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ABSTRACT

The experiment was carried out to determine the type of flow regimes ,observe
the pattern of flow from laminar to turbulent also to determine the critical
Reynolds number from transition of laminar to turbulent.This experiment was
carried out by filling the equipment with water and adjusting the flow rate to the
lowest value ,measurinmg the volumetric flow rate using a stop watch and
increasing the rate of flow this was done repeatedly and recorded.from the
experiment carried out Reynolds number increases friction factor decrease and
vice versa depending on flow pattern.the relationship between f and Reynolds
number is not linear,friction factor is better expressed as a function of Reynolds
number instead of flow rate.critical reynold no obtained were not the same
because the mouth of the tap was opened too wide when moving from laminar
to turbulent making the flow to be in turbulent.the value of critical reynold no
for upper=<2326 and lower=2941. This experiment is useful in sewage
treatment,pipe industries ,refineries,recycle system etc
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this experiment is to understand the nature of flow through the
classic Reynolds Experiment. The Reynolds experiment is designed to illustrate
laminar, transitional (intermittently turbulent), and fully turbulent pipe flows,
and to determine the conditions under which these types of flow occur. A fluid
is a substance which deforms continuously due to increase in shear stress

REYNOLDS NUMBER FOR PIPE FLOW


The nondimensional parameter that determines laminar pipe flow changes to
transitional flow or transitional flow changes to fully turbulent flow is the
Reynolds number
𝐑𝐞=𝜌𝑉𝑑𝜇 (1)
where V is the flow velocity averaged over the cross section, d is the pipe
diameter, ρ is the fluid density and μ is the dynamic fluid viscosity. In
mathematical terms, the cross-sectional averaged flow velocity in a pipe shall be
a function of pipe diameter, and fluid properties and hence we can write V = V
(d, ρ, μ). Using dimensional reasoning, one can further show that Re is indeed
the appropriate nondimensional parameter for this problem.

The Reynolds Experiment determines the “critical Reynolds numbers” at which


laminar flow becomes transitional and transitional flow becomes turbulent. The
Reynolds number at which the flow first becomes transitional from laminar
flow is called the intermittent Reynolds number Rei and the Reynolds number
at which the flow changes from transitional to fully turbulent is called the
turbulent Reynolds number Ret. The advantage of using these critical Reynolds
numbers, instead of critical velocities, is that the results of the experiment are
applicable to all incompressible Newtonian fluid flows in circular pipes of all
diameters They are also used to characterize different flow regimes, such as
laminar or turbulent flow: laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where
viscous forces are dominant, and is characterized by smooth, constant fluid
motion; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds numbers and is dominated by
inertial forces, which tend to produce chaotic eddies, vortices and other flow
instabilities.
Laminar vs turbulent flow

Laminar flow

Laminar flow generally happens when dealing with small pipes and low flow
velocities. Laminar flow can be regarded as a series of liquid cylinders in the
pipe, where the innermost parts flow the fastest, and the cylinder touching the
pipe isn't moving at all.

Shear stress depends almost only on the viscosity - μ- and is independent of


density - ρ.

The Darcy friction factor for laminar flow (Reynolds number less than 2300) is
given by the following formula:

where:

 is the Darcy friction factor


 is the Reynolds number.
 The friction factor for laminar flow in round tubes is often taken to be:

where Re is the Reynolds number of the flow

Turbulent flow

In turbulent flow vortices, eddies and wakes make the flow unpredictable.
Turbulent flow happens in general at high flow rates and with larger pipes.

Shear stress for turbulent flow is a function of the density - ρ.


Transitional flow

Transitional flow is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow, with turbulence in


the center of the pipe, and laminar flow near the edges. Each of these flows
behave in different manners in terms of their frictional energy loss while
flowing, and have different equations that predict their behavior. Transition
(neither fully laminar nor fully turbulent) flow occurs in the range of Reynolds
numbers between 2300 and 4000. The value of the Darcy friction factor may be
subject to large uncertainties in this flow regimeTurbulent or laminar flow is
determined by the dimensionless Reynolds Number. Turbulence is flow
characterized by recirculation, eddies, and apparent randomness. Flow in which
turbulence is not exhibited is called laminar. It should be noted, however, that
the presence of eddies or recirculation alone does not necessarily indicate
turbulent flow—these phenomena may be present in laminar flow as well.
Mathematically, turbulent flow is often represented via a Reynolds
decomposition, in which the flow is broken down into the sum of an average
component and a perturbation component.It is believed that turbulent flows can
be described well through the use of the Navier–Stokes equations. Direct
numerical simulation (DNS), based on the Navier–Stokes equations, makes it
possible to simulate turbulent flows at moderate Reynolds numbers. Restrictions
depend on the power of the computer used and are applicable to all
incompressible Newtonian fluid flows in circular pipes of all diameters.
Whether a flow will result in laminar or turbulent flow is primarily determined
by the Reynolds number,

Re =_vD
μ
density is _ , diameter of pipe is D , fluid velocity is
v and viscosity is μ .
• The flow is laminar for Re < 2000
• The flow is transitional between
2000 < Re < 4000
• The flow is turbulent for Re > 4000
Values depend on shape of pipe, roughness, shape ofpipe inlet. The limits are
also soft numbers.
The Darcy friction factor can also be expressed as

where:

 is the shear stress at the wall


 is the density of the fluid
 is the average fluid velocity

OBJECTIVES AND SIGNIFICANCE


To visually observe laminar and turbulent flow patterns
To determine the critical Reynolds number from transition of laminar to
turbulent
To determine the friction factor and to verify the relationship between f and N

CHAPTER TWO
2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
2.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
(A) FROM LAMINAR TO TURBULENT FLOW
No of runs Vol of water Volumetric Linear velocityReynolds Friction
3
Flow rate Q (cm /s)
Q/A (cm/s) Number Factor
1 870.0 174.0 1.935 2326.25 0.01186
2 1310.0 262.0 2.914 3503.35 0.01058
3 1630.0 326.0 3.625 4358.15 0.00996
4 2270.0 454.0 5.049 6070.15 0.00910
5 2800.0 560.0 6.228 7487.60 0.00860
6 3450.0 690.0 7.673 9224.84 0.00813
7 4080.0 816.0 9.075 10910.39 0.00778
8 4110.0 822.0 9.141 10989.74 0.00776
9 4280.0 856.0 9.520 11445.40 0.00768

(B) FROM TURBULENT FLOW TO LAMINAR FLOW

No of runs Vol of water Volumetric Linear velocityReynolds Friction


3
Flow rate Q (cm /s)
Q/A (cm/s) Number Factor
1 4160.0 832.0 9.253 11,123.19 0.00774
2 3510.0 702.0 7.807 9385.94 0.00809
3 2720.0 544.0 6.050 7273.60 0.00866
4 2300.0 460.0 5.116 6150.70 0.00906
5 1750.0 350.0 3.892 4679.15 0.00976
6 1100.0 220.0 2.447 2941.90 0.01110
7 780.0 156.0 1.735 2085.90 0.01223
8 500.0 100.0 1.112 1336.90 0.01197
9 130.0 26.0 0.289 347.45 0.04605
Where,

t is constant at 5 seconds

Area of the pipe = 89.92cm2

Diameter of the pipe (d) = 10.7cm

Viscosity (μ) = 0.798 * 10-6kg/ms = 7.98 * 10-6g/cms

Density of water (ρ) = 1000kg/m3 = 1g/cm3

For the first run,

V=Q/A=174/89.92=1.935cm/s
The same formular is used throughout the runs for their respective volumetric flow rate to
calculate the linear velocity

To calculate the Reynolds number for the flow from laminar to turbulent

Nre=ρDv/ (μ)

For the first run,

Nre=(1*10.7*1.935)/(8.90*0.001)=2326.35

The same formular is used throughout the runs to calculate the Reynolds number using their
respective linear velocities.

