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example
Lets consider a simplified example of a cooling load calculation for a cold
room. Now If you’re doing this for a real world example then I
recommend you use a design software such as the Danfoss coolselector
app for speed and accuracy. Download here –> http://bit.ly/2Ars6yF
Transmission load
The dimensions of our cold store are 6m long, 5m wide and 4m high.
The ambient air is 30°c at 50% RH, The internal air is 1°C at 95%
RH
The walls, roof and floor are all insulated with 80mm polyurethane
with a U value of 0.28W/m2.K
The ground temperature is 10°C.
Just to note the manufacturer should tell you what the u value is for the
insulation panels, if not, then you will need to calculate this.
To calculate “A” is fairly easy, its just the size of each internal walls, so
drop the numbers in to find the area of each wall, roof and floor.
Side 1 = 6m x 4m = 24m2
Side 2 = 6m x 4m = 24m2
Side 3 = 5m x 4m = 20m2
Side 4 = 5m x 4m = 20m2
Roof = 5m x 6m = 30m2
Floor = 5m x 6m = 30m2
Then we can run these numbers in the formula we saw earlier, you’ll
need to calculate the floor separately to the walls and roof as the
temperature difference is different under the floor so the heat transfer
will therefore be different.
Floor
If the floor isn’t insulated then you will need to use a different formula
based on empirical data.
Next we will calculate the cooling load from the product exchange, that
being the heat brought into the cold room from new products which are
at a higher temperature.
For this example we’ll be storing apples, we can look up the specific heat
capacity of the apples but do remember if you’re freezing products then
the products will have a different specific heat when cooling, freezing
and sub cooling so you’ll need to account for this and calculate this
separately, but in this example we’re just cooling.
Q = kWh/day
CP = Specific Heat Capacity of product (kJ/kg.°C)
m = the mass of new products each day (kg)
Temp enter = the entering temperature of the products (°C)
Temp store = the temperature within the store (°C)
3600 = convert from kJ to kWh.
Calculation
For this example I’ve used 1.9kJ/kg per day as an average but this rate
changes over time and with temperature. In this example we’re using a
rules of thumb value just to simplify the calculation since this cooling
load is not considered critical. If you were to calculate for a critical load
you should use greater precision. In this example the store maintains a
hold of 20,000kg of apples.
Q = m x resp / 3600
Q = kWh/day
m = mass of product in storage (kg)
resp = the respiration heat of the product (1.9kJ/kg)
3600 = converts the kJ to kWh.
Q = m x resp / 3600
Q = 20,000kg x 1.9kJ/kg / 3600
Q = 10.5kWh/day
For the product section we’ll sum together the product exchange of
16kWh/day and respiration load of 10.5kWh/day to get a total product
load of 26.5 kWh/day.
Next we’ll calculate the internal loads from people working in the cold
room, as people generate heat and we need to account for this.
We’ll estimate 2 people working in the store for 4 hours a day and we
can look up and see at this temperature they will give off around 270
Watts of heat per hour inside.
We’ll use the formula:
Q = kWh/day
people = how many people inside
time = length of time they spend inside each day per person (Hours)
heat = heat loss per person per hour (Watts)
1,000 just converts the watts into kW
Calculation:
Then we can calculate the heat generated by the lighting, this is fairly
simple to do and we can use the formula
Q = kWh/day,
lamps = number of lamps within the cold room
time = hours of use per day
wattage = power rating of the lamps
1000 = converts the Watts to kW.
Now we can calculate the heat generation of the fan motors in the
evaporator. For this we can the use the formula of:
Q = kWh/day
fans = the number of fans
time = fan daily run hours (hours)
wattage = the rated power of the fan motors (Watts)
1000 = convert from watts to kw.
In this cold room evaporator we’ll be using 3 fans rated at 200W each
and estimate that they will be running for 14 hours per day.
Calculation:
Now we will calculate the heat load caused by defrosting the evaporator.
To calculate this we’ll use the formula:
Q = kWh/day,
power = power rating of the heating element (kW)
time = defrost run time (Hours)
cycles = how many times per day will the defrost cycle occur
efficiency = what % of the heat will be transferred into the space.
In this example our cold room uses an electric heating element rated at
1.2kW, it runs for 30 minutes 3 times per day and the estimate that
30% of all the energy it consumes is just transferred into the cold room.
The total equipment load is then the fan heat load (8.4kWh/day) plus
the defrost heat load (0.54kWh/day) which therefore equals 8.94
kWh/day
Infiltration load
Now we need to calculate the heat load from air infiltration. I’m going to
use a simplified equation but depending on how critical your calculation
is then you may need to use other more comprehensive formulas to
achieve greater precision. We will use the formula:
Q = kWh/d
changes = number of volume changes per day
volume = the volume of the cold store
energy = energy per cubic meter per degree Celsius
Temp out is the air temperature outside
Temp in is the air temperature inside
3600 is just to convert from kJ to kWh.
We’ll estimate that there will be 5 volume air changes per day due to the
door being open, the volume is calculated at 120m3, each cubic meter of
new air provides 2kJ/°C, the air outside is 30°C and the air inside is 1°C
Q = changes x volume x energy x (Temp out – Temp in ) / 3600
Q = 5 x 120m3 x 2kJ/°C x (30°C – 1°C ) / 3600
Q = 9.67 kWh/day
To calculate the total cooling load we will just sum all the values
calculated
Safety Factor