Physics 122 Sept.

23, 2010

Starting chapter 18. This lecture and the one on

September
p 28th are the end of the material that will
appear on your 1st midterm exam.

Lectures on Chapter 19 (magnetism) will be

September 30 and October 5, before the midterm.
The chapter 19 homework set will be due October 6th,
one d
day after
ft the
th midterm.
idt B
Budget
d t your ti time!!

Question 1:
Question 2:
A light bulb consists of a thin tungsten wire
wire, which is
heated to incandescence by the current flowing through
it. As the bulb ages, some of the tungsten evaporates,
making
ki theh wire
i thinner.
hi Does
D this
hi make
k theh bulb
b lb b
burn
brighter (more power) or dimmer (less power)?

Hint: Is the bulb connected to a source of constant

voltage, or constant current?
Question 2:
A light bulb consists of a thin tungsten wire
wire, which is
heated to incandescence by the current flowing through
it. As the bulb ages, some of the tungsten evaporates,
making
ki theh wire
i thinner.
hi Does
D this
hi make
k theh bulb
b lb b
burn
brighter (more power) or dimmer (less power)?

Hint: Is the bulb connected to a source of constant

voltage, or constant current?

Resistance of the wire, R = ρ l / A. As the material

evaporates,
p ,Aggets smaller (other
( terms remain the
same) so R gets larger.

Electrical circuit provides constant voltage V, so the

power, V 2 / R gets smaller. Bulb grows dimmer.
Question 3:
The settings on the oscilloscope that recorded this signal
were 10 ms/div horizontal and 0.5 V/div vertical.
What is the frequency of the signal?
The settings on the oscilloscope that recorded this signal
were 10 ms/div horizontal and 00.5
5 V/div vertical
vertical.

Anywhere you look, the period is 6 divisions = 60 ms.

Frequency = 1/Period = 1/0.060 s = 16.7 Hz.

 Review part of the solution of SV8 Ch 17 Prob. 67

You have to keep intermediate results to 0.002Ω (0.01%)

to get an answer accurate to 1%.
Battery provides a fixed voltage ∆V across its
t
terminals.
i l
Wire is at a constant potential along its length.
How to resolve the apparent contradiction?????
Battery provides a fixed voltage ∆V across its
t
terminals.
i l
Wire is at a constant potential along its length.
How to resolve the apparent contradiction?????

Not perfect voltage source.

source

Not really equal potential.

(Unless it is a superconductor.)
Real battery: Ideal voltage source
(electromotive force E ) with an internal
resistor Rint.
Question #4. If I short out the battery with a wire
of zero resistance, what is the voltage across the
terminals?
i l Wh
What is
i the
h current through
h h the
h wire?
i
Question #4. If I short out the battery with a wire
of zero resistance, what is the voltage across the
terminals? What is the current through the wire?
Voltage = 0 (ideal wire)
Current = E / Rint (Ohm’s law)
Connect a real battery to a load.

Current through each element is the same.

E – I Rint = I Rload
I ( Rload + Rint) = E,, so I=
ε
R load + R int
 Connect a real battery to a load. What is the
power delivered
d li d to
t th
the lload?
d?

I=
ε
R load + R int Maximum power is delivered to
the load when it has the same
2 resistance as the internal
⎛
P = Vload I = (I R load ) I = ⎜
ε ⎞
⎟ R load
resistance of the battery.
⎜⎝ R + R int ⎟⎠
load
We have already considered resistors in
series:
i Reff = R1 + R2 + …

Resistors in parallel?
p

Current divides between the resistors,

voltage is the same across each resistor.
resistor
 ΔV = ΔV1 = ΔV2
I = I1 + I2 = ΔV / R1 + ΔV / R2
= ΔV × (1 / R1 + 1 / R2 )
I = ΔV / Reff
So 1/Reff = 1 / R1 + 1 / R2

Resistors in series add like capacitors in parallel.

Resistors in parallel combine like capacitors in series.
 How are the lights (etc.) in your house wired?
In parallel.

The potential difference across each active bulb is 120 Volts.

The
h totall current (sum
( of
f current through
h h individual
d d l bulbs)
l )
goes through the circuit breaker.
Series and parallel connections of resistors.

Two resistors are in

series if they are
connected together
at a point where
n thin else
nothing ls is
connected.

Two resistors are in

parallel if they are
connected
conn ct tog together
th r at
both ends.
 Can you identify two resistors in parallel?

Can you identify two resistors in series?

Answer: those two are the
only R’s in parallel, and there
are none in series.
series
Series combination of two resistors
Same current through each resistor.
Voltages across each resistor add.
add

Ohm’s law:
ΔV1 = I R1
ΔV2 = I R2
ΔV = ΔV1 + ΔV2
= I R1 + I R2
= I (R1 + R2)

Equivalent to a resistor of R1 + R2.

Parallel combination of two resistors.
Voltages across two resistors are equal.
equal Currents
through each resistor add to total current.

1
R equiv =
1 1
+
R1 R2
Problem: What is the current through each resistor?

Simplify into bite-sized pieces by identifying

combinations of resistors that are in series or parallel.
parallel
Work from the inside out.
 Problem: What is the current through
g each resistor?

Question #5.
#5 What is the value of the equivalent
resistor R?
Problem: What is the current through each resistor?

Question #5. What is the

value
l of f the
h equivalent
i l
resistor R?

1 1
R equiv = = = 1.2Ω
1 + 1 1 + 1
R1 R1 2Ω 3Ω
The series connection of a 1 Ω and a 1.2 Ω resistor
add to 2.2 Ω.
A voltage of 10 V across a 2.2 Ω resistance gives a
current I = 10 V / 2.2 Ω = 4.55 Amp.
Question #6. Name one circuit element through
which
hi h 4
4.55
55 A
Amp iis passing.
i (M
(May b
be more th
than one
answer.)
Answers
Answers:
Battery and
1Ω resistor.
Question #7. What is ∆V across the two parallel
resistors?

Å ∆V Æ
Question #7. What is ∆V across the two parallel
resistors?

I = 4.55 Amp
I = 4.55 Amp

Å
Å

Å ΔV Æ

ΔV = I R = 4.55 x 1.2 = 5.45 Volts

Question #8. What are the currents through the
2Ω and 3Ω resistors?

Å 5.45 V Æ
What are the currents through the 2Ω and 3Ω
resistors?
Ohm’s law: I2 = V/R = 5.45 Volt / 2 Ω = 2.73 Amp
I3 = V/R = 5.45 Volt / 3 Ω = 1.82 Amp

What is the current

through each
resistor?

4.55 A through 1 Ω
2 73 A th
2.73 through
h2Ω
1.82 A through 3 Ω
Question 9:
Each of the resistors in this drawing are 100 Ω,
Ω and the
battery is 10 Volts. What is the current flowing through
this resistor?
 Sometimes it is not possible
to break a network down into
series or parallel resistors.

Sometimes it is hard
h d to
identify series or parallel
combinations off resistors,,
but they’re there.
Start with 9Ω and 6Ω
between e and d in parallel.
parallel
That combination is series
with the 2.4Ω resistor, etc.