Volumetric flow rate (q) for turbulent to laminar flow = volume of water/time

For run 1 = 4160.0/5 = 832.0cm3/s

Linear velocity (v) = volumetric flow rate/area

For run 1 = 832.0/89.92 = 9.253cm/s

Reynold number = ρvd/ μ

For run 1 = 1*9-256*10.7/7.98 * 10-6 =12.41*106 (turbulent flow)

Friction factor for laminar flow = 16/Re

f=0.046NRe^-0.2 (5000<NRe<10^6)

f=0.0014+0.0125/NRe^0.32 (3000<NRe<3*10^6)

f=0.1186

the same formular used to calculate table A is used to calculate Table B

upper critical Reynolds number=<2326

lower critical Reynolds number=2941


4.0 DISCUSSION

1)critical Reynolds number calculated for both(for upper and lower critical Reynolds no)
were not the same because the flow of fluid was in turbulent region after the tap was opened
meaning the tap was opened too wide in laminar to turbulent and from turbulent to laminar
the flow was already too high

2) The friction factor is independent of pipe roughness in laminar flow because of the low
velocity with which the fluid is flowing. There is no latereal mixing the fluid just slide over
each layer.

3)as Reynolds number increases friction factor also decreases from turbulent to laminar and
as Reynolds number decreases friction factor increases from laminar to turbulent region as
seen from the table.this is true for the values of Re>2000(laminar) and Re>4000 for turbulent
flow

4)from the graph of friction factor against Reynolds number plotted a curve was obtained
meaning the relationship between friction factor and Reynolds number is not linear

5)as velocity increases Reynolds number also increases from laminar to turbulent region and
as velocity decreases Reynolds no decreases from turbulent to laminar region

6) friction factor is better expressed as a function of Reynolds number rather than as a


function of flow rate because if expressed as a function of reynold number design of a
process is easy by varying the parameters of the Reynolds number that is velocity, diameter;
the regime of flow of the fluid flowing can be determined easily

7)friction factor is dependent on Reynolds number and pipe roughness for turbulent regime
CONCLUSION

A smoother pipe will have a lower friction factor than the ones obtained from the table.as
Reynolds number decreases friction factor increases the flow is from laminar to turbulent is
true and as friction factor is decreasing and Reynolds number is increasing the flow is from
laminar to turbulent is true meaning friction factor is better expressed as a function of
Reynolds number instead of flow rate cause if expressed as a function of Reynolds number
the design of a process can be determined and the flow regime can be determined easily.from
the experiment the flow was mostly in turbulent regime because the mouth of the tap was
opened widely and more fluid were able to gush out in lesser mins.the critical Reynolds
number obtained from both the lower and upper region were not the same because the tap
was opened in such a way that the flow was in turbulent region.Also friction factor depends
on roughness of pipe and Reynolds number for turbulent flow.fri ction factor depends on
Reynolds number alone for laminar flow
REFERENCES
Church hill S.W 1977 friction factor eqns span for all fluid ranges chem eng 91
Rott N (1990) history of Reynolds number.
Reynolds number engineering tool box.com
www.wikipedia.com.
Pope steven (1990)Reynolds number pg 557
www.google.com

Colebrook, C.F. (February 1939). "Turbulent flow in pipes, with particular


reference to the transition region between smooth and rough pipe laws". Journal
of the Institution of Civil Engineers (London).

Brkić, Dejan (2011). "An Explicit Approximation of Colebrook’s equation for


fluid flow friction factor". Petroleum Science and Technology 29 (15): 1596–
1602. doi:10.1080/10916461003620453.

^ "Turbulence theory gets a bit choppy". USA Today. September 10, 2006.
http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/columnist/vergano/2006-09-10-
turbulence_x.htm.

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