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COEFFICIENTS
Def n :
dny d n 1y dn 2y
A diff. equation a1 a 2 .......................................... a n y X
dx n dx n 1 dx n 2
Where a1 , a 2 ,............., a n are constants
While X is a function of x.
is called Linear differential equation of nth order first degree.
Auxiliary Equation:
An equation
Dn y a1 D n 1 y a 2 D n 2 y .......................................... a n y 0
i.e. ( D n a1 D n 1 a 2 D n 2 .......................................... a n ) y 0
is called Auxiliary Equation of differential equation
D n y a1 D n 1 y a 2 D n 2 y .......................................... a n1 y X
Solve equation
D n a1 D n 1 a 2 D n 2 .......................................... a n 0 for values of D.
Say factorization is D m1 D m2 D m3 ............. D mn 0 .
Then we can classify roots and we can find C.F. of L.D.E. by following way
Lecture notes by Mr. Zalak Patel Page: - 1 -
Sr.
Classification of roots C.F.
No.
If roots D = m1, m2 ,m3 , ,mn
1 y c1e m1x c2 e m2 x c3e m3 x ........ cn e mn x
of Auxiliary equation are real and distinct
Two roots are equal (real roots)
2 y (c1 c2 x)e m1x c3 e m3 x ........ c n e mn x
i.e. If roots are m1= m2 , m3 ,mn
If three roots are equal. (real roots)
3 y (c1 c2 x c3 x 2 )e m1x ........ c n e mn x
i.e. If roots are m1= m2 = m3, m4, ,mn
If two roots are complex numbers y e a1x ( A cos bx B sin bx) c3 e m3 x ........ cn e mn x
4 (i.e.complex conjugate)
i.e. If roots are a ib, m3, m4, ,mn
If complex conjugate are equals y e a1x ( Ax B) cos bx (Cx D) sin bx)
5 i.e. If roots are a ib,a ib, m3, m3 x mn x
c3 e ........ c n e
m4, ,mn
Assuming
f (D) = D n a1 D n 1
a2 D n 2
.......................................... a n
n n 1 n 2
in D y a1 D y a 2 D y .......................................... a n y X
Differential equation will be
f (D) y =X
1
i.e. y = X
f ( D)
Above value of y will be P.I. of given L.D.E.
1
To Evaluate X Following Results Can be Used :
f ( D)
1
X X dx
D
If f ( D) D m1 D m 2 D m 3 ............. D m n
1 1
Then X= X
f ( D) D m1 D m 2 D m 3 ............. D m n
1
X e mx X e mx dx .. .(1)
D m
If f ( D) D m1 D m 2 D m 3 ............. D m n
Continue above process for all factors of f (D) . And get P.I. for y.
1
X
D m1 D m 2 D m3 ............. D m n
A1 A2 An
= ................................ X
D m1 D m2 D mn
1 1
Use X e mx X e mx
dx to get P.I. for y = X.
D m f ( D)
1 1 ax
(1) e ax e if f (a) 0 .
f ( D) f (a)
1 1
(2) sin ax sin ax if f ( a 2 ) 0
f (D 2 ) f ( a2 )
Then
1 ( 1) r x r
sin ax sin ax r
f (D 2 ) (2a ) r r! ( a 2 ) 2
1 1
(3) xm xm
f ( D) 1 ( D)
1 1
Use 1 t t 2 t 3 ................... Or 1 t t 2 t 3 ...................
1 t 1 t
1 1
On and use X X dx to get P.I.
1 ( D) D
1 1 1
(4) e ax v e ax v Then use method for v
f ( D) f ( D a) f ( D a)
1 1
(5) x m sin ax imaginary Part of x m e iax
f ( D) f ( D)
1 1
x m cos ax = Real Part of x m eiax
f ( D) f ( D)
This method is useful to find P.I. for second order linear differential equations.
d2y dy
Consider a L.D.E. of second order a0 2
a1 an y X
dx dx
let y c1 y1 c 2 y 2 be C.F. of above equation then we can find P.I using
following method
y X y1 X y y2
P.I. = y1 2 dx y2 dx Where W = 1/ / called Wronskian
W W y1 y2
This method is useful to find P.I. for second order linear differential equations.
d2y dy
Consider a L.D.E. of second order a 0 2
a1 an y X
dx dx
here to find P.I we will use following table of derivatives family in several
cases of function X.
In case, if any of two functions above given are multiplied we will use family of new
function as multiplied family (each member of first family with every member of
second family) of above multiplied functions.
Method to find second solu and general solution of second order Homogeneous
Linear differential equation when one solution is given: