trial​ ​court​ ​erred​ ​in​ ​concluding​ ​that​ ​there​ ​was​ ​conspiracy​ ​anent​ ​assailed​ ​incident
Held: ​Yes. Supreme Court ruled that there is conspiracy when two or more persons agree to commit a
felony and decided to commit it. Conspiracy as a mode of incurring criminal liability must be proved
separately​ ​from​ ​and​ ​with​ ​the​ ​same​ ​quantum​ ​of​ ​proof​ ​as​ ​the​ ​crime​ ​itself.
Art.​ ​4,​ ​par.​ ​1​ ​of​ ​RPC​ ​states​ ​that​ ​criminal​ ​liability​ ​shall​ ​be​ ​incurred​ ​by:
1. By any person committing a felony (delito) although the wrongful act done be different from that
which​ ​he​ ​intended
It is not necessary that each of the separate injuries is fatal in itself. It is sufficient if the injuries
cooperated in bringing about victim’s death. In the case at bar, the victim died because of multiple stab
wounds inflicted by two or more persons. The argument that by the time Diamante and Pilola joined
Lagliba in stabbing the victim, the crime was already consummated was untenable because there is no
evidence​ ​that​ ​the​ ​victim​ ​was​ ​already​ ​dead​ ​before​ ​the​ ​two​ ​arrived.
Supreme Court held that Diamante and Pilola conspired with Lagliba to kill the victim; therefore,
all of them are criminally liable. Pilola is not merely an accomplice but is a principal by direct
participation, because he cooperated in the commission of the crime by performing overt acts which by
themselves​ ​are​ ​acts​ ​of​ ​execution.
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Case​ ​Name Assigned​ ​Digester

US​ ​v.​ ​Eduave Cheyenne​ ​Hope

Rivera​ ​v.​ ​People Cabanlong,​ ​Jm

Baleros​ ​v.​ ​People Cabanlong,​ ​Jm

Valenzuela​ ​V.​ ​People RJ​ ​Suyat

People​ ​v.​ ​Lamahang Regina​ ​Lavarias

People​ ​v.​ ​Borinaga Verma​ ​Samas

People​ ​v.​ ​Kalalo Verma​ ​Samas

People​ ​v.​ ​Trinidad RJ​ ​Suyat

Martinez​ ​v.​ ​CA Jaymee​ ​Gonzalez

Mondragon​ ​v.​ ​People Arieanne​ ​Salvador

People​ ​v.​ ​Sy​ ​Pio Jk​ ​Abad

People​ ​v.​ ​Dio Alfred​ ​de​ ​Leon

People​ ​v.​ ​Salvilla Regina​ ​Lavarias

People​ ​v.​ ​Orita Cheyenne​ ​Hope

People​ ​v.​ ​Campuhan Jaymee​ ​Gonzalez

US​ ​v.​ ​Valdes Maya​ ​Tuldanes

People​ ​v.​ ​Aguilos Lois​ ​Dimaano